U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
________________________
No. ACM 39829
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UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Erika A. HEPFL
Airman First Class (E-3), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
________________________
Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 14 May 2021
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Military Judge: Bradley A. Morris.
Sentence: Sentence adjudged on 6 November 2019 by GCM convened at
Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota. Sentence entered by military
judge on 6 December 2019: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 11
months, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to E-1, and a
reprimand.
For Appellant: Lieutenant Colonel R. Davis Younts, USAF; Major
Amanda E. Dermady, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Brian C. Mason, USAF; Major Brian
E. Flanagan, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before MINK, KEY, and ANNEXSTAD, Appellate Military Judges.
Senior Judge MINK delivered the opinion of the court, in which Judge
KEY joined. Judge ANNEXSTAD filed a separate dissenting opinion.
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This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
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United States v. Hepfl, No. ACM 39829
MINK, Senior Judge:
A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted Appellant, in
accordance with her pleas and pursuant to a plea agreement, of one charge and
three specifications of wrongful use of controlled substances, one specification
of wrongful distribution of a controlled substance, and one specification of
wrongful introduction of a controlled substance onto Ellsworth Air Force Base,
South Dakota, all in violation of Article 112a, Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 912a. 1,2 The specifications pertained to offenses Appellant
committed between 1 July 2018 and 23 July 2019. The military judge sen-
tenced Appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for eleven months,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to the grade of E-1, and a repri-
mand. 3
Appellant’s counsel submitted her case to us without a specific assignment
of error, but Appellant personally raises one issue: whether her sentence is
inappropriately severe, pursuant to United States v. Grostefon,
12 M.J. 431
(C.M.A. 1982). We do not reach Appellant’s assignment of error here as we
instead address an error in the post-trial processing of Appellant’s court-mar-
tial: whether the convening authority failed to take action on the sentence as
required by Executive Order 13,825, § 6(b),
83 Fed. Reg. 9889, 9890 (
8 Mar.
2018), and Article 60, UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 860. We conclude he did and that
remand to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, is appropriate. Ac-
cordingly, we defer addressing the issue personally raised by Appellant until
the record is returned to this court for completion of our review under Article
66, UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 866 (Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019
ed.) (2019 MCM)).
1 Unless otherwise noted, references to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)
and the Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) are to the Manual for Courts-Martial,
United States (2016 ed.).
2 In accordance with the terms of the plea agreement, one specification of wrongful use
of controlled substance, one charge with one specification of incapacitation for perfor-
mance of duties, and one charge with one specification of providing alcohol to underage
airmen were withdrawn and dismissed without prejudice.
3 Appellant elected to be sentenced under the sentencing procedures that went into
effect on 1 January 2019, and the military judge sentenced Appellant to two terms of
confinement for five months, one term of confinement for six months, one term of con-
finement for eight months, and one term of confinement for eleven months, all of which
ran concurrently in accordance with the terms of the plea agreement. See R.C.M.
1002(d)(2)(B) (Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.) (2019 MCM)).
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United States v. Hepfl, No. ACM 39829
I. BACKGROUND
The charges in this case were referred on 16 September 2019, and Appel-
lant’s court-martial concluded on 6 November 2019. On 15 November 2019,
Appellant submitted a petition for clemency requesting the convening author-
ity “consider less confinement . . . or, . . . eliminating the bad conduct dis-
charge.” After reviewing Appellant’s clemency request and consulting with his
staff judge advocate, the convening authority signed a Decision on Action mem-
orandum on 22 November 2019. In the memorandum, the convening authority
stated: “I take no action on the findings in this case.” He further stated, “I take
no action on the sentence in this case. I have not previously granted any defer-
ments of adjudged and/or automatic forfeitures. I have not previously granted
nor intend to grant any waivers of automatic forfeitures.” The remainder of the
paragraph contained the text of the reprimand. The Decision on Action memo-
randum also directed Appellant to “take leave pending completion of appellate
review” upon release from confinement. The memorandum contained no fur-
ther indication as to whether any element of the sentence was approved, dis-
approved, commuted, or suspended. On 6 December 2019, the military judge
signed the entry of judgment, setting out the sentence. He included the Deci-
sion on Action memorandum as an attachment.
II. DISCUSSION
Proper completion of post-trial processing is a question of law this court
reviews de novo. United States v. Sheffield,
60 M.J. 591, 593 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2004) (citation omitted). Interpretation of a statute and a Rule for Courts-
Martial (R.C.M.) are also questions of law we review de novo. United States v.
Hunter,
65 M.J. 399, 401 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (citation omitted); United States v.
Martinelli,
62 M.J. 52, 56 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citation omitted).
Executive Order 13,825, § 6(b), requires that the version of Article 60,
UCMJ,
in effect on the date of the earliest offense of which the accused
was found guilty, shall apply to the convening authority . . . to
the extent that Article 60: (1) requires action by the convening
authority on the sentence; . . . or (5) authorizes the convening
authority to approve, disapprove, commute, or suspend a sen-
tence in whole or in part.
See 2018 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 83
Fed. Reg. at 9890. The version of Article 60, UCMJ, in effect in 2018—the year
in which the earliest of Appellant’s charged offenses occurred—stated “[a]ction
on the sentence of a court-martial shall be taken by the convening authority or
by another person authorized to act under this section.”
10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(2)(A)
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United States v. Hepfl, No. ACM 39829
(emphasis added); see also United States v. Perez,
66 M.J. 164, 165 (C.A.A.F.
2008) (per curiam) (“[T]he convening authority is required to take action on the
sentence . . . .”). Article 60(c)(2)(B), UCMJ, further stated: “Except as [other-
wise] provided . . . the convening authority . . . may approve, disapprove, com-
mute, or suspend the sentence of the court-martial in whole or in part.”
10
U.S.C. § 860(c)(2)(B). The convening authority’s action is required to be “clear
and unambiguous.” United States v. Politte,
63 M.J. 24, 26 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (ci-
tation omitted).
This court addressed a similar situation in its recent en banc decision in
United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673,
2020 CCA LEXIS 416 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 20 Nov. 2020) (en banc) (unpub. op.), rev. granted,
2021 CAAF LEXIS 389
(C.A.A.F. 2021). In Aumont, the convening authority signed a memorandum
stating that he took “no action” on the findings or sentence in a case involving
offenses occurring prior to 1 January 2019. Id. at *19. Aumont resulted in four
separate opinions, reflecting four distinct positions among the judges on this
court as to whether the convening authority’s statement that he took no action
was erroneous and, if so, whether remand for correction was required. Id. (pas-
sim). A majority of the judges in Aumont—six of the ten judges—concluded the
convening authority erred; four of those six judges found the error required
remand for corrective action without testing for prejudice, id. at *89 (J. John-
son, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part), and the other two deter-
mined that while there was “plain and obvious” error, they found “no colorable
showing of possible prejudice” to the appellant. Id. at *32–33 (Lewis, S.J., con-
curring in part and in the result).
We recognize that other panels of this court have applied different reason-
ing in cases decided before and after Aumont. See, e.g., United States v. Crus-
pero, No. ACM S32595,
2020 CCA LEXIS 427 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 24 Nov.
2020) (unpub. op.); United States v. Barrick, No. ACM S32579,
2020 CCA
LEXIS 346 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 Sep. 2020) (unpub. op.); United States v.
Finco, No. ACM S32603,
2020 CCA LEXIS 246 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 27 Jul.
2020) (unpub. op.); cf. United States v. Coffman,
79 M.J. 820, 824 (A. Ct. Crim.
App. 2020) (wherein our sister-service court finds the convening authority’s
failure to take action was harmless error). Nevertheless, we continue to adhere
to the view that—in situations where the convening authority fails to take ac-
tion on the sentence as required by Executive Order 13,825 and the pre-1 Jan-
uary 2019 version of Article 60, UCMJ—the convening authority has erred.
In cases involving a conviction for an offense committed prior to 1 January
2019, the convening authority was required to explicitly state his approval or
disapproval of the sentence. See United States v. Wilson,
65 M.J. 140, 141
(C.A.A.F. 2007) (citing R.C.M. 1107(d)(1)). “If only part of the sentence is ap-
proved, the action shall state which parts are approved.”
Id. (quoting R.C.M.
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United States v. Hepfl, No. ACM 39829
1107(f)(4)(A)). In this case, the convening authority did not take action on the
entire sentence. He set out the terms of Appellant’s reprimand and implicitly
referenced the adjudged punitive discharge by mentioning appellate leave, but
he did not mention the confinement or reduction in grade, or whether the for-
feitures were approved or disapproved. The convening authority’s decision was
incomplete and ambiguous, and therefore deficient. See Politte, 63 M.J. at 26.
The convening authority’s failure to take action on the entire sentence fails to
satisfy the requirement of the applicable Article 60, UCMJ. See United States
v. Lopez, No. ACM S32597,
2020 CCA LEXIS 439, at *11 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
8 Dec. 2020) (unpub. op.).
Our superior court has mandated that when a Court of Criminal Appeals
identifies an ambiguity in an action, it must return the case to the convening
authority. Politte, 63 M.J. at 25–26 (applying the earlier versions of Articles 60
and 66, UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. §§ 860, 866 (2000), reasoning which we find applica-
ble here). In requiring the deficient action to be returned to the convening au-
thority, our superior court did not evaluate the deficiency for prejudice; the
deficiency in the action ipso facto required its return. Id.; see also United States
v. Scott,
49 M.J. 160, 160 (C.A.A.F. 1998). For the reasons set forth in the dis-
senting opinion in Aumont, we remand the record to the Chief Trial Judge, Air
Force Trial Judiciary, to resolve the error. Unpub. op. at *89 (J. Johnson, C.J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part); see Article 66(f)(3), UCMJ,
10 U.S.C.
§ 866(f)(3) (2019 MCM)).
III. CONCLUSION
This case is REMANDED to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judici-
ary, to resolve a substantial issue with the convening authority’s decision mem-
orandum, as the convening authority failed to take action on the sentence as
required by Article 60, UCMJ.
Our remand returns jurisdiction over the case to a detailed military judge
and dismisses this appellate proceeding consistent with Rule 29(b)(2) of the
Joint Rules for Appellate Procedure for Courts of Criminal Appeals. JT. CT.
CRIM. APP. R. 29(b)(2). A detailed military judge may:
(1) Correct the Statement of Trial Results; 4
4 We note that the Statement of Trial Results failed to include the command that con-
vened the court-martial as required by R.C.M. 1101(a)(3) (2019 MCM). Appellant has
not claimed prejudice and we find none. See United States v. Moody-Neukom, No. ACM
S32594,
2019 CCA LEXIS 521, at *2–3 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 16 Dec. 2019) (per curiam)
(unpub. op.).
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United States v. Hepfl, No. ACM 39829
(2) Return the record of trial to the convening authority or his successor to
take action on the sentence;
(3) Conduct one or more Article 66(f)(3), UCMJ (2019 MCM), proceedings
using the procedural rules for post-trial Article 39(a), UCMJ,
10 U.S.C.
§ 839(a), sessions; and/or
(4) Correct or modify the entry of judgment.
Thereafter, the record of trial will be returned to the court for completion
of appellate review under Article 66, UCMJ (2019 MCM).
ANNEXSTAD, Judge (dissenting):
I respectfully disagree with my colleagues’ conclusion remanding this case
to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, because the convening au-
thority’s action was ambiguous and incomplete. Consistent with our court’s de-
cision in United States v. Barrick, No. ACM S32579,
2020 CCA LEXIS 346
(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 Sep. 2020) (unpub. op.), I would find the convening
authority’s decision to “take no action on the sentence” was the equivalent of
action. In coming to this conclusion, I note, as our court did in Barrick, that:
Air Force Instruction 51-201, Administration of Military Justice,
Section 13D (18 Jan. 2019), correctly advises convening author-
ities to grant relief as circumscribed by the applicable version of
Article 60, UCMJ[,
10 U.S.C. § 860]. Additionally, it advises
convening authorities to specify “no action” if not granting relief,
which would include effecting “action” under the applicable ver-
sion of Article 60, UCMJ.
Id. at *3–4.
I also recognize, that we can use surrounding documentation to interpret
an otherwise unclear convening authority action, including looking outside the
four corners of the action’s language. See United States v. Politte,
63 M.J. 24,
26 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Loft,
10 M.J. 262, 268 (C.M.A.
1981)).
In this case, the record demonstrates that Appellant submitted clemency
matters to the convening authority on 15 November 2019. In her matters, Ap-
pellant asked the convening authority to “consider less confinement . . . or, . . .
eliminating the bad conduct discharge.” On 22 November 2019, the convening
authority memorialized his decision to “take no action” on the findings and
sentence in his Decision on Action memorandum to the military judge. Con-
sistent with Air Force Instruction 51-201, Section 13D, the convening author-
ity expressed his decision to not grant relief as “no action.” Additionally, the
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United States v. Hepfl, No. ACM 39829
convening authority imposed the adjudged reprimand and directed Appellant
to “take leave pending completion of appellate review” upon release from con-
finement. On 6 December 2019, the military judge signed the entry of judgment
(EoJ), reflecting the sentence as adjudged and including the reprimand. The
convening authority’s Decision on Action memorandum was attached to the
EoJ.
I find that the convening authority’s decision met the legacy requirements
of Article 60, UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 860 (Manual for Courts-Martial, United States
(2016 ed.)), requiring action. I would also find the decision complied with the
provisions of Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1109 of the Manual for Courts-
Martial, United States (2019 ed.) (2019 MCM), requiring convening authority
action only when affecting the sentence. In this case, the convening authority’s
decision to provide no relief at action was a “clear and unambiguous” determi-
nation to effectuate the adjudged sentence without modification. See Politte, 63
M.J. at 25−26 (footnote omitted). There is no indication in the record that the
military judge or the parties were confused as to the convening authority’s de-
cision to grant no relief. The sentence memorialized in the EoJ was the same
as the sentence adjudged at trial, and neither party moved for correction of the
Decision on Action or the EoJ. See R.C.M. 1104(b)(2)(B), (C) (2019 MCM). For
these reasons, I would find no error in the convening authority’s Decision on
Action and would not defer addressing Appellant’s assignment of error by re-
manding the case to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary.
FOR THE COURT
CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court
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