Proposed Cooperative Agreement for the Administration of the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park ( 1982 )

Proposed Cooperative Agreement for the Administration of the
San Antonio Missions National Historical Park
The proposed cooperative agreem ent between the Secretary of the Interior and the A rchbishop of San
A ntonio, fo r the adm inistration o f church-ow ned properties w ithin the San A ntonio M issions
National H istorical Park, does not on its face present such a risk of advancing religion or involving
the governm ent in an entangling relationship w ith the church, in violation of the E stablishm ent
Clause of the First A m endm ent, that it may not be executed.
Any federal funds to be expended under the agreem ent would not relieve the church of any obligation
it would otherw ise have, or confer any recognizable benefit on the church, and thus could not be
said to “advance” religion within the m eaning of the test set forth in Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U .S .
602, 6 1 2 -1 3 (1971). N or is the extent of the federal presence at the M issions contem plated by the
proposed agreem ent likely to confer any im prim atur o f governm ent approval on a religious sect or
practice, o r com m it the governm ent to religious goals.
December 2, 1982
MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE SOLICITOR OF THE INTERIOR
This responds to your request for our opinion whether a proposed agreement
between the Secretary of the Interior and the Archbishop of San Antonio, as
owner of the Spanish Missions of San Antonio, violates constitutional provisions
regarding the separation of church and state. This agreement, dated May 5,1982,
was developed pursuant to the authority given the Secretary in § 201 of Pub. L.
No. 95-629, 92 Stat. 3636 (1978), 16 U.S.C. § 410ee (Supp. II 1978) (Act),
which established the San Antonio Missions National Historical ftr k (ftirk).
Section 201(b) of the Act authorizes the Secretary to acquire certain historic
properties within the established boundaries of the Park, and to enter into
“cooperative agreements” with the owners of those properties “in furtherance of
the purposes of [the Act].” In apparent recognition of the possible issues under
the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment which might be raised by
cooperative agreements relating to the administration of properties within the
Park, § 201(b) of the Act also specifies that:
the Secretary shall submit all proposed cooperative agreements to
the Department of Justice for a determination that the proposed
agreements do not violate the constitutional provisions regarding
the separation of church and state.
We have reviewed the terms of the proposed cooperative agreement in light of
additional factual information provided us by members of your staff and by the
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Superintendent of the Plark in San Antonio, and find no basis on which to object to
its execution on Establishment Clause grounds.
In the following discussion we briefly review the history of the Missions and
their present-day function and operation, and describe the relevant provisions of
the proposed cooperative agreement. We then analyze the agreement in terms of
applicable principles of constitutional law.
I.
The San Antonio Missions National Historical Park was established in 1978
“[i]n order to provide for the preservation, restoration and interpretation of the
Spanish Missions of San Antonio, Texas, for the benefit and enjoyment of present
and future generations of Americans . . . .” 16 U.S.C. § 410ee(a). The Park
consists of four 18th century Spanish missions located on alternate sides of the
San Antonio River as it flows through the southern part of the city,1 and an
associated irrigation system which includes an 18th century aqueduct and dam.
The Missions contain within their walled compounds a variety of structures
which reflect the institution’s several historic functions.2
In addition to a church and associated buildings, three of the four Missions
include some portion of the land and many of the non-religious structures which
were once enclosed by the mission walls. These structures, in varying states of
disrepair and decay, include granaries, shops, schools, kilns, and living quarters
for the Indians whom the missionaries sought to convert and “civilize.” All that
remains of Mission Concepcion, the closest of these Missions to downtown San
Antonio, is a church and “convento,” which historically contained the priest’s
living quarters, offices, a refectory, and sometimes shops and workrooms.
Ownership of the land and structures within the present boundaries of the
Missions has remained in the hands of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San
Antonio. And, at each of the four Missions there is an active parish church which
is used today for a variety of religious and ceremonial purposes. Between 500 and
900 families are served by each of the Mission parishes. None of the Mission
parishes has a community hall, an adult education program, or any other regular
parish activity beyond the weekly religious services themselves. Except for a
parish priest who occupies living quarters within the compound at two of the
Missions, there are no religious or other church personnel in residence or
regularly present at any of the four Missions.
All four of the Missions are separately listed on the National Register of
Historic Places, 16 U.S.C. § 470a, and are open to the sightseeing public.
1The four M issions are described in § 201(a) of ihe Act as “Concepcion, San Jose, San Juan, and Espada "S ee
16 U S C. § 410ee(a). We use these shortened versions of the full names whenever we refer separately in this
memorandum to one of the Missions
2 According to an “Environmental Assessment” prepared by the National fork Service in October 1981, the
Spanish missions in the Southwest were originally established both as religious institutions and as fortresses by
which the Spanish extended and defended their frontiers in the Western Hemisphere. The Missions prospered and
declined over a period o f about 60 years, and by the early 19th century had ceased to operate as an arm of the Spanish
government. Since that time, the San Antonio Missions have experienced neglect and decay despite their recognized
historic and architectural significance. Notable among the sporadic attempts to preserve and reconstruct them in the
last century are those of the federal Works Project Administration dunng the 1930s.
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Mission San Jose has the most extensive interpretive program, and under a 1941
agreement is administered jointly by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
and the Archdiocese of San Antonio.3The three other Missions are administered
by the Archdiocese alone, and at each an informational leaflet is made available
by the Archdiocese to complement a self-guided tour. Other than the limited state
funds which have been made available for upkeep and maintenance at Mission
San Jose, the Archdiocese is now solely responsible for the cost of preserving and
maintaining the Missions.
II.
The proposed cooperative agreement between the Secretary and the Arch­
bishop, negotiated by the Secretary pursuant to the authority given him in
§ 201(b) of the Act,4 contemplates a comparatively limited federal financial
commitment to the Park.5 Ownership of the Missions remains with the Catholic
Church, as does responsibility for their “overall maintenance, repair and se­
curity.” The Secretary is authorized by the Archbishop to “provide public
interpretation of the Missions’ secular historical significance in the development
of the Southwest Region of the United States.” In furtherance of this purpose, the
Secretary is given free access to the Mission grounds and “secular Mission
buildings,”6 the use of the latter for administrative purposes, and authority to
erect “informational and interpretive signs and exhibits on the Missions
grounds.” The Secretary in turn undertakes to provide “wear and tear mainte­
nance and repair of the Missions grounds and secular buildings as occasioned by
the use of the property for [Park] purposes,” and “such security of the Missions
grounds and secular buildings as is appropriate in light of the hours of public
access.” He agrees also to pay the cost of utilities occasioned by Park use. Finally,
3 The Secretary of the Interior was also a party to the 1941 agreement by which the Slate of Texas undertook to
assist the Catholic Archdiocese in its maintenance and administration of the San Jose Mission In that agreement, the
Secretary agreed to designate Mission San Jose as a National Historic Site, to “cooperate” with the Archbishop and
the state in the “preservation and use" of the Mission as a historic site, and to “provide technical assistance in
planning and executing measures for such preservation and use, within the limits of available appropriations.” We
have been informed by members of your staff that no appropriated funds have ever been allocated by the Secretary of
the Interior pursuant to the 1941 agreement. We do not know whether federal funds have otherwise been made
available in the past for the preservation and use of the Missions. See, e.g ., 16 U S C. § 470a(a), which authorizes
the Secretary of the Interior to make grants to states for the development and preservation of properties listed on the
National Register of Historic Places.
4 Section 201(b) of the 1978 Act authorized the Secretary of the Intenor “to enter cooperative agreements with the
owners of any historic properties” within the boundaries of the fork, including the four Missions themselves, “ in
furtherance of the purposes of[the A ct].” I6 U .S .C .§ 410ee(b)(2) Each such cooperative agreement was to include
terms obligating the owner of the property to preserve its historic features, and to allow the public “reasonable access
to those portions o f the property to which access is necessary in the judgment of the Secretary for the proper
appreciation and interpretation of its histoncal and architectural value ” 16 U S C. § 410ee(b). In addition, the
Secretary was authonzed to agree to maintain and operate such interpretive facilities and programs on the land as he
deemed appropnate. Id. Whatever funds are necessary for the administration of the fork may be allocated by the
Secretary from the general appropriation for the National F^rk System, pursuant to the authority contained in 16
U S.C § 3 et seq.
5 The agreement is descnbed in its preamble as “an interim means to further the purposes of the Act pending
consideration of related budgetary and legal issues by the Secretary.”
6 “Secular Mission buildings” are identified in an exhibit appended to the agreement, and comprise all structures
within the Mission compound except the present-day church and, in the case of Missions San Juan and Espada, the
nearby pastor’s residence.
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the Secretary must not “undertake any actions or activities which disturb the
structural integrity and condition of the Missions or the Archbishop’s use of the
Missions for religious or other church purposes . . .
The agreement allows the Archbishop unconditionally to continue the “eccle­
siastical use” of the Missions. However, he must not alter or remove any of the
Missions’ historic features, or erect any markers or structures on their premises
“without the prior concurrence of the Secretary.” While Park visitors may be
permitted to enter non-secular buildings within the compound without charge,
the Secretary assumes no responsibility for the maintenance of those buildings.
In addition, the agreement expressly provides that
The Secretary shall not participate in any activities conducted by
the Archbishop within non-secular buildings of the Missions nor
shall he participate in any religious or other church uses of the
Mission grounds.7
The agreement may be amended at any time by mutual agreement, and
terminated by either party upon 60 days’ written notice. At the expiration or
termination of the agreement, the Secretary agrees to “remove all property of the
United States from the Mission at his expense.”8
III.
The general test for determining whether a legislative enactment violates the
Establishment Clause was set forth by the Supreme Court in Lemon v. Kurtzman,
403 U.S. 602 , 612-13 (1971):
First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second,
its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances
nor inhibits religion . . .; finally, the statute must not foster “an
excessive government entanglement with religion.”
See Com m ittee fo r Public Education v. Regan, 444 U.S. 646 (1980). This three-
part test is equally applicable to governmental actions and policies based on a
legislative enactment, such as the execution and administration of the cooperative
agreement at issue here. See Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263 (1981); Allen v.
M orton, 495 F.2d 65, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1973).
We agree readily with your opinion that the agreement satisfies the “secular
purpose” aspect of the Lemon test. The stated purpose of the Secretary, in
entering into the cooperative agreement, is “to provide public interpretation of
the Missions’ secular historical significance in the development of the Southwest
7 The Archbishop agrees to provide ihe Secretary reasonable notice of ail religious and other church use of the
M issions, and to hold the Secretary harmless against all damage claims by persons “attending a religious service or
other church activity conducted by the Archbishop.”
8 The proposed cooperative agreement also suspends for the penod of its duration the 1941 agreement between
the Secretary, the Archbishop, and the-state. See note 6, supra.
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Region of the United States . . . This secular purpose is consistent with that of
Congress in establishing the Park.9
We also concur with your view that the “principal or primary effect” of the
agreement is not one which “advances [or] inhibits religion.” It is true that, in
construing this aspect of the Lemon test, the Supreme Court has disapproved the
use of public funds to provide support to sectarian institutions even where the
funds have themselves been earmarked exclusively for “secular” purposes, on the
grounds that “in aiding a religious institution to perform a secular task, the
[government] frees the institution’s resources to be put to sectarian ends.”
Roemer v. B oard c f Public Works c f Maryland, 426 U.S. 736, 748 (1976).10 In
this case, however, no federal funds are to be provided directly to either the
Archdiocese or the parish churches within the Mission walls, and no expenditure
is authorized which would indirectly relieve either of any obligation it would
otherwise have. Indeed, it would appear that federal funds expended under the
agreement will not confer any recognizable benefit on the Archdiocese or parish
churches. While the legislation which established the Park authorizes a more
extensive use of federal funds in connection with the restoration and rehabilita­
tion of the Missions, the cooperative agreement explicitly limits.the federal
financial commitment to such “wear and tear maintenance” and “security” as is
occasioned by the use of the Missions as a National Park. Given the almost
certain need for additional maintenance occasioned by this use, we do not believe
an agreement by the federal government to pay its cost could be regarded as
conferring a benefit on or otherwise advancing the interests of a religious
institution.11
It is of course possible to argue that the very presence of a national park at the
Missions will have some tendency to “advance religion” by enhancing the
visibility of and facilitating public access to religious functions, both past and
present. However, any such effect is at this point entirely speculative. Even if this
9 While the introductory phrases of the Act speak generally of the “preservation, restoration and interpretation" of
the Missions, subsequent provisions in the law make clear that Congress' interest in the Missions was confined to
their “historical and architectural value. "S ee 16U.S C § 4 1Oee(b) and (d). The secular purpose of the legislation is
confirmed by its legislative history. See 124 Cong. Rec 36192 (1978) (remarks of Sen. Bentsen) See generally San
Antonio Missions National Historical Park, Texas: Hearings on H R 14064 Before the Subcomm on National
Parks and Recreation c f the House Comm, on Interior and Insular Affairs, 94th Cong., 2d Sess (1976); San Antonio
Missions National Historical Park, Texas: Hearings on S. 1156 Before the Subcomm on Parks and Recreation c f the
Senate Comm, on Energy and Natural Resources, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. (1977) The legislation establishing the
Park was never reported out of committee in either House or Senate, but was added as a floor amendment in the
Senate to a bill dealing, inter alia, with the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation See 124 Cong. Rec.
36183 (Oct. 12, 1978)
10 Compare M eek v. Pittenger, 421 U S 349 (1975) (state may not provide auxiliary instructional material and
services to sectarian schools) and Committee fo r Public Education v. Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756 (1973) (lump sum
grants to sectarian schools for building maintenance and repair prohibited); with Wolman v. Walter, 433 U.S. 229
(1977) (state funds may be used to provide standardized tests and scoring services to sectarian schools) and
Committee fo r Public Education v Regan, 444 U.S. at 654 (1980) (state may reimburse sectarian schools for costs
of state-mandated tests)
11 If enough federal money were spent in connection with maintenance and security at the Missions, some
question might be raised as to whether a monetary benefit was in fact being conferred on the Archdiocese or
parishes. However, it is our understanding from discussions with the Superintendent of the Park that the budget
presently projected for the fark for fiscal 1983 permits an overall commitment to the four Missions of only about
$125,000 for maintenance, of which about $75,000 would go to pay custodial salaries and another $50,000 to
contract for such basic services as trash collection and weed removal Another $12,000 is available for “natural
resource management.” There is no money in the 1983 budget for “repairs ”
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effect could at some future point be shown, we doubt that it would be regarded as
“primary,” as that term has been construed by the Supreme Court. The Court has
“put to rest any argument that the [government] may never act in such a way that
has the incidental effect of facilitating religious activity.” Roemer v. B oard cf
Public Works c f Maryland, 426 U.S. at 747. And a number of courts have ruled
that governmental sponsorship of the secular aspects of religious institutions and
ceremonies does not impermissibly advance religion. See, e .g ., Florey v. Sioux
Falls School D istrict, 619F.2d 1311 (8th Cir.), cert, denied, 449 U.S. 987 (1980)
(school board’s adoption of policy permitting observance of religious holidays
did not unconstitutionally advance religion); Allen v. Hickel, 424 F.2d 944 (D.C.
Cir. 1970) (government sponsorship of Christmas Pageant of Peace, which
included Nativity creche, did not have primary effect of advancing religion);
Citizens Concerned v. City and County c f Denver, 526 F. Supp. 1310 (D. Colo.
1981) (public funds may be used for Nativity scene as part of city’s Christmas
display). Compare Fox v. City c f Los Angeles, 587 P.2d 663 (Cal. 1978) (display
of lighted Latin cross on city hall prohibited, on grounds that it impermissibly
favored one religion over others). The government’s proposed interpretive pro­
gram for the Park focuses on the Missions’ historical and architectural aspects;
any reference to the Missions’ historically religious character is likely to have
“only a remote and incidental effect advantageous to [the Catholic Church].”
Comm ittee fo r Public Education v. Nyquist, supra, 413 U.S. at 784 n. 39. Nor do
we think that Park visitors’ access to the active parish churches within the
Missions will necessarily advance religion in a constitutionally impermissible
manner. While sightseers may have an opportunity on their own initiative to enter
the non-secular buildings on the Mission grounds, these buildings will not be
integrated into the Park’s interpretive program. Nor will Park staff or other
government officials be permitted to participate in any religious activities in those
buildings or on Mission grounds.12
Finally, the extent of the federal presence at the Missions contemplated by the
cooperative agreement is not likely to “confer any imprimatur of [governmental]
approval on religious sects or practices,” or “commit the [government] . . . to
religious goals.” Widmar v. Vincent, supra, 454 U.S. at 274. Compare Gilfillan
v. C ity c f Philadelphia, 637 F.2d 924,930 (3d Cir. 1980) (extensive involvement
of public officials with religious personnel in planning the Pope’s visit, and
expenditure of public funds on altar and loudspeakers, had effect of “placing the
City’s imprimatur of approval on the Catholic religion”). Properly administered
in accordance with the terms of the agreement, the government’s program at the
Park will be “confine[d] . . . to secular objectives, and neither advance nor
impede religious activity.” Roemer v. B oard c f Public Works c f M aryland, 426
U.S. at 747.
12 We do not know how extensive the “religious and other church uses of the Missions grounds” referred to in the
agreem ent will be. It is possible that frequent and extensive use of the Mission buildings and grounds for religious
cerem onies, during hours when they are open to the sightseeing public and staffed by ftirk Service personnel, could
give rise to the appearance of an “ imprimatur o f [governmental] approval” of religious practices generally and those
of the Catholic Church in particular. Our discussion with members of your staff and the fark Superintendent suggest
no basis for concern that this will occur
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With regard to the third and last part of the Lemon test, we do not believe that
the relationship between the government and the church contemplated by the
proposed cooperative agreement presents any substantial risk of “excessive and
enduring entanglement between state and church.” Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403
U.S. at 619. The Supreme Court has been particularly concerned with the
potential for state-church entanglement where direct money subsidies to sec­
tarian institutions are involved. In Lemon the Court remarked that “ [t]he history
of government grants of a continuing cash subsidy indicates that such programs
have almost always been accompanied by varying measures of control and
surveillance.” 403 U.S. at 621. See also Levitt v. Committee fo r Public Educa­
tion, 413 U.S. 472,480(1973). Here, however, no financial benefit accrues to the
Archdiocese or the Mission parishes so as to necessitate the kind of prophylactic
administrative measures which the Court has found likely to produce excessive
entanglement. Moreover, the agreement requires no regular or recurring contact
between federal officials and either the Archdiocese or the Mission parishes.
While the agreement does provide that each party should “appoint a representa­
tive on site at the Missions to deal with routine Missions management,” (p. 6)
there is no area of joint church-state responsibility which is likely to produce “an
intimate and continuing relationship” between these representatives. 403 U .S. at
622. The agreement gives church officials no role in or authority over the federal
government’s interpretive or maintenance program at the Missions. At the same
time, it expressly prohibits Park officials from participating in any religious or
other church uses of the Mission buildings or grounds. Compare the extensive
involvement of federal officials in the planning and administration of the Christ­
mas Pageant of Peace, held unconstitutional on entanglement grounds in Allen v.
Morton, 495 F.2d 65 (D.C. Cir. 1973). The only provision in the agreement
which seems to require some official contact between governmental and church
officials is that which prohibits the Archbishop from altering or removing any of
the Mission’s historic features, or erecting markers or structures on their prem­
ises, “without the prior concurrence of the Secretary.” See supra. While we have
no doubt that these and other provisions in the agreement will result in some
contact from time to time between government and church officials, we do not
think the agreement as a whole or any provision of it necessarily leads to the sort
of “intimate and continuing relationship” forbidden by the Supreme Court in
Lem on.'3
Lemon also recognized a second branch of the entanglement test, the pos­
sibility that governmental action will result in intensified “[political fragmenta­
tion and divisiveness on religious lines” because of “the need for continuing
annual appropriations and the likelihood of larger and larger demands as costs
13 The mere presence of the parish churches within the Mission grounds need not lead to an entangling
relationship. C f Lanner v. Wimmer, 662 F.2d 1349, 1360 (10th Cir. 1981) (physical proximity of buildings and
shared communications system does not preclude public school from implementing released time program with
religious seminary on “entanglement” grounds) As previously noted, with the exception of the pansh priests in
residence at Missions Espada and San Juan, there are no religious personnel regularly present at any of the Mission
sites. And, we have been informed by the fork Superintendent that the Archdiocese does not contemplate continuing
any aspect of its own interpretive program at the Missions once the federal program is in place
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and populations grow.” 403 U.S. at 623. However, like the reimbursement
scheme held constitutional in Committee fo r Public Education v. Regan, supra,
the cooperative agreement “[o]n its face . . . suggests no excessive entangle­
ment, and we are not prepared to read into the [agreement] as an inevitability the
bad faith upon which any future excessive entanglement would be predicated.”
444 U.S. at 660-61.
IV.
In summary, the cooperative agreement between the Secretary and the Arch­
bishop for the administration of the San Antonio Missions as part of the Park does
not present such an “appreciable risk” of advancing religion or involving the
government in an impermissible relationship with the church that it may not be
executed. See Committee for Public Education v. Regan, supra, 444 U. S . at 662.
We emphasize, however, that while we do not believe the agreement on its face
violates the Establishment Clause, the constitutionality of any given church-state
relationship depends to some extent on its own particular facts. We therefore
cannot know in advance whether specific Establishment Clause problems will
arise in connection with the implementation and administration of the agreement.
We expect, though, that appropriate precautionary measures can be devised by
the Secretary and the National Park Service to minimize the likelihood of such
problems occurring.
R a l p h W . Ta r r
Deputy Assistant Attorney General
Office c f Legal Counsel
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