United States v. Brissa ( 2023 )

U NITED S TATES A IR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
________________________
No. ACM 40206
________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Justin M. BRISSA
Senior Airman (E-4), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
________________________
Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 27 February 2023
________________________
Military Judge: Brett A. Landry.
Sentence: Sentence adjudged on 15 July 2021 by GCM convened at
Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana. Sentence entered by military
judge on 19 August 2021: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 5
months, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to E-1, and a
reprimand.
For Appellant: Major Eshawn R. Rawlley, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Thomas J. Alford, USAF; Major John
P. Patera, USAF; Major Jasmine J. Prokscha, USAF; Captain Olivia B.
Hoff, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before JOHNSON, KEY, and GRUEN, Appellate Military Judges.
Chief Judge JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which Sen-
ior Judge KEY and Judge GRUEN joined. Senior Judge KEY filed a sep-
arate concurring opinion.
________________________
This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
________________________
United States v. Brissa, No. ACM 40206
JOHNSON, Chief Judge:
The military judge found Appellant guilty, in accordance with his pleas, of
one specification of wrongful distribution of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD),
one specification of wrongful use of LSD on divers occasions, and one specifica-
tion of wrongful use of marijuana on divers occasions, in violation of Article
112a, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 912a. The military
judge sentenced Appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for a total
of five months, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to the grade of
E-1, and a reprimand. The convening authority issued the reprimand but oth-
erwise took no action on the findings or sentence.
Appellant raises a single issue for our consideration on appeal: whether the
assistant trial counsel committed prosecutorial misconduct by falsely repre-
senting to the court-martial that he was qualified, and thereby created an in-
tolerable strain on the public’s perception of the military justice system. We
find Appellant suffered no material prejudice to his substantial rights, and we
affirm the findings and sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant’s general court-martial took place from 13 to 15 July 2021. The
Government was represented by a senior trial counsel, Major (Maj) JP,1 and
an assistant trial counsel, Captain (Capt) CP. Shortly after Appellant’s court-
martial commenced, Capt CP stated for the record that Maj JP was qualified
and certified under Article 27(b), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 827(b), and sworn under
Article 42(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 842(a). Capt CP then announced that he was
qualified but not yet certified under Article 27(b), UCMJ, and was not sworn
under Article 42(a), UCMJ. Capt CP further declared, “No member of the
[P]rosecution has acted in any manner that might tend to disqualify us in this
court-martial.” The military judge then administered an oath to Capt CP pur-
suant to Article 42(a), UCMJ, whereby he swore to perform his duties as assis-
tant trial counsel faithfully.
The military judge accepted Appellant’s pleas of guilty to three specifica-
tions of violation of Article 112a, UCMJ, as described above. Appellant pleaded
not guilty to a fourth specification of violating Article 112a, UCMJ, and elected
to be tried by a panel of officer members. Capt CP delivered the opening state-
ment for the Government, and Maj JP delivered the closing argument. The
members found Appellant not guilty of the litigated specification. After the
members entered their findings, Appellant elected to be sentenced by the mil-
itary judge. Capt CP delivered the Government’s sentencing argument, during
1 Maj JP was a captain at the time of Appellant’s court-martial.
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which he recommended the military judge impose a bad-conduct discharge,
confinement for 12 months, reduction to the grade of E-1, and forfeiture of all
pay and allowances.
Following the court-martial, Appellant did not submit any matters for the
convening authority’s consideration pursuant to Rule for Courts-Martial
(R.C.M.) 1106, or any other request for relief.2 After consulting with his staff
judge advocate, the convening authority provided the language of the adjudged
reprimand but otherwise took no action to modify the findings or sentence. The
military judge entered the judgment of the court-martial on 19 August 2021.
Nothing in the record of trial as of entry of judgment calls into question
Capt CP’s qualifications to serve as assistant trial counsel.
On appeal before this court, the parties have moved to attach several doc-
uments to the record, which we have granted. These documents tend to estab-
lish the following circumstances.
Capt CP obtained a juris doctor degree in 2019 and The Judge Advocate
General (TJAG) designated him a judge advocate effective 13 January 2020.
Capt CP’s license to practice law was suspended by his state supreme court’s
board of professional responsibility in March 2021, four months before Appel-
lant’s court-martial, because of his failure to pay bar dues.
Capt EB, one of Appellant’s trial defense counsel, learned of Capt CP’s li-
cense suspension from other defense counsel in early March 2022.3 Capt EB
notified Appellant’s appellate defense counsel of the suspension on 17 March
2022. Maj JP, the senior trial counsel, learned of the suspension from
Capt CP’s deputy staff judge advocate on 18 March 2022, and she informed
Capt EB of the suspension the following day, 19 March 2022. At the time of
Appellant’s court-martial, neither Maj JP nor Capt EB were aware Capt CP’s
license was suspended.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Law
We review prosecutorial misconduct de novo. United States v. Voorhees, 79
M.J. 5, 9 (C.A.A.F. 2019) (citing United States v. Andrews, 77 M.J. 393, 398
(C.A.A.F. 2018)). “Prosecutorial misconduct occurs when trial counsel
2The record does not contain a written waiver of the R.C.M. 1106 submission. How-
ever, the convening authority’s Decision on Action memorandum states Appellant did
not submit such matters, and Appellant has not alleged any related error either pur-
suant to R.C.M. 1103 or on appeal.
3 Appellant’s other trial defense counsel had separated from the Air Force by that point.
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‘overstep[s] the bounds of that propriety and fairness which should character-
ize the conduct of such an officer in the prosecution of a criminal offense.’”
United States v. Hornback, 73 M.J. 155, 159 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (alteration in orig-
inal) (quoting United States v. Fletcher, 62 M.J. 175, 178 (C.A.A.F. 2005)). Such
conduct “can be generally defined as action or inaction by a prosecutor in vio-
lation of some legal norm or standard, [for example] a constitutional provision,
a statute, a Manual rule, or an applicable professional ethics canon.” Andrews,
77 M.J. at 402 (quoting United States v. Meek, 44 M.J. 1, 5 (C.A.A.F. 1996)).
“[T]he prosecutorial misconduct inquiry is an objective one, requiring no show-
ing of malicious intent on behalf of the prosecutor.” Hornback, 73 M.J. at 160.
“[A]ssistant trial counsel detailed for a general court-martial must be de-
termined to be competent to perform such duties by the Judge Advocate Gen-
eral, under such rules as the President may prescribe.” Article 27(c)(2), UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 827(c)(2).
“Before performing their respective duties . . . assistant trial counsel . . .
shall take an oath to perform their duties faithfully. The form of the oath, the
time and place of the taking thereof, the manner of recording the same . . . shall
be as prescribed in regulations of the Secretary concerned.” Article 42(a),
UCMJ.
R.C.M. 502(d)(1)(B) provides, in part:
Any commissioned officer may be detailed . . . as assistant trial
counsel in general or special courts-martial if that person—
(i) is determined to be competent to perform such duties by the
Judge Advocate General; and
(ii) takes an oath in accordance with Article 42(a), [UCMJ,] cer-
tifies to the court that the person has read and is familiar with
the applicable rules of procedure, evidence, and professional re-
sponsibility, and meets any additional qualifications the Secre-
tary concerned may establish.
“Any person detailed as assistant trial counsel must be designated as a
judge advocate in accordance with [Air Force Instruction] 51-101 . . . .” Air
Force Instruction (AFI) 51-201, Administration of Military Justice, ¶ 10.3.2.1
(18 Jan. 2019).
“Only TJAG is authorized to designate [Regular Air Force] . . . officers as
judge advocates and remove that designation.” AFI 51-101, The Air Force
Judge Advocate General’s Corps (AFJAGC) Operations, Accessions, and Profes-
sional Development, ¶ 6.2.1 (29 Nov. 2018).
To be designated as a judge advocate, officers must . . . [b]e a
graduate of a law school that was accredited or provisionally
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United States v. Brissa, No. ACM 40206
accredited by the American Bar Association at the time of grad-
uation; and . . . [b]e in active (or equivalent) status, in good
standing, and admitted to practice before the highest court of a
United States (US) state, commonwealth or territory, or the Dis-
trict of Columbia.
Id. at ¶¶ 6.2.2, 6.2.2.1, 6.2.2.2. “Once designated, a judge advocate must main-
tain current eligibility to actively practice law before the highest court of the
jurisdiction where they are licensed.” Id. at ¶ 6.3.1.
A judge advocate’s designation or certifications or both may be withdrawn
for good cause, including inter alia “fail[ure] to maintain professional licensing
standards.” Id. at ¶¶ 7.3, 7.3.1. A staff judge advocate or other AFJAGC super-
visor “submit[s] recommendations to withdraw a judge advocate’s designation,
certification, or both through judge advocate supervisory channels to AF/JA.”
Id. at ¶ 7.5.
When TJAG receives a recommendation or has sufficient basis
to consider withdrawal, the judge advocate is notified of the pro-
posed action and is afforded an opportunity to present infor-
mation to show cause why the action should not be taken. The
judge advocate will be given at least three duty days to respond.
TJAG makes the final decision on withdrawal of designation or
certification.
Id. “An officer whose designation has been withdrawn is not authorized to per-
form the duties of a judge advocate . . . unless authorized by TJAG.” Id. at
¶ 7.6.
“A finding or sentence of a court-martial may not be held incorrect on the
ground of an error of law unless the error materially prejudices the substantial
rights of the accused.” Article 59(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 859(a). “In assessing
prejudice, we look at the cumulative impact of any prosecutorial misconduct
on the accused’s substantial rights and the fairness and integrity of his trial.’”
Fletcher, 62 M.J. at 184 (citation omitted).
B. Analysis
Appellant asks this court to set aside his bad-conduct discharge because,
he contends, Capt CP’s participation in his court-martial as assistant trial
counsel “intolerably strained” the “public’s faith in the military justice system.”
Because the factual foundation for Appellant’s argument relies on material
outside the record of Appellant’s court-martial, we must initially determine
whether we may consider such material in light of United States v. Jessie, 79
M.J. 437 (C.A.A.F. 2020).
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United States v. Brissa, No. ACM 40206
1. Application of United States v. Jessie
In Jessie, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF)
explained that, in general, the Courts of Criminal Appeals (CCAs) “may not
consider anything outside of the ‘entire record’ when reviewing a sentence un-
der Article 66(c), UCMJ[, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c)].”4 Id. at 441 (citation omitted).
The CAAF defined the “entire record” to include the “record of trial,” “matters
attached to the record” pursuant to the Rules for Courts-Martial (formerly
known as “allied papers”), and “briefs and arguments that government and
defense counsel (and the appellant personally) might present regarding mat-
ters in the record of trial and ‘allied papers.’” Id. at 440–41 (citations omitted).
However, the CAAF identified two exceptions to this general rule. First, the
CAAF acknowledged certain precedents had “allowed the CCAs to supplement
the record . . . when necessary for resolving claims of ineffective assistance of
trial defense counsel and a wide variety of other issues when those claims and
issues are raised by the record but are not fully resolvable by the materials in
the record.” Id. at 442 (citations omitted). Second, other CAAF precedents have
“allowed appellants to raise and present evidence of claims of cruel and unu-
sual punishment and violations of Article 55, UCMJ[, 10 U.S.C. § 855, or the
Eighth Amendment5] even though there was nothing in the record regarding
those claims.” Id. at 444 (citations omitted).
Appellant’s assignment of error implicates Jessie because nothing in the
“entire record”—that is, the record of trial and matters attached for appellate
review pursuant to R.C.M. 1112(b) and R.C.M. 1112(f), respectively—indicates
Capt CP’s license to practice law was suspended at the time of Appellant’s
court-martial. We granted the parties’ motions to attach certain documents as
described above, and we note neither party objected to the other’s motion to
attach.6 However, whether we may consider these materials consistent with
the statutory limitations on our authority the CAAF identified in Jessie in de-
ciding the issue Appellant has raised is a distinct question.
4Jessie addressed the version of Article 66(c), UCMJ, in effect prior to 1 January 2019.
The equivalent provision is located at Article 66(d)(1), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(d)(1), in
the current version of the statute. See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019
ed.), App. 2, at A2-27.
5 U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.
6 After citing Jessie, the Government’s motion to attach stated: “If this [c]ourt finds
that the question of [Capt CP’s] qualification to participate in the court-martial was
directly raised by materials in the record, the attached documents are relevant to ad-
dress Appellant’s claims of error and prejudice . . . .”
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United States v. Brissa, No. ACM 40206
The answer to this question is not clear. The CAAF has yet to explain the
application of Jessie in a situation such as this,7 and it appears to be a question
of first impression for our court. However, for the following reasons we will
presume for purposes of our analysis that Jessie does not foreclose our consid-
eration of the attached materials.
First, it is at least arguable that Capt CP’s statement on the record that he
was qualified and had not “acted in any manner that might tend to disqualify
[him] in [Appellant’s] court-martial” raised the issue of his qualifications, and
therefore we may supplement the record in order to resolve the issue consistent
with Jessie’s first exception. The evident purpose of such a statement is to af-
firmatively assure the court-martial participants and spectators, and capture
for the record, that counsel are qualified for their roles.
Second, for us to hold that CCAs are unable to consider evidence adduced
after trial that critical participants, such as trial counsel, were in fact disqual-
ified from their roles would seem to remove an important safeguard for the
integrity of the military justice system. Cf. United States v. Parker, 36 M.J.
269, 271 (C.M.A. 1993) (noting the service appellate courts “are something like
the proverbial 800-pound gorilla when it comes to their ability to protect an
accused”); United States v. Claxton, 32 M.J. 159, 162 (C.M.A. 1991) (explaining
Article 66(c), UCMJ, conferred on the service appellate courts “carte blanche to
do justice”). Accordingly, we are inclined to err on the side of ensuring the fair-
ness of the proceedings.
7 The specific situation the CAAF addressed in Jessie involved the appellant’s attempts
to supplement the record with information regarding the conditions of his post-trial
confinement alleging violations of his First Amendment, U.S. CONST. amend. I, and
Fifth Amendment, U.S. CONST. amend. V, rights. Id. at 439. Therefore, Jessie was fac-
tually unlike the issue in Appellant’s case which relates to events before and during
the court-martial. In the approximately three years since Jessie was decided, the CAAF
has cited the decision in six other cases, including four times in majority opinions. See
United States v. King, ___ M.J. ___, No. 22-0008, slip op. at 9–10 (C.A.A.F. 23 Feb.
2023); United States v. Givens, 82 M.J. 211, 221 n.3 (C.A.A.F. 2022) (Ohlson, C.J., dis-
senting); United States v. Anderson, 82 M.J. 82, 89 (C.A.A.F. 2022) (Maggs, J., concur-
ring); United States v. Johnson, 81 M.J. 451, 452 (C.A.A.F. 2021) (mem.); United States
v. Willman, 81 M.J. 355 passim (C.A.A.F. 2021) cert. denied, ___U.S.___, 142 S. Ct.
2811 (2022); United States v. Stanton, 80 M.J. 415, 417 n.2 (C.A.A.F. 2021). Willman,
like Jessie, involved the appellant’s attempt to supplement the record with respect to
the conditions of his post-trial confinement; thus it provides little guidance on the ap-
plication of Jessie in Appellant’s case. 81 M.J. at 357. The recent decision in King, the
only other CAAF opinion to address Jessie in any depth, found this court “did not abuse
its discretion by attaching relevant materials that were outside the record to resolve
[a] member selection issue” that was raised by the record. King, slip op. at 9–10.
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United States v. Brissa, No. ACM 40206
Third, the Government has not invoked Jessie to argue we are prohibited
from considering the additional material in this case. Cf. United States v. Stan-
ton, 80 M.J. 415, 417 n.2 (C.A.A.F. 2021) (explaining the CAAF considered doc-
uments regarding the appellant’s administrative discharge without deciding
whether it was part of the entire record of the court-martial “because neither
party has objected to [the CAAF’s] consideration of them”).
Fourth, our presumption that we may consider the additional material does
not result in unfair prejudice to the Government because, as we explain below,
Appellant cannot demonstrate he is entitled to relief.
2. Prosecutorial Misconduct
Appellant contends Capt CP was unqualified to serve as assistant trial
counsel under Article 27(b), UCMJ, “because he failed to maintain current eli-
gibility to practice law before the highest court” of a United States jurisdiction,
and therefore “was not a judge advocate as defined by secretarial regulation.”
See AFI 51-101, ¶ 6.2.2.2. Appellant further asserts it is “reasonably inferable”
that Capt CP was aware of the suspension, and therefore he “committed mis-
conduct when he falsely represented to the court-martial that he was qualified
to represent the United States as assistant trial counsel.”
The Government responds that Capt CP was, so far as the record and at-
tached material discloses, still a judge advocate at the time of Appellant’s
court-martial and therefore not disqualified from serving as assistant trial
counsel. The Government notes that TJAG had designated Capt CP a judge
advocate in January 2020, and TJAG had not withdrawn that designation. We
agree with the Government on this point. The qualifications to serve as assis-
tant trial counsel are that the individual: (1) is designated a judge advocate by
TJAG; and (2) takes the oath in accordance with Article 42(a), UCMJ. See
R.C.M. 502(d)(1)(B). Although Capt CP had apparently put his designation at
risk by allowing his license to be suspended, TJAG had not withdrawn it; and
the military judge administered the oath to Capt CP at the outset of Appel-
lant’s court-martial.
Nevertheless, this does not conclude our inquiry. Although Capt CP may
have been qualified as an assistant trial counsel, he further asserted he had
not “acted in any manner that might tend to disqualify [him] in this court-
martial.” This was evidently not true. By failing to maintain an unsuspended
license to practice as of four months before the court-martial, Capt CP had
acted in a manner that “might tend” to result in his disqualification. A judge
advocate “shall not knowingly . . . make a false statement of fact or law to a
tribunal or fail to correct a false statement of material fact or law previously
made to the tribunal by the lawyer . . . .” AFI 51-110, Professional Responsibil-
ity Program, Atch 2, Rules 3.3(a), 3.3(a)(1) (11 Dec. 2018); see also AFI 51-110,
8
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Atch 7, Standard 3-2.8(a) (“It is unprofessional conduct for a trial counsel in-
tentionally to misrepresent matters of fact or law to the court.”). Therefore, in
light of Andrews, 77 M.J. at 402, it would have been prosecutorial misconduct
for Capt CP to have knowingly made a false statement to the court-martial or,
having learned of its falsity, failed to correct the error.
The materials provided by the parties do not clearly establish whether
Capt CP knew his license had been suspended as of the time of Appellant’s
court-martial. However, we note the suspension took effect approximately four
months before the court-martial. We further presume Capt CP, as a member
of his state bar, was on notice of the type of behavior that would result in his
license being suspended. In addition, the record and materials before us give
no indication Capt CP corrected his false statement as of 19 August 2021, when
the military judge entered the judgment, over a month after Appellant was
sentenced. Furthermore, the Government has provided no information that the
suspension on Capt CP’s license to practice was ever removed. These circum-
stances create a reasonable inference that Capt CP either knew his license was
suspended or, having learned of the suspension, knowingly failed to correct his
false statement while the military judge still had authority over Appellant’s
court-martial. See R.C.M. 1104 (providing procedures for post-trial hearings
and motions with the military judge). Accordingly, we will assume for purposes
of our analysis that Appellant has demonstrated prosecutorial misconduct on
Capt CP’s part.
However, Appellant cannot demonstrate material prejudice to his substan-
tial rights. Although Capt CP’s license was suspended, the Government was
also represented by Maj JP, a senior trial counsel who was properly detailed,
certified, and sworn. Apart from Capt CP’s asserted disqualification, Appellant
does not allege any other misconduct or material error by the Prosecution. Ap-
pellant pleaded guilty to the offenses for which he was sentenced. He does not
contend his pleas were improvident or his convictions otherwise invalid, nor
does he contend his sentence is inappropriate. He does not allege any error by
the military judge, nor any deficient performance by his trial defense counsel.
Appellant was “entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect one.” Lutwak v. United
States, 344 U.S. 604, 619 (1953). Appellant’s court-martial may not have been
perfect, but he has failed to demonstrate it was unfair.
Although Appellant concedes that “courts typically assess a prosecutor’s
misconduct through the lens of specific prejudice,” he urges us to apply “the
lens of general prejudice.” He cites the “particular importance” of trial counsel’s
qualifications to military justice and asserts Capt CP’s conduct created an “in-
tolerable strain” on the public perception of the military justice system—par-
ticularly in light of Capt CP’s delivery of the Government’s sentencing argu-
ment. We are not persuaded. CAAF precedent holds that prosecutorial
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United States v. Brissa, No. ACM 40206
misconduct is to be tested for its impact “on the accused’s substantial rights
and the fairness and integrity of his trial.” Fletcher, 62 M.J. at 184. Military
appellate courts have applied the Article 59(a), UCMJ, material prejudice
standard even in cases where trial counsel was actually ineligible to partici-
pate in the court-martial. See, e.g., Wright v. United States, 2 M.J. 9, 10–11
(C.M.A. 1976) (noting Government conceded trial counsel had fraudulently ob-
tained certification and was not qualified, but testing for prejudice and finding
none); United States v. Bressler, No. ACM 38660, 2016 CCA LEXIS 746, at *10–
11 (A.F Ct. Crim. App. 16 Dec. 2016) (unpub. op.) (finding no prejudice to ap-
pellant where trial counsel was also accuser); United States v. Roach, No. ACM
S31143 (rem), 2011 CCA LEXIS 94, at *5–7 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 19 May 2011)
(unpub. op.) (testing trial counsel’s failure to take oath required by Article
42(a), UCMJ, for material prejudice). Accordingly, we find Appellant has not
demonstrated he is entitled to relief.
III. CONCLUSION
The findings and sentence as entered are correct in law and fact, and no
error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Ar-
ticles 59(a) and 66(d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(d). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.
KEY, Senior Judge (concurring):
I concur with the opinion of the court insofar as it concludes Appellant has
not demonstrated he is entitled to any relief. I write separately to express my
opinion that the restrictions in United States v. Jessie, 79 M.J. 437 (C.A.A.F.
2020), are inapplicable when we are considering matters related to the conduct
of a court-martial, regardless of whether those matters were litigated at the
court-martial. My esteemed colleagues in the majority presume the Jessie re-
strictions do not apply in this case; I, however, conclude the matters raised
here fall entirely outside the scope of Jessie’s restrictions.
In Jessie, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF)
rooted its analysis in what was then Article 66(c), Uniform Code of Military
Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 866(c). That provision permits a Court of Criminal
Appeals (CCA) to “affirm only such findings of guilty and the sentence or such
part or amount of the sentence, as it finds correct in law and fact and deter-
mines, on the basis of the entire record, should be approved.” Focusing on the
phrase “the entire record,” the CAAF conducted a survey of its precedent to
determine when outside-the-record matters had been permitted in the past.
This led the CAAF, in Jessie, to identify three categories of cases—those in
which CCAs had been: (1) prohibited from considering outside-the-record
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United States v. Brissa, No. ACM 40206
matters; (2) permitted to consider matters raised by materials in the record,
but not fully resolvable by those materials; and (3) permitted to consider mat-
ters arising entirely outside the record. Ultimately, the CAAF concluded it saw
no good reason to disagree with the first category of cases, exemplified by the
case of United States v. Fagnan, 30 C.M.R. 192 (C.M.A. 1961). The CAAF found
that Fagnan “established a clear rule that the CCAs may not consider anything
outside of the ‘entire record’ when reviewing a sentence under Article 66(c),
UCMJ.” Jessie, 79 M.J. at 441 (emphasis added) (citation omitted).
With respect to the second category of cases, however, the CAAF explicitly
noted that its decision in Jessie “does not overrule, call into question, or other-
wise affect” decisions falling within that category “because they have not been
as limited in their subject matter as decisions in the third category of cases,
which have concerned only Eighth Amendment[*] and Article 55, UCMJ, [10
U.S.C. § 855,] post-trial confinement claims.” Jessie, 79 M.J. at 445. The CAAF
went on to limit the third category of cases to post-trial punishment issues
raised under those two theories. Id. at 444–45.
Significantly, each case discussed by CAAF with respect to the first and
third categories dealt with issues occurring after the court-martial had ad-
journed and which pertained to the appellants’ sentences. For example,
Fagnan involved a post-trial psychological evaluation and a letter written by a
confinement official regarding the appellant’s conduct during post-trial con-
finement. 30 C.M.R. at 193. For the second category of cases, however, the
CAAF cited to United States v. Parker, 36 M.J. 269 (C.M.A. 1993), for examples
of when post-trial factfinding hearings had been ordered to gather extra-record
facts for purposes of an appeal. Among the examples in Parker are hearings
pertaining to peremptory challenges, ex parte communications by a military
judge, and testimony which was never received in evidence. Parker, 36 M.J. at
272. Another example dealt with a pretrial disclosure of a privileged commu-
nication—a matter which was not raised at trial and which was apparently
explored for the first time on appeal. United States v. Payton, 23 M.J. 379(C.M.A. 1987). It is this category which the CAAF held Jessie had no impact
on.
I conclude Jessie’s restrictions—pertinent to the case’s first and third cate-
gories—primarily relate to matters relevant to an appellant’s sentence which
develop post-trial. The CAAF left open the opportunity for extra-record mat-
ters in the second category of cases so long as a matter is “raised by materials
in the record.” Jessie, 79 at 445. I submit that a matter is “raised by materials
in the record” whenever it pertains to matters either explicitly or implicitly
related to the court-martial, to include—but not limited to—the conduct of the
* U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.
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court-martial itself, regardless of whether the issue raised on appeal was actu-
ally litigated at trial. This conclusion is bolstered by the CAAF’s recent opinion,
United States v. King, in which the CAAF endorsed the submission of matters
related to the excusal of a court member, even though the excusal was only
mentioned in passing during the trial. ___ M.J. ___, No. 22-0008, slip op. at 9–
10 (C.A.A.F. 23 Feb. 2023). Holding otherwise would deprive the CCAs of the
ability to inquire into matters occurring during trial but discovered by an ap-
pellant only after the trial’s conclusion—such as allegations of judicial miscon-
duct, unlawful command influence, and attempts to influence members—de-
spite the fact such matters might squarely impact the question of whether the
findings should be approved. Indeed, the fact the CAAF excepts claims of inef-
fective assistance from its outside-the-record prohibition is a strong indication
that matters which implicate an appellant’s rights or which otherwise relate
to the fairness of the court-martial itself are necessarily “raised by materials
in the record,” even if the issues were never specifically mentioned in the record
itself or litigated below. Because the issue raised by Appellant relates to the
conduct of his court-martial, I would conclude this case falls within Jessie’s
second category and is unimpacted by the restrictions established elsewhere in
that opinion. As such, the matters submitted by Appellant may be considered
by this court regardless of the fact they are not included in the record.
FOR THE COURT
CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court
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