Young v. Kinnebrew , 36 Ala. 97 ( 1860 )

R. W. WALKER, J.

The estate created by these deeds is a trust estate. But the trust is' executed,'not executory; and in cases of executed trusts, a court of equity will construe the limitations in the same manner as similar legal limitations. — Marquis of Cholmondely v. Clinton, 2 Jac. & W. 148; Wright v. Pearson, 1 Eden, 119; Jones v. Morgan, 1 Brown’s Ch. 206; Lenoir v. Raney, 15 Ala. 667; 1 White & Tudor’s Lead. C. Eq. 28. Accordingly, a trust for A. and the heirs of his body will give A. an equitable estate-tail, if the subject be realty, or the absolute title if it be personalty. — Williams’ Real Property, 136. Eor these words, “heirs of his body”, have always been held words of limitation, and not of purchase — that is to say, they mark out, or measure the estate of the first taker. Hence, a gift to A. and the heirs of his body is a gift to A. so long as he has such heirs. The heir,.if he should take any interest, must take as heir by descent from his ancestor; for he is not constituted by the words of the gift the purchaser or donee of any separate and' independent estate for himself. — Williams’ Real Pr. 78, 215. Purchase, in its legal sensej is “possession to which a man eometh not by title of descent.”

It is plain, then, that these deeds vested in Mrs. Sledge the absolute equitable estate, unless there is something in the context which shows that the words “heirs of her body’,’ as employed by the donors, are words of purchase, and not of limitation. Eor, though primarily regarded as words of limitation, they may, by the use of other expressions in the instrument, be shown to be words of purchase. Such a departure from the ordinary construction of the words will be made whenever, upon an examination of the whole instrument, it is plain that the donor intended that the estate of the first taker should cease with his life, and that the property should upon his death vest in the persons who should at that time answer the description of heirs of his body. — Williams v. Allen, 17 Geo. 82; Powell v. Glenn, 21 Ala. 459, 467; Jesson v. Wright, 2 Bligh, 1, 53-57; 2 Wms. Ex’rs, 926. As stated by Lord Hardwicke, “the reason why the words ‘heirs of the body ’ create an estate-tail in the first taker, is that they include the issue in infinitum.” — Hodgson v. Bussey, 2 Atk. 89. Of course, they cease to have that effect, when it is made to appear that they refer, not to the issue in infinitum, but only to such issue as shall be living at the death of the first taker.

The feature of the deeds which is relied on as showing that Mrs. Sledge took only a life-estate, and that the words “heirs of her body” were used only as a designation of the persons who at her death should answer that description, is the provision that the slaves shall be held “ for the sole and separate use and benefit, and for the support and maintenance of the said Dorothea Sledge and the heirs of her body;” and “to be enjoyed and held as a separate estate of the said Dorothea and the heirs of her body, by and through her trustee, for her sole use and benefit, and for her separate support and maintenance, and that of the heirs of her body.” We are unable to pei'ceive anything here which clearly indicates that the estate given by tbe deed to Mrs. Sledge was to terminate with her life; and that a separate and distinct estate, created by tbe deed, was to vest in tbe persons who at her death should fill the description of “ heirs of her body.” Tbe entire property, the whole equitable estate, is given by the deed; and we know of no principle of construction, which will authorize us to confine the provision for the support and maintenance of the heirs of her body to. those only who might he such at her death. These words, construed according to their legitimate import, embrace all the lineal descendants of Mrs. Sledge, through all generations; and there must be strong evidence of an intention to use them simply as descriptio personarían, to justify a court in assigning to them any other than their customary and appropriate meaning. — Jesson v. Wright, 2 Bligh, 1; Hollifield v. Steel, 17 Geo. 285; Supp. to Lewis Perp. 79.

A much more plausible view is, that these words are here used in the sense of children; that the gift in the first instance was dir.ectly to Mrs. Sledge and her children, and that the children took immediately, as tenants in common with her of the equitable estate. But, in the absence of some more definite indication that such was the sense in which the words were employed, we cannot so far wrest them from the meaning which has for ages been affixed to them, and upon which as a basis a rule of property has been established which is in force wherever the common law prevails. The deed is by no means in artificially drawn, and we cannot apply, in its construction, the liberal rules sometimes adopted in the case of instruments evidently prepared by an ignorant and unskillful hand. Although the intention of the donor must prevail, yet, in ascertaining it, the words which he uses are tobe taken.in their natural and proper sense; which implies, that technical words are to be construed according to their technical meaning, unless a clear indication is furnished by the context that they were used in a different sense. And if the same words occur in difierent parts of the same instrument, they must be taken to have been everywhere used in the same sense, unless from the context there appears an intention to the contrary. — Hone v. Vanschaick, 3 Comstock, 538; Thelluson v. Woodford, 4 Vesey, 329; 2 Wms. Ex’rs, 925-6-7.

Considered in the light of these familiar rules, the proper construction of this provision would seem, to be, that the support and maintenance which Mrs. Sledge and the “heirs of her body” were to derive from the use of these negroes, were designed to be successive,.not simultaneous — that the use to be enjoyed hy the heirs of her body wms not to begin until hers had terminated; “for”, as Lord Coke quaintly says, “ the ancestor during his life bearetli in his. body, in judgment of law, all his heirs; and therefore it is truly said, that Imres est pars anteces. soris.” — -2 Coke’s Litt. 146. This is but another form of the maxim, “nemo est hares viveniis." And hence the limitation to the heirs of the body of Mrs. Sledge could not take in prasenti.

The cases which seem to afford the most countenance to the construction insisted on by the appellants, are Fellows, Wadsworth & Co. v. Tann, (9 Ala. 999,) and Powell v. Glenn, (21 Ala. 458.) There are three material circumstances which distinguish the first o'f these cases from this. The estate of the first taker’(Mrs. Barnett) was expressed to be “ during her natural life.” The “ support and maintenance”, which the heirs were to have out of the property, were to be derived only while it was under the control and management of Mrs. Barnett, and, consequently, terminated with her life. There was an express period provided when the property was to be divided, namely, the death of Mrs. Barnett: thus implying that the words “ heirs of the body” referred to the heirs who should then be living.

In Powell v. Glenn, supra, the question arose upon the will of Robert Graves. By the 4th and 5th clauses of his will, the testator made separate bequests to his two daughters and to the heirs of their bodies. The 6th clause was in these words — “It is hereby declared more fully to be any intention, that the negroes willed and devised to my twTo daughters, as above, is for their support and maintenance, and to the support and maintenance of the heirs of their bodies begotten, or to be begotten; and to descend directly, after their death, to the heirs of their bodies begotten. If either of my daughters above named should die without an heir of their body begotten, then, and in that case, the property so willed to them, or to the one that may so die without an heir, the property of the one so deceased shall pass off, and become the property of my surviving daughter and of my two sons, or their heirs; each one to have,a share alike in the . property so willed to the one so dying without heirs.” The will had been previously before the- court in the case of Williams v. Graves, (17 Ala. 62;) and it was then held, that the limtat-ion over in favor of the surviving daughter and the two sons was valid as an executory devise. That decision was rested mainly on the ground, that where a limitation over, after a dying without issue, is created by the word survivor or survivors, the courts will construe the words to mean issue living at the death of the first taker; and it is there said, that to support a limitation over, when applied to personalty, the courts will lay hold of slight circumstances or expressions to relieve themselves from the construction of an indefinite failure of issue. 17 Ala. p. 65; see, also, 18 Ala. 132.

We apprehend, no such rule prevails where there is no limitation over, and where the sole questiou is whether an apparently absolute estate is, by other, expressions, cut down to one for life. In Powell v. Glenn, supra, the previous decision in Williams v. Graves was approved and adhered to. It is true that, in the opinion delivered by Chief-Justice Dargan, much stress was laid upon the provision, that the slaves given to the daughters should be for their support and maintenance, and for the support and maintenance of the heirs of their bodies begotten, or to be begotten. But the argument derived from this provision was employed merely as cumulative of the grounds on which the previous decision had been placed. The principle which was held to govern the case, and under the influence of which the court departed from the technical meaning of the words, was, that “heirs of the body” will be construed as words of purchase, aud not of limitation, whenever it is apparent 'from the whole instrument that the estate of the first taker is restricted to an estate for life, and that the property, as a separate and distinct estate, is to vest in the children of the first taker who may be living at his 'death. — p. 467..

Now, there were several features of the will in that case, which served to indicate an intention to confine the estate of the first taker to one for life. In the first place, there was the limitation over to the survivors, in the event of the death of either daughter without heirs; as to the force of which, see Williams v. Graves, supra. Again, it is clearly indicated, (and in this respect the provision is materially different from-that found in the present deed,) that the direction for “the support and maintenance” of the heirs had reference only to a period co-extensive with the life-time of the first taker; for it is expressly provided, that the property itself (not the mere right to support and maintenance out of it) is “to descend directly, after their death, to the heirs of their.bodies;” terms which, of themselves, show that the testator supposed that the estate of the first taker would terminate with her life. — McVay v. Ijams, 27 Ala. 238, 244. As the support and maintenance provided for the heirs were to terminate with the life of the, first taker, this was, as Chief-Justice Dargan argued, a circumstance strongly indicating that the testator supposed that the children of his daughters would derive a benefit-from the use of the slaves even before the death of their mother. These different provisions, when taken together, showed plainly that the testator intended that the estate of the daughter should cease with her life, and that the property should then vest in her children, or, in default of children at the time of her death, in the surviving sister and two brothers. But neither of these features, upon the united effect of which the court passed in that case, is to be found in the deed before us. There is here no limitation over in the event of the death of Mrs. Sledge without heirs. The donor does not seem to have anticipated such a contingency as the failure or termination 'of the estate given to his daughter and the heirs of her body. There is ho provision that the property itself is to descend directly after the death of the first taker to the heirs of her body. There is no provision or expression limiting the support and maintenance which the heirs were to derive from the use of the property to the life-time of the first taker, and, therefore, no necessary implication that they were to take a benefit from such use before the death of Mrs: Sledge. We think, that neither of the cases referred to is an authority in support of the construction insisted on by the appellants; and that, under these deeds, Mrs. Sledge took the absolute equitable estate in the property. — Ewing v. Standifer, 18 Ala. 400; 15 ib. 373; 5 ib. 578; 26 ib. 593; 22 ib. 433.

Decree affirmed.