Perkins v. Moore , 16 Ala. 9 ( 1849 )

DARGAN, J.

We consider it settled by the decisions of this court, that a legatee or distributee may sue the executor or administrator and his securities on the bond, to ‘recover a legacy or distributive share after a final settlement of the estate has been made in the Orphans’ Court, and the amount due to such legatee or distributee ascertained by the decree of the court and ordered to be paid. Judge of the County Court of Madison v. Looney, et. al. 2 Stew. & Por. 70; Judge of the County Court of Limestone v. French, 3 Stew. & Por. 263; Same v. Coalter, 3 do. 348. And when we reflect that the Orphans’ Court has full jurisdiction to make final settlements of decedents’ estates, and to decree the payment of the assets to those entitled, either as distributees or legatees, it must be apparent that when such decree is rendered, it is conclusive on the administrator; and if he then refuse to pay the amount thus ascertained, such refusal must be a breach of the condition of his bond, which is, that he will perform all the duties required of him by law- as such executor — 'and if there has been a breach of the bond, and the amount ascertained to which the party aggrieved by the breach is entitled, by a judicial proceeding, to which the administrator was a party, there can be no reason for requiring further proceedings, before the bond can be put in suit. This view shows, that the declaration is sufficient, as it alleges the bequest, the rendition of the final decree in favor of the plaintiff, and the refusal to pay.

The next questions arise on the sufficiency of the. pleas> which were demurred to, and to which demurrers were sustained.

The first plea alleges, that at the March Term of the Circuit Court of Tuskaloosa County, A. D. 1841, Marmaduke Williams, then Judge of the County Court of Tuskaloosa, implea-ded the said defendant and Edward JB. Elliott, the executor, in a certain action of debt to his damage ten thousand dollars, founded on the identical same writing obligatory and condition, in the plaintiff’s declaration described, and declared on the same writing obligatory by the description of Marmaduke Williams, Judge of the County Court of Tuskaloosa County, and successor in office of Erasmus Walker, &c.; and in his said declaration, assigned the same breaches mentioned in the declaration in this behalf; to which, the defendants filed a general demurrer, and thereupon such proceedings were had, that, by the judgment of said Circuit Court, it was considered that the demurrer be sustained, and the defendant go hence, &c.

A demurrer admits all the facts well pleaded, and demands the judgment of law arising on those facts; and when the judgment is pronounced it must be conclusive upon the parties, and as effectually determine the litigation as if judgment had been rendered on verdict. But if the demurrer be sustained for some defect in the pleadings, and judgment is not pronounced on the merits of the case, then there has been no judgment on the facts or merits, and consequently the demurrer which was sustained, because of defect in the pleadings, can form no bar to a subsequent action. See 1 Chitty’s Plead. 198, So if a declaration in assumpsit is bad, and the defendant, instead of demurring, plead an insufficient plea, to which the plaintiff demurs, and judgment is given against plaintiff because of the insufficiency of his declaration, and the plaintiff afterwards sue and declare might, to which the defendant pleads the judgment on demurrer to the former suit, reciting the record in hcec verba, this is not a good plea, for, without question, the plaintiff having committed a mistake in his first declaration may set it right in a second action. Bac. Abridg. Yol. 7, Tit. Pleadings, page 636. From these authorities, it is manifest that the plea , of judgment in a former suit upon demurrer, must show, that the judgment was pro-noimced on the merits of the case ; for the plea is a bar only when the judgment-was rendered on the merits. If the plea therefore set forth the record of the former suit, and it Í3 apparent that no judgment could have been rendered for the plaintiff, owing to the defective manner in which the suit was brought, or the pleadings made up, without regard to the merits, the plea is bad, for it creates no bar to the action. The record set forth in this plea, shows that the suit was brought by Marmaduke Williams, the Judge of the County Court of Tuscaloosa County; but it does not show that it was brought for the use of any one. The Judge of the County Court cannot sue in his own name and recover of an executor and his securities for a breach of the bond; but the party injured alone can sue, and the suit must be in the name of the County Judge /or his use. It is clear that a suit in the name of the County Judge alone, and not for the use of any one, is no bar to a suit for the use of the party aggrieved. The demurrer to the first plea was, therefore, properly sustained.

The 6th plea sets out the will verbatim, and avers, that by the will, the executors were appointed trustees, to keep the legacy bequeathed to the plaintiff for her use and benefit, and that said legacy did not come to the possession of said executor, as executor, but as trustee. The portion of the will that gives rise to this plea, is in the following language: “ The remaining part of my estate, after paying my debts, and the special bequests herein stated, shall be divided as follows : 1. Henry Spencer and Sarah Jane Spencer, children of my son John Spencer, shall have one-eighth part, to be kept and loaned out upon interest by my executors, until either may marry or arrive at lawful age, then said eighth part to be equally divided between them.” We do not think that the testator deigned that his executors should take and hold this legacy freed from their character as executors. The legacy is not bequeathed to them in trust, nor can they claim any title to it, but in their character as executors. The power given to them to lend it out upon interest is given to them as executors, and we do not think they could claim to exercise that power in any other character or capacity. The correct rule on this subject is, that the executor shall be considered as holding the legacy in his .character as executor, unless it clearly appears from the will, that the testator intended that it should be held by him as trustee and not as executor. See. 10 Gill. & Johnson, 27. But even if it were conceded that the executors by this will were clothed with power over the legacy as trustees, independent of their character as executors, and after they had elected to hold the legacy as trustees, and not as executors, that their liability as executors ceased, and their securities discharged from further responsibility — yet it is manifest that they can come into possession oí the funds only as executors in the first instance, and it is in that character and in that alone, that the assets came to their possession — and it was in that character the final settlement was made, and we could not infer that they elected to hold the legacy in their character of trustees, and not as executors, unless there be some' act done by them, clearly indicating the intention to hold as trustees, and not as executors. Before we could pronounce that the executors held the legacy as trustees, we must be able distinctly to see, that they looked upon the fund not as assets of the estate, but as a legacy in their hands as trustees for the use of the legatee. If, therefore, the executors had been appointed trustees by the will, independent of their character as executors, and they had elected to hold the legacy as trustees and not as executors, and after this election, the fund had been lost, the securities would not have been liable for their default as trustees merely; but that they have elected to. hold the fund as trustees, and not as executors, must be made to appear by some plain and unequivocal act; and as there is no act, from which the intention to hold the fund as trustees could be infered, we could not pronounce that they ever did intend to hold it as trustees. We know they received, it as executors, and if they held it in any other capacity, it should have been made distinctly to appear by some act plainly manifesting that intent. 9 Metcalf’s Reports, 525. We come therefore to the conclusion, that the will does not clothe the executors with the character of trustees, independent of their character as executors, and even if it did, that the plaintiff in error would be responsible for any default previous to some act that would make manifest the intention to hold as trustees, and not as executors. The plea therefore, in any point of view, was insufficient.

The 7th plea avers, that at the time, of making the settlement and the rendition of the decree, the executor had fully administered all the assets that had come to his hands, in the payment of debts and legacies, which were to be paid before the legacies bequeathed to the plaintiff. In the case of Williams v. Howell, 4 Alabama Reports, 693, this court held, that a surety of an administrator in the absence of fraud was concluded by a settlement made with his principal in the Orphans’ Court. In that case, the securities filed 'a bill for relief, alleging that the administrator, in his settlement, did not credit himself with amounts to which he was entitled, and that these credits were omitted with the intent to swell the distributive shares of each distributee,' and that the administrator' was insolvent. The proof however failed to establish any frqud in the settlement, and the court said, “ that it was the duty of the administrator to settle his accounts in the Orphans’ Court, and if in the performance of this duty a sum of money is ascertained to be due from" him to the estate, and a decree is rendered against him, that both the administrator and Ms securities are concluded by it.” The court relied on the authority of the case of Townsend & Gordon v. Everett, 4 Ala. 607, in which it was held, that a security of a County Treasurer, was bound by the annual settlements made by his principal, and Ms statements made to his successors in office, showing the amount of public money in Ms hands, because the law required Mm to do those acts. Under the influence of these decisions, we must hold, that in as- much as the law requires executors and administrators to make final settlements of the estates they represent, that the decrees rendered by the Orphans’ Court upon such settlements are conclusive, alike on the administrator and his securities, unless successfully impeached for fraud. The demurrer to the 7th plea was properly sustained, as this plea contains no allegation of fraud in the settlement and decree of the Orphans’ Court.

These are the only pleas that have been attempted to be sustained in the argument of counsel, and we do not think it necessary to examine the others at length. We see no error in sustaining the demurrer to them, and the judgment must be affirmed.