U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
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No. ACM 39989
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UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Eferm F. BAINES, Jr.
Staff Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
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Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 21 March 2022
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Military Judge: Matthew N. McCall.
Sentence: Sentence adjudged 11 September 2020 by GCM convened at
Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Virginia. Sentence entered by military judge
on 22 October 2020: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 3 years,
and reduction to E-1.
For Appellant: Major Jenna M. Arroyo, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Matthew J. Neil, USAF; Major Morgan
R. Christie, USAF; Major John P. Patera, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Es-
quire.
Before JOHNSON, KEY, and MEGINLEY, Appellate Military Judges.
Chief Judge JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which Sen-
ior Judge KEY and Judge MEGINLEY joined.
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This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
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United States v. Baines, No. ACM 39989
JOHNSON, Chief Judge:
A general court-martial composed of a military judge alone convicted Ap-
pellant, in accordance with his pleas pursuant to a plea agreement, of one spec-
ification of assault consummated by a battery and one specification of aggra-
vated assault in violation of Article 128, Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ),
10 U.S.C. § 928. The military judge sentenced Appellant to a dishon-
orable discharge, confinement for three years, and reduction to the grade of E-
1. The convening authority signed a Decision on Action memorandum in which
he deferred the adjudged confinement until Appellant’s release from civilian
confinement imposed as a result of Appellant’s conviction in Virginia circuit
court for related offenses. The military judge signed an entry of judgment re-
flecting the adjudged findings and sentence, including the deferment of con-
finement.
Appellant raises a single issue on appeal: whether his sentence is inappro-
priately severe. We find no relief is warranted, and we affirm the findings and
sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant met NB, an active duty Air Force member, when they were both
deployed to Africa in 2016. They married in August 2017. In January 2019,
Appellant and NB were stationed at Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Virginia, and
lived together in an off-base apartment in Hampton, Virginia.
On 14 January 2019, Appellant got into an argument with NB, who was
approximately eight weeks pregnant at the time, in a bedroom in their apart-
ment. Appellant had come to suspect that he might not be the father of the
child; his suspicions were significantly fueled by a prior experience with a dif-
ferent woman in which he had been falsely led to believe he was the father of
a child. During the argument, Appellant grabbed NB by the neck, and they fell
onto a bed. Appellant then squeezed NB’s neck with his hands; NB subse-
quently told police that she lost consciousness twice while Appellant was stran-
gling her. Eventually, Appellant let go and allowed NB to get up, whereupon
she leaned against a dresser and gasped for air.
Appellant then grabbed NB’s cell phone and iPad, took them into the living
room, and struck them against the floor, damaging them. NB grabbed her keys
and went into the living room, where the argument continued. NB threw her
keys at Appellant, hitting him in the face, and then temporarily left the apart-
ment. When NB returned, she went into the bedroom where Appellant was and
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United States v. Baines, No. ACM 39989
the argument resumed. NB threw a bottle of cologne at Appellant, who then
stood up and struck NB in the face with his closed fist.1
NB then left the bedroom and returned with her 9mm handgun. She
pointed the handgun toward Appellant and fired a shot between his legs. Ap-
pellant fell to the floor when he heard the shot, looked up at NB, and saw the
weapon had jammed. NB threw the handgun to the floor and ran out of the
apartment. In the parking lot of the apartment complex she found a tow truck
being driven by JJ. NB told JJ her husband was trying to shoot her. JJ allowed
NB into the cab of his truck and began to drive out of the parking lot. In the
meantime, Appellant had retrieved his own 9mm handgun, exited the apart-
ment, and went into the parking lot where he had seen NB enter JJ’s truck. As
JJ reached the parking lot exit, Appellant fired six shots at the truck. One
bullet hit the truck’s passenger side rear-view mirror; another bullet traveled
across the street, went through a window, and lodged in the wall of a resident’s
room in a senior living center. However, none of the bullets struck any person.
JJ drove to a local restaurant where he called the police, who arrived
shortly thereafter. NB was taken to a hospital where she was treated for a
scratch, a contusion, swelling, and other injuries to her head and neck. Some-
time later that night, Appellant began exchanging phone messages with NB
and informed her that at various points he was being pursued by police. NB
repeatedly urged Appellant to turn himself in, but Appellant refused. Eventu-
ally Appellant crashed the vehicle he was driving and then shot himself in the
neck; as a result, he suffered some permanent nerve damage and hearing loss
in one ear. After Appellant shot himself he was apprehended by police on 15
January 2019.
The Commonwealth of Virginia prosecuted Appellant in civilian criminal
court in Hampton, Virginia, resulting in his conviction on 11 July 2019 for the
following offenses: maliciously shooting at an occupied vehicle, VA CODE ANN.
§ 18.2-154; attempted malicious wounding (of JJ), VA CODE ANN. § 18.2-51;
shooting a firearm in public, VA CODE ANN. § 18.2-280; recklessly handling a
firearm, VA CODE ANN. § 18.2-56.1; and destruction of property with value or
damage less than $1,000.00, VA CODE ANN. § 18.2-137.2 NB declined to partic-
ipate in Appellant’s civilian trial, and when called as a witness she invoked her
1 Appellant entered into a stipulation of fact with the Government which states that
Appellant struck NB once with his fist, but also states NB later told police Appellant
struck her with his fist an estimated five or six times.
2 Appellant was separately prosecuted and convicted in Newport News, Virginia, on 19
August 2019 for felony eluding law enforcement, VA CODE ANN. § 46.2-817(B).
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United States v. Baines, No. ACM 39989
Fifth Amendment3 privilege against self-incrimination. As a result, the Com-
monwealth of Virginia dismissed three charges against Appellant in which NB
was a named victim, including: assault and battery of a family or household
member, VA CODE ANN. § 18.2-57.2; strangling NB resulting in bodily injury,
VA CODE ANN. § 18.2-51.6; and attempting to shoot NB with the intent to
maim, disfigure, disable, or kill, VA CODE ANN. § 18.2-26/18.2-51.
On 2 October 2019, for his civilian convictions in Hampton, Virginia, Ap-
pellant was sentenced to 23 years of confinement, with 20 years suspended,
and to 20 years of supervised probation.4
The convening authority referred four specifications against Appellant for
trial by a general court-martial: attempted murder of NB by shooting at her
with a firearm on or about 14 January 2019, in violation of Article 80, UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 880; assault consummated by a battery by striking NB in the face
and squeezing her neck on or about 14 January 2019, in violation of Article
128, UCMJ; assault with intent to inflict bodily harm on NB by shooting at her
with a loaded firearm on or about 14 January 2019, in violation of Article 128,
UCMJ; and, related to a separate prior incident in Texas, squeezing NB’s neck
with his hands between on or about 1 November 2018 and on or about 2 De-
cember 2018, in violation of Article 128, UCMJ. Appellant and the convening
authority entered a plea agreement whereby the convening authority agreed,
inter alia, to withdraw and dismiss the attempted murder specification and the
2018 assault specification from Texas.5 In addition, Appellant agreed that the
military judge must sentence him to confinement for a minimum of 12 months
and a maximum of two years for the remaining assault consummated by a bat-
tery specification, and for a minimum of 12 months and a maximum of seven
years for the aggravated assault specification, with the adjudged terms of con-
finement to run concurrently.
3 U.S. CONST. amend. V.
4 Appellant received a suspended sentence of two years in confinement for his convic-
tion in Newport News, Virginia, for eluding police.
5 The plea agreement provided the dismissals would “ripen into prejudice . . . upon
completion of appellate review which confirms [sic] the approved [sic] findings and
sentence.”
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United States v. Baines, No. ACM 39989
II. DISCUSSION
A. Law
We review issues of sentence appropriateness de novo. United States v.
Lane,
64 M.J. 1, 2 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Cole,
31 M.J. 270,
272 (C.M.A. 1990)). We may affirm only as much of the sentence as we find
correct in law and fact and determine should be approved on the basis of the
entire record. Article 66(d), UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 866(d). “We assess sentence
appropriateness by considering the particular appellant, the nature and seri-
ousness of the offense, the appellant’s record of service, and all matters con-
tained in the record of trial.” United States v. Sauk,
74 M.J. 594, 606 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 2015) (en banc) (per curiam) (alteration in original) (citing United
States v. Anderson,
67 M.J. 703, 705 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2009)). Although we
have great discretion to determine whether a sentence is appropriate, we have
no authority to grant mercy. United States v. Nerad,
69 M.J. 138, 146 (C.A.A.F.
2010).
Courts of Criminal Appeals are “not required . . . to engage in sentence com-
parison with specific [other] cases ‘except in those rare instances in which sen-
tence appropriateness can be fairly determined only by reference to disparate
sentences adjudged in closely related cases.’” United States v. Lacy,
50 M.J.
286, 288 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (quoting United States v. Ballard,
20 M.J. 282, 283
(C.M.A. 1985)). Cases are “closely related” when, for example, they involve “co-
actors involved in a common crime, servicemembers involved in a common or
parallel scheme, or some other direct nexus between the servicemembers
whose sentences are sought to be compared.”
Id. “[A]n appellant bears the bur-
den of demonstrating that any cited cases are ‘closely related’ to his or her case
and that the sentences are ‘highly disparate.’”
Id. A Court of Criminal Appeals
may compare an appellant’s case to other non-“closely related” cases in order
to assess the propriety of the sentence, but is not required to do so. United
States v. Wacha,
55 M.J. 266, 267 (C.A.A.F. 2001). However, unless the cases
are closely related, “[t]he appropriateness of a sentence generally should be
determined without reference or comparison to sentences in other cases.”
United States v. LeBlanc,
74 M.J. 650, 659 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015) (en banc)
(citing Ballard, 20 M.J. at 283).
B. Analysis
Appellant emphasizes several points in extenuation and mitigation in sup-
port of his argument that his sentence is inappropriately severe and this court
should reduce his term of confinement. He contends his text messages with NB
in the hours after his offenses on 14 January 2019 demonstrate he already felt
great remorse for his actions, so much so that he attempted to kill himself.
Appellant cites his strong performance reports, several character statements,
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United States v. Baines, No. ACM 39989
and witness testimony admitted during sentencing proceedings as indicative
of his excellent rehabilitative potential. As extenuation, he asserts his prior
experience with being misled regarding the paternity of another child exacer-
bated his emotional reaction to his suspicions that he was not the father of
NB’s child. Although he does not challenge the legitimacy of his convictions,
Appellant contends the Commonwealth of Virginia has already prosecuted and
punished him for much of his conduct on 14 January 2019, including the act of
shooting at JJ’s tow truck, albeit without NB as a named victim, and that his
sentence to 20 years of supervised probation served as a powerful incentive for
his future good behavior. Furthermore, Appellant asserts that the time he had
spent in civilian confinement prior to his court-martial allowed him to reflect
on his offenses and their impact on the lives of others.
However, we are not persuaded Appellant’s sentence is inappropriately se-
vere as a matter of law. Appellant’s points, although relevant, largely reiterate
the arguments the Defense made during the court-martial and matters that
were before the military judge when he decided the sentence. We are confident
the military judge afforded these points—as well as the other matters pre-
sented—appropriate weight during his deliberations. In accordance with the
plea agreement, the military judge could have sentenced Appellant to as much
as seven years in confinement in addition to the dishonorable discharge and
other punishments. Appellant fails to specifically explain why three years in
confinement is an inappropriately severe punishment for strangling his preg-
nant wife, striking her in the face with his fist, and then shooting at her mul-
tiple times with his handgun after pursuing her into their apartment complex
parking lot.
Appellant additionally contends NB’s case is “closely related” to his, and
that therefore we are required to compare her case to his—specifically the fact
that NB was not prosecuted and received no sentence—in assessing the appro-
priateness of his sentence. However, we find Appellant’s invocation of sentence
comparison inapt. We are required to compare sentences only in those “rare
circumstances” when the fairness of a sentence can be determined only by con-
sidering “disparate sentences adjudged in closely related cases.” Lacy,
50 M.J.
at 288 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Even if we assume arguendo that
any misconduct on NB’s part on 14 January 2019 would be closely related to
Appellant’s case, NB was not convicted and therefore she has no sentence to
compare. Indeed, we do not even know what, if anything, she might have been
convicted of had she been prosecuted, because the matter was never adjudi-
cated. Of course, this is not to say NB’s behavior—whether aggravating, exten-
uating, or mitigating—was not relevant to determining Appellant’s sentence.
It certainly provides a significant part of the context for Appellant’s offenses.
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United States v. Baines, No. ACM 39989
However, relevant actions by NB were included in the stipulation of fact ad-
mitted at the court-martial, and we are confident the military judge gave them
appropriate consideration.
Having given individualized consideration to Appellant, the nature and se-
riousness of the offenses, Appellant’s record of service, and all other matters
contained in the record of trial, we conclude Appellant’s sentence is not inap-
propriately severe.
III. CONCLUSION
The findings and sentence as entered are correct in law and fact, and no
error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Ar-
ticles 59(a) and 66(d), UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(d). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT
CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court
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