United States v. Rice ( 2017 )

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
________________________
No. ACM 39071
________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Xavier L. RICE
Staff Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
________________________
Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 21 November 2017
________________________
Military Judge: Matthew S. Ward (arraignment); J. Wesley Moore.
Approved sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, 30 days hard labor without
confinement, and reduction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 23 January 2016
by GCM convened at Hurlburt Field, Florida.
For Appellant: Major Annie W. Morgan, USAF; Captain Patricia Encar-
naci Ó n Miranda, USAF; Daniel Conway, Esquire.
For Appellee: Colonel Martin J. Hindel, USAF; Major Amanda L.K. Li-
nares, USAF; Major Mary Ellen Payne, USAF; Major Meredith L. Steer,
USAF; Gerald R. Bruce, Esquire.
Before HARDING, SPERANZA, and HUYGEN, Appellate Military
Judges. 1
Senior Judge HARDING delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Judge SPERANZA and Judge HUYGEN joined.
________________________
This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
1 Chief Judge Drew recused himself from this case and was not involved in any capac-
ity.
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
________________________
HARDING, Senior Judge:
A general court-martial composed of officers convicted Appellant, contrary
to his pleas, of three specifications of abusive sexual contact and one specifica-
tion of assault consummated by a battery in violation of Articles 120 and 128,
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 920, 928. 2 The mem-
bers sentenced Appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, 30 days of hard labor
without confinement, and reduction to E-1. The convening authority approved
the sentence as adjudged.
Appellant asserts six assignments of error (AOEs): (1) whether the military
judge erred in concluding that a statement made by Appellant did not qualify
for admission in evidence under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay
rule; (2) whether the military judge committed an abuse of discretion by in-
structing the panel on false exculpatory statements; (3–5) whether the evi-
dence is legally and factually sufficient to support the findings of guilty; 3and
(6) whether, in light of United States v. Hills, 75 M.J. 350 (C.A.A.F. 2016), the
military judge erred by instructing members that evidence of the other charged
sexual offenses could be considered regarding whether Appellant had a pro-
pensity to commit a particular charged offense. We find no prejudicial error
and affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A squadron holiday party at a hotel and the car ride home afterwards pro-
vide the backdrop for Appellant’s convictions. Airman First Class (A1C) GP
described how Appellant, without her consent, touched her buttocks and then
returned 15 minutes later to touch her thigh. Senior Airman (SrA) RJ, along
with three other witnesses, described how Appellant pulled up SrA RJ’s dress
and touched her buttocks in the process and how she reacted. Finally, Master
Sergeant (MSgt) JC, as corroborated by MSgt ML, explained how Appellant
reached from the back seat of MSgt ML’s car and touched MSgt JC’s breast as
MSgt ML drove Appellant to his apartment. Appellant testified he had no
memory of any of these events. In an attempt to account for his lack of memory
and his actions, Appellant speculated that he may have been drugged at the
holiday party.
2 Appellant was acquitted of a specification of sexual assault. The finding of guilty for
the assault consummated by a battery was as a lesser included offense of another abu-
sive sexual contact specification.
2
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
II. DISCUSSION
A. Excited Utterance
In an effort to negate the element of specific intent to gratify his sexual
desire as to the charged abusive sexual contact offenses and to support a de-
fense of involuntary intoxication, Appellant, relying on the excited utterance
exception to the hearsay rule, attempted to elicit from MSgt JC his own out of
court statements to MSgt JC that he thought he was drugged on the night of
the holiday party. Appellant asserts that the military judge committed preju-
dicial error by excluding Appellant’s out of court statements. We disagree. We
find that the military judge did not abuse his discretion in excluding Appel-
lant’s out of court statements to MSgt JC. Further, given the subsequent ad-
mission of the out of court statement to MSgt JC during the Government’s re-
buttal case and other testimony on this matter throughout the trial, its short-
lived exclusion during the earlier part of the trial did not prejudice Appellant.
The cross-examination of MSgt JC included a series of questions focused on
her interactions with Appellant in the hotel parking lot the morning after the
holiday party. Appellant, who, along with MSgt JC, had been driven home by
MSgt ML, had returned to the hotel to retrieve his vehicle. MSgt JC had like-
wise returned to the hotel for her car. She arrived around the same time as
Appellant and described his demeanor as confused and agitated. Trial counsel
objected when MSgt JC was asked whether Appellant said anything to her at
that time. At a hearing outside the presence of the court members, MSgt JC
described her conversation with Appellant:
One of the first things he asked was like or said was, “I don’t
know how I got home last night. Does anybody know how I got
home last night?” And I said, “Yes, Sergeant [ML] took you
home,” and kind of motioned towards Sergeant [ML], and, you
know, at that point he said, “thank you.” He may have even said
nice to meet you, because, you know, I guess he didn’t remember
her from the night before and he had asked about his keys, and
I said that I had left his keys somewhere in his apartment, be-
cause he had a spare with him, I think. So that was kind of the
confusion part of the initial conversation.
[H]e felt that he may have been drugged, because he didn’t feel
like he was hung over. He felt that there was a -- he said, “I think
maybe I was drugged. Can I get somebody’s phone? Mine is dead.
Can I use somebody’s phone to call the First Sergeant? I think I
want to go to the emergency room.” And he made a comment that
he had already taken a pee that morning, and he hoped that
3
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
didn’t mess anything up, if they could test him, I guess, is where
that was going.
When asked to describe Appellant’s demeanor immediately before and as
Appellant made these statements, MSgt JC described Appellant as “a little ex-
cited, a little confused, and maybe a little panicky.”
After hearing argument from both sides as to whether the foundation for
an excited utterance was met, the military judge ruled that it was not:
The statements lack the spontaneity that is required to qualify
as an excited utterance. There was sufficient opportunity for re-
flection [and] for planning on the part of the accused before mak-
ing the statement, at least the 15-minute drive from his home
back to the hotel, if not longer. The foundation simply is not laid.
This objection is sustained.
We review a military judge’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence for
abuse of discretion. United States v. Moolick, 53 M.J. 174, 176 (C.A.A.F. 2000).
“The abuse of discretion standard is a strict one, calling for more than a mere
difference of opinion. The challenged action must be arbitrary, fanciful, clearly
unreasonable, or clearly erroneous.” United States v. White, 69 M.J. 236, 239
(C.A.A.F. 2010) (citations and quotation marks omitted). An abuse of discretion
occurs when the findings of fact are clearly erroneous or the conclusions of law
are based on an erroneous view of the law. United States v. Hollis, 57 M.J. 74,
79 (C.A.A.F. 2002). As such, the findings of fact are reviewed under the clearly
erroneous standard and conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. United States
v. Cote, 72 M.J. 41, 44 (C.A.A.F. 2013). “On questions of fact, [we ask] whether
the decision is reasonable; on questions of law, [we ask] whether the decision
is correct.” United States v. Baldwin, 54 M.J. 551, 553 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
2000), aff’d, 54 M.J. 464 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citation omitted).
Military Rule of Evidence (Mil. R. Evid.) 803(2) defines an excited utterance
as “a statement relating to a startling event or condition, made while the de-
clarant was under the stress of excitement that it caused.” The admissibility of
an excited utterance is based on the premise “that a person who reacts to a
startling event or condition while under the stress of excitement caused
thereby will speak truthfully because of a lack of opportunity to fabricate.”
United States v. Jones, 30 M.J. 127, 129 (C.M.A. 1990) (internal quotation
marks omitted). “The guarantee of trustworthiness of an excited utterance is
that the statement was made while the declarant was still in a state of nervous
excitement caused by a startling event.” United States v. Chandler, 39 M.J.
119, 123 (C.M.A. 1994). In order for there to be an excited utterance, the pro-
ponent needs to demonstrate the following: (1) the statement was spontaneous,
excited or impulsive rather than the product of reflection and deliberation; (2)
4
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
the event was startling; and (3) the declarant was under the stress of excite-
ment caused by the event. United States v. Arnold, 25 M.J. 129 (C.M.A. 1987).
Although the statement relating to the startling event “need not always follow
immediately after the event, a lapse of time between the event and the utter-
ance creates a strong presumption against admissibility.” Jones, 30 M.J. at
129. In evaluating the time-lapse, we consider the age of the declarant, his
physical and mental condition, the nature and circumstances of the event, and
the subject matter of the statements. United States v. Fling, 40 M.J. 847, 851
(A.F.C.M.R. 1994).
At trial, 4 Appellant argued that the startling event was waking up without
a memory of how he got home the night before and that this event caused Ap-
pellant stress. The military judge did not make any conclusions as to whether
Appellant’s confusion and agitation due to his amnesia qualified as the stress
of excitement caused by a startling event. Instead, the military judge found at
least 15 minutes had passed since Appellant woke up and arrived at the hotel
and concluded those 15 minutes provided Appellant the opportunity for reflec-
tion such that his statements to MSgt JC lacked the spontaneity required for
an excited utterance. The military judge’s findings of fact are supported by the
record and his conclusions reflect a correct view of the law.
Assuming arguendo that the military judge abused his discretion in exclud-
ing the statements at issue, we find no prejudice. We evaluate prejudice from
an erroneous evidentiary ruling by weighing (1) the strength of the Govern-
ment’s case, (2) the strength of the Defense case, (3) the materiality of the evi-
dence in question, and (4) the quality of the evidence in question. See United
States v. Weeks, 20 M.J. 22, 25 (C.M.A. 1985). In this case, however, we need
not reach those factors. The eventual admission during the Government’s re-
buttal case of Appellant’s statements removed any possible prejudice to Appel-
lant.
MSgt JC was called as a rebuttal witness by the Government. During cross-
examination of MSgt JC, the Defense successfully elicited Appellant’s out of
court statements to her that he believed that he was drugged. These are the
very statements at issue in this appeal. In light of their admission during the
Government’s rebuttal case, the exclusion of the statements on the Govern-
ment’s objection was only temporary.
4On appeal, Appellant asserts that the startling event was seeing other Airmen in the
parking lot of the hotel and that his statements were spontaneous without time for
reflection. As we have found that the temporary exclusion of Appellant’s out of court
statements did not prejudice him, we need not consider whether the failure to make
this argument for admission at trial qualifies as forfeiture or waiver or whether the
event was startling for the purposes of an excited utterance.
5
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
Distinct from Appellant’s out of court statements to MSgt JC about the pos-
sibility of being drugged, Appellant’s similar statements to SrA RJ were ad-
mitted, as were Appellant’s statements to others, which came out in his own
testimony. During the direct examination of SrA RJ in the Government’s case-
in-chief, she was asked about her communications with Appellant the day after
the holiday party. When asked by trial counsel what Appellant was upset
about, SrA RJ answered that “he felt that someone had drugged him.” Later in
that same direct examination, trial counsel asked why Appellant was angry.
SrA RJ replied, “Because [Appellant] thought someone drugged him and he felt
that I wasn’t taking it seriously.”
Appellant testified during the Defense’s case presentation. When asked
whether he told anybody that he felt like he was drugged, he replied yes. The
military judge admitted Appellant’s answer over the objection of the Govern-
ment. During the cross-examination of Appellant, trial counsel elicited from
Appellant the fact he told SrA RJ, MSgt JC, and the people standing near him
in the hotel parking lot, as well as his first sergeant, that he thought he had
been drugged. As noted above, MSgt JC was called as a witness in the Govern-
ment’s rebuttal case and, during the cross-examination, corroborated the con-
versation with Appellant in the parking lot, where he told MSgt JC that he felt
like he was drugged due to the fact that “he did not feel like it was just him
being drunk.”
Whether intentionally or not, trial counsel elicited from SrA RJ Appellant’s
out of court statements about his belief he was drugged after successfully ob-
jecting to admission of a similar statement made to MSgt JC. The military
judge then permitted Appellant to testify about his own out of court statements
about his belief he was drugged over the objection of trial counsel. Trial coun-
sel, apparently adapting trial strategy to the evidence that had been admitted,
then accounted for all similar out of court statements made by Appellant dur-
ing the cross-examination; no longer objected when Appellant did the same;
and instead focused on the lack of evidence to support Appellant’s involuntary
intoxication defense.
B. False Exculpatory Statement Instruction
Over the Defense’s objection, the military judge gave the court members
the standard instruction on false exculpatory statements. See Military Judges’
Benchbook, Dept. of the Army Pamphlet 27-9 at ¶ 7-22 (10 Sep. 2014). Appel-
lant argues the military judge abused his discretion by giving this instruction.
We disagree.
Whether a military judge properly instructed the court members is a ques-
tion of law we review de novo.
6
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
(C.A.A.F. 2003). A military judge’s decision to provide an instruction is re-
viewed for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Maxwell, 45 M.J. 406, 424
(C.A.A.F. 1996).
The instruction given by the military judge reflects an established principle
of law, namely that “false statements by an accused in explaining an alleged
offense may themselves tend to show guilt.” See United States v. Colcol, 16 M.J.
479, 484 (C.M.A. 1983) (citation omitted). The Benchbook provides that this
instruction for false exculpatory statements can be given if (1) the Government
introduces evidence of an accused’s false statement or a false explanation con-
cerning an alleged offense, and (2) the Government contends that an inference
of consciousness of guilt should be drawn from this evidence. Benchbook, at ¶
7-22. This instruction is not appropriate when the accused has made only a
general denial of guilt because that “does not demonstrate any consciousness
of guilt.” Colcol, 16 M.J. at 484. When the alleged false statement is merely a
general denial of guilt, “the factfinder must decide the very issue of guilt or
innocence” and thus an instruction would “produce confusion because of its cir-
cularity.” Id.
During Appellant’s direct examination, trial defense counsel asked when
Appellant learned what had occurred on the night of the holiday party. Appel-
lant replied, “Until like today, I really didn’t have a strong, like – I had no idea.
I swear. I had no idea.” Specifically regarding the charged sexual assault of
SrA RJ that allegedly occurred the day after the party, 5 trial defense counsel
queried when Appellant first realized SrA RJ was upset about the incident.
Appellant responded, “When I was charged in July. Until then, I just thought
she wasn’t in the mood. Like I had no idea it was to that extent.”
On cross-examination, Appellant reiterated that it was not until trial when
he first learned the details of the allegations of his misconduct at the holiday
party and in MSgt ML’s vehicle on the ride home. Even after trial counsel con-
fronted him with the fact that he had seen at least some of the evidence against
him as early as July 2015, when charges were preferred, Appellant maintained
his stated ignorance of the details of the evidence against him. When trial coun-
sel pressed Appellant to specify he “learned for the first time [that] week,” Ap-
pellant attempted to modify his earlier testimony and replied, “Just hearing
the fluality [sic] of actually, you know, people’s recollections of what happened
during the actual party.”
The military judge provided his reasoning for giving the false exculpatory
statement instruction as follows:
5 Appellant was acquitted of the specification of sexual assault.
7
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
My basis for giving the instruction . . . are the accused’s state-
ments on cross-examination or on direct examination that actu-
ally until today, he had no idea what had happened and that
with regard to the incident against Airman [RJ], when he was
charged was his first indication that she was anything more
than just not in the mood. I believe those were significantly con-
tradicted on cross-examination and through other evidence and
do fit within the contours. He was confronted at the time with
criminal activity. He provided an explanation that tended to
lessen his guilt, and there had been evidence to show that that
explanation was not accurate.
The military judge expressly stated that his decision to give the false ex-
culpatory statement instruction did not depend on Appellant’s stated belief
that he may have been drugged. The instruction given by the military judge
did not refer to any particular statement and made clear that whether any
statement was made, voluntary, and indeed false and what significance, if any,
to attach to it were all matters for the members to decide.
Appellant’s statement that he had “no idea” until his trial what happened
at the party and in the car went beyond what might be characterized as a gen-
eral denial of guilt. Appellant’s primary defense at trial was that he was so
impaired, due to voluntary intoxication, involuntary intoxication, or both, that
he could not form the specific intent required to commit the abusive sexual
contact offenses. Consistent with that level of impairment was the evidence of
amnesia induced by intoxication, resulting in Appellant’s ignorance of what
happened at the party and in the car afterwards. The Government’s argument
for the false exculpatory statement instruction was that Appellant essentially
relied on that claim of ignorance when he asserted that, until the day of trial,
he had “no idea” what happened. To counter Appellant’s assertion, the Govern-
ment confirmed with Appellant that he had been provided evidence in the case
prior to the date of trial and called MSgt JC in rebuttal to establish that she
had told him on the morning of 6 December 2014 that he had been “handsy”
the night before. By introducing evidence that may have shown that the state-
ments made by Appellant were untrue and by presenting a colorable argument
to support an inference of consciousness of guilt, the Government met the re-
quired predicate for the instruction. The instruction in question was fairly
raised by the evidence at trial, and the military judge did not abuse his discre-
tion by giving it to the members.
C. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
Appellant next challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence
for each of the specifications. We find the evidence legally and factually suffi-
cient for each.
8
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. Article 66(c),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c); United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399
(C.A.A.F. 2002). Our assessment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to
the evidence produced at trial. United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A.
1993). The test for legal sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable factfinder
could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 324 (C.M.A. 1987); see also United States v.
Humpherys, 57 M.J. 83, 94 (C.A.A.F. 2002). The term “reasonable doubt” does
not mean that the evidence must be free from conflict. United States v. Lips,
22 M.J. 679, 684 (A.F.C.M.R. 1986). “[I]n resolving questions of legal suffi-
ciency, we are bound to draw every reasonable inference from the evidence of
record in favor of the prosecution.” United States v. Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134
(C.A.A.F. 2001).
The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Turner, 25 M.J. at 325; see also United States v. Reed, 54 M.J. 37, 41
(C.A.A.F. 2000). In conducting this unique appellate role, we take “a fresh, im-
partial look at the evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of innocence nor
a presumption of guilt” to make an “independent determination as to whether
the evidence constitutes proof of each required element beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Washington, 57 M.J. at 399.
1. Evidence of Appellant’s Intent and Lack of Accident
Before discussing the sufficiency of the evidence presented as to each of-
fense, we note at the outset that the military judge provided the members an
appropriate instruction on how some evidence, regardless of what charged of-
fense it was admitted to prove, could be used to prove Appellant’s intent or lack
of accident for all of the abusive sexual contact specifications. The military
judge, in accordance with Mil. R. Evid. 404(b), instructed the members as fol-
lows:
I just instructed you that you may not infer the accused is guilty
of one offense because his guilt may have been proven on another
offense, and that you must keep the evidence with respect to
each offense separate. However, there has been some evidence
presented with respect to Specifications 2 through 5 6 of the
Charge which also may be considered for a limited purpose with
6Specification 2 through 5 were the four abusive sexual contact specifications based
on the events at the holiday party and in MSgt ML’s car afterwards.
9
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
respect to the other offenses charged in Specifications 2 through
5. This evidence, that the accused engaged in the acts alleged in
Specifications 2 through 5 of the Charge may be considered for
the limited purpose of its tendency, if any, to prove that the ac-
cused intended to gratify his sexual desires or to negate an in-
ference that the accused’s acts were accidental.
In other words, in determining whether any particular touching by Appel-
lant as alleged in Specifications 2 through 5 was accidental or done with the
intent to gratify his sexual desire, the members could properly consider evi-
dence that Appellant (1) lifted up SrA RJ’s dress and in the process touched
her buttocks, (2) touched A1C GPs buttocks and thigh; and (3) touched MSgt
JC’s breast.
2. Assault Consummated by a Battery of SrA RJ
Appellant was found not guilty of the charged offense of abusive sexual
contact of SrA RJ by “grabbing her buttocks,” but he was convicted of the lesser
included offense of assault consummated by a battery and guilty of the substi-
tuted words “touching her buttocks.” 7 In order to find Appellant guilty of this
offense, the members had to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) Ap-
pellant did bodily harm to SrA RJ; (2) he did so by touching her buttocks with
his hand, without the consent of SrA RJ; and (3) the bodily harm was done with
unlawful force or violence. See Benchbook, at ¶ 3-54-2.
Appellant and SrA RJ had previously been in a romantic relationship. As
of the date of the holiday party, SrA RJ described her relationship with Appel-
lant as “friends with benefits,” meaning friends who engage in consensual sex-
ual activity but do not consider themselves in a committed and presumably
monogamous romantic relationship. She noted that Appellant was becoming
“touchy-feely” the night of the holiday party and openly talked about subjects
he normally would not discuss in a public setting. That night Appellant ap-
proached SrA RJ three separate times as she was seated at the hotel lobby bar,
and he attempted to hug her. SrA RJ resisted on each occasion by pulling away
from Appellant. On the third occasion, SrA RJ left her seat at the bar and
walked toward the restroom. Appellant followed her and pulled up her dress,
exposing her undergarments to public view.
SrA RJ testified that Appellant’s hands touched her body as he lifted up
her dress, but she did not remember exactly what part of her body he touched
as she was focused on the fact that he was pulling up her dress. In response to
Appellant’s actions, she told him “no” and slapped him. MSgt JC, who had just
7 The members excepted the words “grabbing her buttocks” from the specification and
found Appellant not guilty of those words.
10
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
departed the restroom, did not observe Appellant lifting up SrA RJ’s dress, but
she heard SrA RJ say “no” or “stop” and she heard the sound of a slap. Two
other witnesses observed where Appellant placed his hands. LG, a squadron
co-worker, testified that he saw Appellant’s hands on SrA RJ’s thigh, moving
up to her buttocks as Appellant lifted up her dress. RB, a hotel employee,
stated she saw Appellant’s hands touch SrA RJ, including her buttocks. Con-
sidering the evidence in the light most favorable to the Prosecution, we con-
clude that a reasonable factfinder could have found all the essential elements
beyond a reasonable doubt. After weighing the evidence in the record of trial
and making allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses, we
are convinced of the Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
3. Abusive Sexual Contact of MSgt JC
In order to find Appellant guilty of this offense, the members had to con-
clude beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) Appellant committed sexual contact
upon Technical Sergeant (TSgt) JC, 8 to wit: touching her breast and side with
his hand with the intent to gratify his sexual desire; (2) he did so by causing
bodily harm to her, to wit: touching her breast and side with his hand; and (3)
he did so without the consent of TSgt JC. See Benchbook, at ¶ 3-45-6. “Sexual
contact” includes touching the breast or buttocks with an intent to arouse or
gratify the sexual desire of any person. Id. at ¶ 3-45-6.d.
After the incident with SrA RJ in the hotel, MSgt JC observed Appellant in
the hotel parking lot, sitting in the driver’s seat of his Jeep while other Airmen
attempted to convince him not to drive because he was drunk. Because MSgt
ML was already going to drive MSgt JC home, MSgt JC asked MSgt ML if they
could also take Appellant home if it was on their way. SrA RJ confirmed Ap-
pellant’s apartment was on the way and MSgt ML agreed to drive Appellant
home. Two other Airmen then persuaded Appellant to go with MSgt ML and
MSgt JC. Appellant sat in the driver-side back seat behind MSgt ML. MSgt JC
sat in the passenger-side front seat. As neither MSgt ML nor MSgt JC had
been to Appellant’s apartment before or otherwise knew where he lived, Ap-
pellant indicated to MSgt ML when and where to turn.
MSgt JC testified that on the way to Appellant’s apartment, Appellant
placed his right hand on her left breast and moved his hand down to around
her waist. The touching was over clothing. She further described the touching
of her breast by Appellant as a “rub” or “stroke” contrasted with merely a “pat”
8 MSgt JC was a technical sergeant on the date of the alleged offense and this rank
was used in the charge. By the time she testified at trial, she had been promoted to E-
7.
11
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
intended to get someone’s attention. MSgt JC responded by grabbing Appel-
lant’s hand and pushing it into the floorboard of the backseat. According to
MSgt JC, a couple of minutes after she let go of Appellant’s hand, Appellant
again reached for her breast. She grabbed his hand once more. MSgt ML testi-
fied that she did not recall whether Appellant touched MSgt JC’s breast the
first time Appellant reached from the back seat but stated that Appellant
reached multiple times and attempted to grab MSgt JC’s breast. When asked
whether she saw where Appellant grabbed MSgt JC, MSgt ML replied, “[Ap-
pellant] was grabbing her breast or definitely not her arm -- her breast area --
and I don’t think he quite got there every single time, because she was stopping
him.”
Appellant avers that this evidence is both legally and factually insufficient.
His argument characterizes the contact on the side of MSgt JC’s breast as a
momentary touching during a motion that went from her shoulder to her waist.
Appellant further emphasizes this touching took place while he was clearly
intoxicated and argues that there was no evidence of intent to gratify sexual
desire. We disagree. MSgt JC’s testimony, as corroborated by MSgt ML, was
clear that Appellant reached for MSgt JC’s breast multiple times and that the
touching was more a “rub” or “stroke” than a momentary “pat” or accidental
touch. Regarding Appellant’s capacity to form a specific intent, there was evi-
dence that Appellant was slurring his speech and had exhibited impaired judg-
ment that evening, but Appellant demonstrated an awareness of his surround-
ings when he successfully instructed MSgt ML how to get to his apartment.
The evidence of Appellant’s repeated touching of MSgt JC’s breast area was
compelling circumstantial evidence of his intent to gratify his sexual desires
and lack of an accidental touching. Appellant’s intent to gratify his sexual de-
sire by touching MSgt JC’s breast is further supported by the evidence of Ap-
pellant pulling up SrA RJ’s dress and touching A1C GP’s buttocks and thigh
earlier that night. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Prosecution, we conclude that a reasonable factfinder could have found all the
essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt. After weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
4. Abusive Sexual Contact of A1C GP
Appellant was convicted of two specifications of abusive contact against
A1C GP: one for touching her buttocks and one for touching her thigh. In order
to find Appellant guilty of these offenses, the members had to conclude beyond
a reasonable doubt for each touching that (1) Appellant committed sexual con-
tact upon A1C GP, to wit: touching her buttocks with his hand with the intent
to gratify his sexual desire (Specification 4) and touching her thigh with his
hand with the intent to gratify his sexual desire (Specification 5); (2) he did so
12
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
by causing bodily harm to her, to wit: touching her buttocks with his hand
(Specification 4) and touching her thigh with his hand (Specification 5); and (3)
he did so without the consent of A1C GP. See Benchbook, at ¶ 3-45-16.
Appellant once again avers the evidence is insufficient to support a conclu-
sion that he formed the intent to gratify his sexual desire for any of the of-
fenses, including those committed against A1C GP. Contrary to Appellant’s
assertion, there was ample evidence to support a conclusion that Appellant
formed the intent to gratify his sexual desire. The members were presented
with evidence that Appellant touched A1C GP’s buttocks, returned 15 minutes
later to touch A1C GP’s thigh, touched SrA RJ’s buttocks in the process of lift-
ing up her dress, and later touched MSgt JC’s breast. Considering the evidence
in the light most favorable to the Prosecution, we conclude that a reasonable
factfinder could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable
doubt. After weighing the evidence in the record of trial and making allowances
for not having personally observed the witnesses, we are convinced of the Ap-
pellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
D. Propensity Instruction
Finally, Appellant avers the military judge erred by instructing members
that evidence of the other charged sexual offenses could be considered regard-
ing whether Appellant had a propensity to commit a particular charged of-
fense. Without objection from the Defense, the military judge instructed the
court members, inter alia, as follows with respect to their findings:
Further, evidence that the accused committed the sexual of-
fenses alleged in each of the specifications of the Charge, that’s
1 through 5, may be considered by you as evidence of the ac-
cused’s propensity, if any, to commit the remaining sexual of-
fenses alleged in the specifications of the Charge. You may not,
however, convict the accused of one offense merely because you
believe he committed these other offenses or merely because you
believe he has a propensity to commit sexual assault. Each of-
fense must stand on its own and proof of one offense carries no
inference that the accused is guilty of any other offense. In other
words, proof of one sexual assault creates no inference that the
accused is guilty of any other sexual assault. However, it may
demonstrate that the accused has a propensity to commit that
type of offense.
We agree with Appellant that the military judge erred by giving the mem-
bers this instruction; however, we find that this error was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt.
13
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
1. Law
The meaning and scope of Mil. R. Evid. 413 is a question of law that is re-
viewed de novo. Hills, 75 M.J. at 354. Instructional errors are also reviewed de
novo. Id. at 357.
Mil. R. Evid. 413(a) provides that, in a court-martial where the accused is
charged with a sexual offense, evidence that the accused committed other sex-
ual assaults may be admitted and considered on “any matter to which it is
relevant.” This includes using evidence of sexual assaults to prove the accused
has a propensity to commit sexual assault. United States v. James, 63 M.J.
217, 220 (C.A.A.F. 2006).
However, in Hills, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
(CAAF) held that evidence of the accused’s commission of a sexual assault may
not be used to prove propensity if the alleged sexual assault is charged in the
same court-martial and the accused has pleaded not guilty to it. Hills, 75 M.J.
at 356. The CAAF further held that the instructions accompanying the admis-
sion of evidence of charged offenses for Mil. R. Evid. 413 purposes “violated
Appellant’s presumption of innocence and right to have all findings made
clearly beyond a reasonable doubt, resulting in constitutional error.” Id. Be-
cause “there are constitutional dimensions at play,” prejudice for such an error
must be tested for harmlessness beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 357 (cita-
tions omitted). “An error is not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt when
‘there is a reasonable possibility that the [error] complained of might have con-
tributed to the conviction.’” Id. (Citations omitted). “To say that an error did
not contribute to the verdict is, rather, to find that error unimportant in rela-
tion to everything else the jury considered on the issue in question, as revealed
in the record.” Id. at 358.
In United States v. Hukill, 76 M.J. 219 (C.A.A.F. 2017), the CAAF clarified
that under Hills the use of evidence of charged conduct as Mil. R. Evid. 413
propensity evidence for other charged conduct in the same case is error, re-
gardless of the forum, the number of victims, or whether the events are con-
nected. Id. at 222. CAAF further reiterated: “Whether considered by members
or a military judge, evidence of a charged and contested offense, of which an
accused is presumed innocent, cannot be used as propensity evidence in sup-
port of a companion charged offense. Id. The CAAF stated that where such
error exists, the Government must “prove there was no reasonable possibility
that the error contributed to [the] verdict.” Id.
2. Analysis
The Government urges this court to resolve this issue by finding Appellant
waived this claim and, in the absence of waiver, argues that any error was
14
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We decline to find waiver but agree that
the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
a. Waiver
When an appellant intentionally waives a known right at trial, it is extin-
guished and may not be raised on appeal. United States v. Gladue, 67 M.J. 311,
313 (C.A.A.F. 2009). In determining whether waiver occurred, courts consider
“whether the failure to raise the objection at the trial level constituted an in-
tentional relinquishment of a known right.” United States v. Campos, 67 M.J.
330, 332 (C.A.A.F. 2009). “A forfeiture is basically an oversight; a waiver is a
deliberate decision not to present a ground for relief that might be available in
the law.” Id. (quoting United States v. Cook, 406 F.3d 485, 487 (7th Cir. 2005)).
There is a presumption against the waiver of constitutional rights. United
States v. Elespuru, 73 M.J. 326, 328 (C.A.A.F. 2014).
As of the date of Appellant’s trial, the CAAF had not yet decided Hills and
Hukill. Therefore, it cannot be said that the decision not to object to the in-
struction amounted to an intentional relinquishment of a known right. We de-
cline to apply waiver under these circumstances.
b. Harmless Error beyond a Reasonable Doubt
The Government contends the error in Appellant’s case is harmless beyond
a reasonable doubt as to both the assault consummated by a battery and abu-
sive sexual contact convictions. We agree.
We first note that the military judge did not repeat the precise instructional
error in Hills by informing the members that prior to considering whether Ap-
pellant had a propensity to commit this type of sexual offense they must first
determine by a preponderance of the evidence that the other sexual offenses
occurred. Instead the military judge, without specifying a burden of proof, in-
structed the members that “evidence that the accused committed the sexual
offenses alleged in each of the specifications . . ., may be considered by you as
evidence of the accused’s propensity, if any, to commit the remaining sexual
offenses.” In contrast to Hills, the propensity instruction in this case did not
“invite the members to bootstrap their ultimate determination of the accused’s
guilt with respect to one offense using the preponderance of the evidence bur-
den of proof with respect to another.” Hills at 357. This case did not include
the “muddled accompanying instructions…creating a risk that that members
would apply an impermissibly low standard of proof, undermining both the
presumption of innocence and the requirement that the prosecution prove guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (citation
omitted).
Notwithstanding the absence of conflicting standards of proof, giving a pro-
pensity instruction based on evidence of other charged sexual offenses was still
15
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
error. We test for prejudice under the standard of harmlessness beyond a rea-
sonable doubt. In doing so, we consider senior trial counsel’s closing argument,
the permissible non-propensity purposes of the sexual offenses evidence, and
the strength of the Government’s case.
On the primary disputed issue of specific intent, senior trial counsel made
the following arguments:
[W]e’re going to go through all the circumstances of what you’re
looking for to see if he could form that specific intent, or he
barely could; to see whether he could form that specific intent;
and see whether he did form that specific intent. And what I will
urge you to look at right off the bat is where he was grabbing;
targeting women; targeting a thigh; targeting a buttocks; target-
ing a breast. Specific intent to gratify sexual desire.
He’s only touching women suggestively. So when we talk about
sexual desire, gratify his sexual desire, he’s not touching men
suggestively. He’s touching women suggestively, and you’re
looking again at where he was touching them; the parts of the
body that he was touching them. That is an indication that he
was gratifying his sexual desire. That was his intent; was to
gratify his sexual desire. Why else would those body parts -- if
he was trying to like, say, get [A1C GP’s] attention, he comes up
and grabs her on the butt, but he’s just trying to get her atten-
tion. Why is he doing that instead of, like, tapping her on the
shoulder or like grabbing her arm? Touching her thigh. Why is
he doing that instead of, you know, touching her shoulder or
arm? It’s because it’s related to his gratification of his sexual de-
sire. That’s why. And that’s the same for the other women.
These arguments were not an invitation to the factfinder to rely on propen-
sity. Instead, these arguments were an appeal to use the already admitted ev-
idence of sexual offenses for the limited non-propensity purposes of establish-
ing intent or absence of mistake as the military judge had instructed in accord-
ance with Mil. R. Evid. 404(b). We do not read Hills or Hukill to proscribe such
an instruction or use of the evidence.
Senior trial counsel briefly addressed the propensity instruction as follows:
Let’s talk about a few other -- just a couple other instructions
that you’re going to find, and the instructions are pretty lengthy.
So I want to point these out in particular to you. With respect to
propensity -- sexual assault propensity. Evidence that the ac-
cused committed the sexual offenses in each of the specifications
of the charge, this applies to every specification, 1 through 5.
16
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
Evidence that the accused committed the sexual offenses alleged
in each of the specifications may be considered by you as evi-
dence of the accused’s propensity, if any, to commit the remain-
ing sexual offenses in the specifications of the charge. That
means if you find that he did commit any of these sexual of-
fenses, you can think about whether he’s the type of person who
will commit sexual offenses, and you can use that as you consider
the rest of the offenses. If somebody is the type of person, has
the propensity to commit sexual assault, perhaps he has the pro-
pensity to commit sexual assault on other occasions. Perhaps he
will commit sexual assault on other occasions. That is what pro-
pensity means.
Rather than argue or request the members rely on propensity in order to
find Appellant guilty of any particular offense, senior trial counsel merely pro-
vided the members an explanation of what propensity means and that they
could consider it. The focus of the argument was on the non-propensity uses of
the evidence.
By comparison, trial defense counsel in his closing argument framed the
issues regarding the abusive sexual contact specifications as follows:
Let’s speak about Specifications 2 through 5. That’s the abusive
sexual contact. Once with Sergeant [JC], twice with Airman [GP]
and once with Airman [RJ] at the party. The defense does not,
could not dispute the elements of touching or the element of con-
sent. Touching, the evidence has been out there from the alleged
victims that they were touched. The consent, they all testified
they didn’t give him consent. What else happened? Sergeant
Rice acknowledged that he wouldn’t expect them to. What’s the
other element? The last element. There was to be specific intent
on the part of Sergeant Rice that he did these things to sexually
gratify himself. He made these touchings, in Specifications 2
through 5, to sexually gratify himself. You have to use your life
experiences, your common sense, to understand what sexual
gratification might be. Is this sexual gratification? Even without
the intoxication. But read the instructions for voluntary intoxi-
cation. Even if Sergeant Rice drank enough of that third drink
cause he hadn’t eaten or something hit him, even though he had
something to eat and then he just starting piling [sic] it on. And
some people didn’t see it. Some people may have seen it and tes-
tified. Somehow, he gets very intoxicated. The expert, Doctor
[M], has told you it’s a possibility that he can’t form that specific
17
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
intent. It’s in the voluntary intoxication instruction. It’s a possi-
bility that he didn’t have that specific intent to do what he did
to sexually gratify himself. It’s a real possibility. That’s the ele-
ment.
By not disputing that Appellant touched his victims on the buttocks, thigh,
and breast without their consent as alleged, trial defense counsel implicitly
acknowledged the strength of the Government’s case. As detailed above, the
Government’s evidence as to each of the alleged nonconsensual touchings was
strong. Trial defense counsel also effectively framed the issue for the members
as to whether the evidence established beyond a reasonable doubt that Appel-
lant had the intent to gratify his sexual desire for each of the specifications. To
demonstrate that the Government had not met its burden, trial defense coun-
sel argued that Appellant’s slurred speech and aberrant behavior the night of
the holiday party was evidence of his level of intoxication. Whether due to the
voluntary consumption of alcohol or an involuntary ingestion, he was incapable
of forming the specific intent to gratify his sexual desire. On this very point
and in accordance with the military judge’s limiting instruction, the members
could properly consider evidence of all of the charged abusive sexual contact
offenses that Appellant (1) pulled up SrA RJ’s dress and in the process touched
her buttocks; (2) touched A1C GPs buttocks and thigh; and (3) touched MSgt
JC’s breast to determine whether any or all of those acts were done with the
intent to gratify his sexual desire. In other words, Appellant made intent the
determinative issue for the abusive sexual contact specifications, and the mil-
itary judge provided the members a proper non-propensity instruction on how
all of the evidence for the abusive sexual contact offenses could be considered
on the issue of Appellant’s intent to gratify his sexual desire.
Under the particular circumstances of this case, where (1) the military
judge did not provide a propensity instruction with conflicting standards of
proof, (2) senior trial counsel only briefly mentioned propensity, (3) the Defense
conceded the non-consensual touchings occurred, and (4) the military judge in-
structed on and senior trial counsel argued limited non-propensity uses of the
abusive sexual contact offenses evidence, we are satisfied beyond a reasonable
doubt that the military judge’s Mil. R. Evid. 413 instruction did not contribute
to the verdict.
18
United States v. Rice, No. ACM 39071
III. CONCLUSION
The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. 9 Ar-
ticles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT
KATHLEEN M. POTTER
Acting Clerk of the Court
9We note the court-martial order (CMO) does not include “DNA Processing Required.
10 U.S.C. § 1565” language. We direct the publication of a corrected CMO to remedy
this omission.
19