Tims v. State , 26 Ala. 165 ( 1855 )

GOLDTHWAITE, J.

— By the Code (§ 1179) certain defaults and omissions of duty on the part of overseers of roads are declared to be misdemeanors, and were therefore indictable offences (Code, § 3074). By the third section of the act of 7th January, 1854, (Acts of 1853-4, 247,) it is enacted; “ that defaulting overseers on roads shall be triable before a justice of the peace of their respective precincts, subject to the same penalty as required by the law now regulating the same under higher jurisdictions” ; and. the same section contains a clause repealing all laws contrary to the provisions of the act. The only question raised upon the record is, as to the constitutionality of tire section referred to.

- On the part of the State it is urged, that it is in violation of the tenth section of the declaration of .rights, which is in these words: “ In all criminal prosecutions, the accused has a right to be heard by himself and counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation, and have a copy thereof; to be confronted by the witnesses against him ; .to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and in all prosecutions by indictment or informatimi, a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county, or district, in which the offence shall have been committed ; he shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor shall, he be deprived of his life, liberty, or property, except by due course of law.” It is clear, that no part of the constitutional provision we have quoted is affected by the act of 1854, unless it be that portion which gives to the accused the right to a trial by jury in all prosecutions by indictment or information, for the reason, that all the other requisitions of that section can be complied with in the proceeding before the justice. But without the authority of the law conferring the power on the justice, he would have no means of summoning and compelling the attendance of a jury ; and no such power is conferred. Indeed, it is obvious that, as no provision is made for a jury by the general law, so far as justices are concerned, and none, by the particular statute which gives them authority to try, a jury trial was not contemplated by the Legislature under the act of 1854.

But the benefit of a trial by jury is not reserved by the constitution to every one who is accused of a violation of the law. It is conferred as a right, by the tenth section, only in cases of prosecutions by “ indictment or information”; and where an offence is created by statute since the adoption of the constitution, no right to a jury is conferred, except in the specified cases. Wo confine ourselves guardedly to the single case we have put, and make no intimation as to offences which by the law in force at the adoption of the constitution were or could be proceeded against by either indictment or information. The offences which the statute was intended to reach were unknown to the common law, and have been created since the period we have named ; and there was, therefore, no want of power in the Legislature to make them triable before a justice without an indictment. Having full authority over this class of cases, so far as the denial of a jury trial is concerned, it was competent for them to change the character of the offence, by- the repeal of the law which made it indictable, and to reach it in another mode. This they have done in the present instance, by making the offence cognizable before a justice, whoso jurisdiction in criminal cases is not limited by the constitution, although in civil matters it extends to no case in which the amount in controversy exceeds fifty dollars.—Con., Art. V, § 10.

What we have said in relation to the term “ indictments” as used in the constitutional clause referred to, applies equally to “informations.” That term is used in its technical sense, and refers to a common-law proceeding, by which the crown was enabled to reach indictable offences of a grave nature, without the medium of a grand jury, upon the complaint of the Attorney General filed by leave of the court. — 1 Chitty’s Grim. L., 842. The statute evidently has no reference to a proceeding of that character.

But it is also urged, that the act is in conflict with the twenty-eighth section of the bill of rights, which declares “ that the trial by jury shall remain inviolate.” In relation to this position, it is only necessary to observe, that it was not intended by this clause of the constitution to extend the right of jury trial to cases which were unknown, either to the common or statute law, at the time of the adoption of that instrument.—Boring v. Williams, 17 Ala. 510.

These are the only objections which have been raised in argument against the validity of the statute ; but there is one which, although it has not been adverted to, it is not the less our duty to notice. It is founded on the tenth section of the fifth article of the constitution, which is in these words : “A competent number of justices shall be appointed in and for each county, in such mode, and for such term of office as the General Assembly may direct. Their jurisdiction in civil eases shall be limited to causes in which the amount in controversy shall not exceed fifty dollars ; and in all cases tried by a justice of the peace, the right of appeal shall he secured, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law.” There can be no mistake in the meaning of the last clause. It gives an appeal to the individual, as a right, in every case— civil or criminal — tried before a justice ; and the wisdom of the provision is apparent, when it is remembered that the constitution fixes no limits to the jurisdiction of a justice in criminal eases. The exercise of the right may, it is true, be regulated and limited by the Legislature; but it must exist in some shape. This statute, which makes the offence triable before a justice, makes no provision for an appeal. But it may be urged, that the general law, allowing appeals to be taken upon any judgment rendered by a justice of the peace, (Code, § 2811) fulfils the constitutional requisition. The provisions of the Code are, in this respect, substantially the same as the old law (Clay's Dig. 314, § 9); and it is evident they were not intended, and indeed would be wholly inadequate to meet the exigencies of the cases covered by the statute under consideration. The bond, or undertaking, which is required before the appeal is taken, is to be payable to the person in whose favor the judgment is rendered (Code, § 2811); and notice of the appeal is to be given the appellee. By the Code (§ 8625), as well as by the former law (Clay’s Dig. 441, § 22), imprisonment was required to bo imposed on the offender, if the fine was not paid or judgment confessed ; and the act of 1854, in express terms, subjects the defendant, if convicted, to the same penalty. But the law of appeals provides no means for securing the personal attendance of the appellant, so that it might become impossible to enforce the penalty of imprisonment. In any aspect in which we are able to view it we cannot regard the general law regulating appeals from a justice as applicable to the conviction of an overseer under the act we have considered. The law we ‘ have referred to having no application, and the act itself not providing for ah appeal, the constitutional right is not secured, and it is our duty to declare the third section of it invalid, except so far ¿as it repeals the laws in conflict with the provisions of the other sections which have no relation to the trial before the magistrate.

But it is insisted, that conceding the act to be void in the respect ato have declared — still the Legislature liad the power to repeal the previously existing Iuavs in conflict Avith this provision. This is unquestionable ; and if the repealing clause had declared that so much of the previously existing laAvs as made defaults of overseers cognizable by indictment, Avas repealed, a different case Avould have been presented. But the evident intention of the Legislature Avas, that the provisions of the former laiv Avoro only to be repealed if in conflict with the act. The words are, “ that all Iuavs contravening the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.” If the iicav laAV is void, the provisions of the former Iuav cannot Avith propriety be said to be in conflict or contravention of it.

Judgment affirmed,