The Attorney General's Authority to Represent the Roosevelt Campobello International Park Commission ( 1981 )

The Attorney General’s Authority to Represent the Roosevelt
Campobello International Park Commission
Under the international agreement creating the Roosevelt Campobello International Park
Commission and its implementing legislation, the A ttorney General may provide free
legal representation to the Commission. However, he is under no obligation to do so,
particularly w here a conflict of interest would make questionable the appropriateness of
such representation.
T he A ttorney G eneral’s statutory obligation to “supervise and control” litigation o f the
Commission in courts of the United States does not require him to conduct such
litigation, or retain private counsel on behalf of the Commission, any more than it
empowers him to control access by this international body to U.S. courts. It only
means that when the A ttorney General does conduct or finance litigation of the
Commission, he must retain supervision and control over it.
In cases w here the Commission is suing an agency of the United States, it is appropriate
for the Departm ent to refuse the Commission’s request for representation. The Depart­
ment also may withdraw from representation o f the Commission that has already been
undertaken, as long as such withdrawal is accomplished in accordance with applicable
American Bar Association standards.
July 6, 1981
M EM ORANDUM O PIN IO N FO R T H E ASSISTA N T ATTORNEY
G E N E R A L , LAND A N D N A TU R A L RESOURCES D IV ISIO N
This responds to your request for an opinion clarifying the Attorney
G eneral’s authority and responsibility to provide legal representation to
the Roosevelt Campobello International Park Commission. You have
expressed special concern about pending and prospective litigation by
the Commission against the United States government. Our advice can
be summarized as follows:
(1) The A ttorney General is under no legal obligation to
conduct or finance new litigation brought by or against
the Commission.
(2) The A ttorney General does have the authority, subject
to his other responsibilities, to conduct or finance litiga­
tion on behalf of the Commission.
218
(3) The Attorney General should not attempt to prevent
the Commission from using its own funds to sue the
United States. However, the President may prevent the
initiation of such suits in the future by directing the
United States members of the Commission to vote to
oppose suits against the United States.
(4) Subject to the terms of any binding contractual commit­
ments, the Department may withdraw from financing
the Commission’s pending litigation against the United
States, but we recommend that it not do so without
taking reasonable steps to avoid prejudice to the Com­
mission.
Discussion
The Roosevelt Campobello International Park Commission was es­
tablished pursuant to an agreement between the United States and
Canada to administer the estate once owned by President Franklin
Roosevelt as an international park. Agreement Between the G overn­
ment of the United States of America and the Government of Canada
Relating to the Establishment of the Roosevelt Campobello Interna­
tional Park, Jan. 22, 1964, United States-Canada, 15 U.S.T. 1504,
T.I.A.S. No. 5631 (1964) [hereinafter cited as Agreement]. The Agree­
ment provides that the Commission shall be composed of six members,
three Americans and three Canadians, and that the affirmative vote of
at least two members from each country is required for any decision to
be taken by the Commission. Agreement, Art. 3, at 1505. It also
provides that the Commission shall have “juridical personality and all
powers and capacity necessary or appropriate for the purpose o f per­
forming its functions” including the powers and capacity to “sue or be
sued in either Canada or the United States.” Agreement, Art. 2, at
1505. In addition, the Agreement provides that the costs of operating
and maintaining the Park shall be shared equally by the governments of
the United States and Canada Agreement, Art. 11, at 1507, and that
“arrangements” may be made with the competent agencies o f both
governments for rendering, without reimbursement, such services as the
Commission may request for the orderly development, maintenance and
operation of the Park. Agreement, Art. 9, at 1507.
The legislation implementing the Agreement which was adopted by
Congress reiterates the essence of the Agreement. 16 U.S.C. §§ 1101-
1113. Among other things, it provides that the American members of
the Commission shall be appointed by the President and hold office at
his pleasure. 16 U.S.C. § 1104(a). T he “functions” of the Commission
are to accept title to the estate, to take the measures necessary to
restore the property to its original condition, and “to administer” the
Park “as a memorial.” 16 U.S.C. § 1102. In describing the powers of
219
the Commission, the statute provides that the Commission shall have
“juridical personality and all powers and capacity necessary or appro­
priate for the purpose o f performing its functions” including the power
and capacity
to sue or be sued, complain and defend, implead and be
impleaded, in any United States district court. In such
suits, the Attorney General shall supervise and control the
litigation.
16 U.S.C. § 1103(c) (emphasis added).1 The statute also enumerates the
Commission’s power
to obtain without reimbursements, for use either in the
United States or Canada, legal, engineering, architectural,
accounting, financial, maintenance, and other services,
w hether by assignment, detail, or otherwise, from compe­
tent agencies in the United States or in Canada, by ar­
rangements with such agencies.
16 U.S.C. § 11030)- I*1 recognition o f this government’s responsibility to
share equally in the costs o f developing and operating the Park, the
statute also authorizes the appropriation of such sums as may be neces­
sary to fulfill our obligations under the Agreement. 16 U.S.C. § 1113.2Obligation and authority to provide legal services. Both the Agreement
and the United States legislation contemplate that the Commission may
make “arrangements” w ith United States agencies for free services, and
the statute makes it plain that legal services are among the types of free
services contemplated. See 16 U.S.C. § 1103(j). We do not believe that
the statute imposes an obligation on any agency of the United States to
provide free legal services to the Commission, particularly in litigation
against the United States. Although we recognize an intention in these
provisions that government agencies cooperate with the Commission
when feasible, we do not believe that § 1103(j) or the Agreement
should be read to create an obligation for agencies of either govern­
ment to satisfy every request of the Commission.3 Rather, we read
these provisions as a grant of authority to government agencies to
cooperate with the Commission and as an endorsement of such co­
1 T he italicized language is a substantive addition to the parallel provision in the Agreement. The
Canadian implementing legislation does not contain a similar provision requiring supervision or control
o f Commission litigation in Canada. Roosevelt Campobello International Park Commission Act, 1964,
ch. 19, 1964-65 Can. Stat. 135.
2T here have been annual appropriations to the Department of the Interior for this purpose. See
Pub. L. No. 96-514, 94 Stat 2957; Pub. L No. 96-126, 93 Stat. 954; Pub. L. No. 95-465, 92 Stat. 1279;
Pub. L. No. 95-74, 91 Stat. 285; Pub. L. No. 94-373, 90 Stat. 1043; Pub. L. No. 94-165, 89 Stat. 977;
Pub. L. No. 93-120, 87 Stat. 429.
3T he statement of C P. M ontgomery, Assistant Director, National Park Service, Department o f the
Interior, before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, supports our view that these provisions
should be read to authorize “cooperation’* from United States agencies. See S. Rep No. 1097, 88th
Cong., 2d Sess., 9 (1964)
220
operation, whenever such agencies, in the exercise of their discretion,
believe that such cooperation is lawful and otherwise appropriate.4
Similarly, we do not find an obligation to represent the Commission
in the language of § 1102(c) of the statute concerning the Attorney
General’s supervision and control of Commission litigation. As we see
it, the supervision and control of litigation is not necessarily the same as
actually conducting the litigation. Although the two functions may be
performed by the same person or entity, this need not be the case. In
the private sector, for example, it is not uncommon for the general
counsel o f a corporation to supervise and control corporate litigation,
while outside counsel actually conducts the litigation. In the govern­
ment context, the authority to conduct and to supervise litigation is
separately delineated, see 28 U.S.C. §§ 516, 519, although both functions
most frequently reside in the Department of Justice. There are situa­
tions, however, where Congress has given another Department the
authority to conduct litigation, subject to the supervision and control of
the Attorney General. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. §§ 717l(i), 7192(c) (involving
Department of Energy litigation). In light of this distinction, we are
persuaded that Congress would have used different, and more explicit,
language in § 1102(c) if it intended to require the Attorney General to
conduct litigation or retain private counsel on behalf of the Commis­
sion.
Having concluded that § 1102(c) does not create an obligation to
conduct litigation for the Commission, we must nonetheless ascribe
some intended meaning to the mandate to “supervise and control” the
Commission’s litigation. Reading broadly, the term could imply that the
Attorney General may prevent the Commission from asserting particu­
lar positions or that he may deny the Commission access to federal
district courts altogether.5 Such a construction, however, would give
this government more unilateral power than can be found in the A gree­
ment 6 and would tend to conflict with Article 2 of the Agreement
which provides that the Commission shall have “juridical personality”
and be empowered to “sue and be sued” in United States district
courts.
4As we indicated in our October 10, 1978, opinion regarding the representation of Campobello, the
Attorney General's authority to conduct litigation includes the authority to retain private counsel at
government expense when a conflict of interest prevents direct representation
5We have not been asked to consider whether the particular litigation in which the Commission is
now engaged is “ necessary or appropriate for the purpose of performing its functions." 16 U.S.C.
§ 1103. O f course, this government may express its views on that question through its representatives
on the Commission.
6 Under the Agreement, the power of one government to control the positions of the Commission
lies in the exercise of its voting rights. See Article 3. Since the United States members of the
Commission serve at the pleasure of the President, the President could prevent the problem of
litigation against the United States by directing the United States members to vote against the
initiation o f such suits. However, once begun, the United States vote would not be sufficient to
terminate the litigation w ithout the support of two Canadian votes
221
It is an established principle of construction that a statute will not be
read to modify or abrogate obligations under an international agreement
without a clear expression by Congress that such was its purpose. See
Cook v. United States, 288 U.S. 102 (1933). Thus, without a clear
expression by Congress that the United States enabling legislation was
intended to modify the international Agreement by giving a single
United States official the power to limit the Commission’s access to the
United States courts, w e would be disinclined to read § 1103(c) to
confer that power. Since nothing in the enabling legislation or its
legislative history indicates such an intent,7 a more narrow construction
o f the term “supervise and control” seems appropriate.
As mentioned previously, Congress clearly anticipated that the Com­
mission could arrange for free legal services from the Justice Depart­
ment. W e think that § 1103 should be read to mean that when the
United States government does provide representation for the Commis­
sion in federal court, the Attorney General must maintain control of
that litigation. Supervision and control of the litigation in these circum­
stances would be essential to maintain the integrity of the government’s
legal position before the federal courts. Section 1103 may also be read
to require that among federal agencies, only the Justice Department
may conduct litigation for the Commission.
In sum, we conclude that neither the international agreement nor the
implementing legislation require the Departm ent of Justice to provide
legal services to the Commission. In cases where the Commission is
suing an agency of the United States, it is especially appropriate for the
D epartm ent to refuse the Commission’s request for representation. Fur­
therm ore, in light of our conclusion that there is no underlying obliga­
tion to provide representation, we believe that the Department also
may w ithdraw its personnel or funds from representation of the Com­
mission that has already been undertaken. However, as discussed below,
the D epartm ent should ensure that any withdrawal is accomplished in
an appropriate and reasonable manner.
Withdrawal from litigation. The Justice Departm ent applies the Code
o f Professional Responsibility o f the American Bar Association (ABA
Code) to its legal activities and personnel. See 28 C FR 45.735-l(b). The
Code generally discourages lawyers from withdrawing from employ­
m ent absent good cause. See ABA Code D R 2 - 110(C). We believe that
the D epartm ent can make a showing of good cause for withdrawal
under D R 2 -1 10(C)(6) at least with respect to Commission litigation
that involves the assertion of positions that are contrary to those of the
United States, for which Congress has made no specific appropriation
to retain private counsel. This position would be enhanced in cases
w here the litigation may be arguably beyond the scope of the Commis­
7 T he legislative history gives virtually no attention to the question of litigation authority or the
extent o f the A ttorney General’s mandate to “supervise and control” Commission litigation.
222
sion’s responsibilities. Although the ABA standards may not be applica­
ble to a situation where the Department wants to withdraw from
financing rather than conducting Commission litigation, we would
nonetheless advise you to use the good cause standard as a guide for
your conduct in this situation. Cf. ABA Code D R 5 - 107(B) (involving
the influence o f professional services by third parties who pay legal fees
on behalf of the client).
Should you determine that there is good cause and that it is other­
wise appropriate 8 to withdraw from representing the Commission in a
given case, the ABA Code provides guidance on the manner of with­
drawal. D R 2 -1 10(A)(2) provides that
[A] lawyer shall not withdraw from employment until he
has taken reasonable steps to avoid foreseeable prejudice
to the rights of his client, including giving due notice to
his client, allowing time for employment o f other counsel,
delivering to the client all papers and property to which
the client is entitled, and complying with applicable laws
and rules.
We are aware from the materials you provided that the Department
has entered into “contracts” and exchanged other correspondence with
counsel retained on behalf of the Commission. It does not appear, from
our quick review of these materials, that there could be any construc­
tion of these “contracts” that would bind the Department to pay the
private lawyer beyond the monetary ceiling set for the particular
matter or the end of the fiscal year—whichever occurs sooner. How­
ever, we think that you are in a better position to assess the D epart­
ment’s “contractual” obligations as an initial matter. In any event, in
light of our other advice, you may not be prepared to withdraw
financial support for the employment of private counsel in particular
cases before the end of this fiscal year. Accordingly, we have not
addressed the contractual issue at this time. If it becomes necessary to
do this in the future, we would be pleased to assist you.
T h e o d o r e B. O l s o n
Assistant Attorney General
Office o f Legal Counsel
8 It may be advisable as a matter of policy to consult with the State Department and the National
Park Service before undertaking a withdrawal from Commission litigation.
223