Echols v. Jordan , 39 Ala. 24 ( 1863 )

A. J. WALKER, C. J.

— the will of Peter Binford, Avho died in 1839, there is a bequest to his son, Henry A., of slaves and other personalty, “ to him and his heirs forever.” There is also a bequest of slaves to his daughter, Elizabeth Patton, “to her and her heirs forever.” Intervening between the two clauses making those bequests, is the clause to be construed by its, in the words following, to-wit: “J give and bequeath to my beloved daughter, Mary Bowan, the folloioing negroes, to-wit, Missouri and Agnes, to her and her children forever.” There is also a residuary clause of the will, in the following words: “It is my will and desire, that all the balance of my property, both real and personal, not herein specifically devised, shall be equally divided between my three well-beloved children, Henry A. Binford, Mary Rowan, and Elizabeth Patton, share and share alike, and to belong to them and their heirs forever; except Mary Bowan’s portion, which it is my toil2 and toish shall be held by her and her children forever A “We decide, that the testator designed to bequeath an estate-tail, in the slaves Missouri and Agnes, to Mary Rowan; and that she therefore took an absolute title, which, vesting in her husband, has passed through him to the defendant Echols. We proceed to submit the arguments, which induce us to make that decision.

The precise form and order of the words of the bequest must be noted. The gift is to Mary Rowan, “ to her and her children forever A There is that which is requisite to convey a complete title to Mary Rowan, followed by the words, “to her and her children forever A The succession of these words to others implying a transfer to the object of grant, and tbeir location in reference to each other, are strictly conformable to the qualities of the formal habendum clause of a deed. The legitimate and accustomed office of the habendum, was, to declare what estate or interest was granted — not the quantity of the land. There was an old rule, that the habendum, as far as repugnant to the premises, should be void. — 2 Bla. Com, 298; 4 Greenleaf’s Cruise on E. P. 273 ; 4 Kent’s Com. 468. And under that rule there could not have been, after premises granting the entirety, a habendum creating a tenancy in common. The habendum clause is still in almost universal use, in deeds conveying fee-simple estates, though with us very rarely of any practical importance; and its office in fixing the estate, or duration of title, is so well understood, that the import of the words used in it is comprehended almost as well by the common as by the professional mind. It is of frequent use in wills, as well as in deeds ; and the almost universal acceptation of the peculiar form of expression is, that it describes the estate conferred. The fact that this peculiar form of expression is so generally used, alike by those skillful in the technicalities of the law and those who are not, in a particular- sense, affords a strong argument, that such was the sense in which the testator employed it.

The same form of expression is used in the next preceding and next succeeding clauses, as well as in the residuary clause. The bequest íd both is to the legatee, of specified property, to him (or her) and his (or her) heirs forever. In these two instances, there can be no doubt that the peculiar form of expression was adopted from a superabundant and unnecessary caution to express the intention that the legatees should take titles of perpetual duration. It is therefore apparent, that the testator understood the proper office of that form of expression, and used it for the accustomed purpose in the clause which we are considering.

There is a complete gift to Mary Eowan, in the words “I give and bequeath to my beloved daughter, Mary Eowan,” &c. If the latter part of the clause, “ to her and her children forever,” has the effect of giving a joint estate to Mary Eowan and her child, as is contended by the counsel for the appellee, then there is an irreconcilable conflict of bequests in one short clause. There is a bequest to Mary Bowan, and a bequest of the same property to Mary Bowan and her child. The former would give Mary Bowan the entire property; the latter, a moiety of it. It is our duty to search for a reasonable construction, which will avoid such a conflict, and a resort to the rule which sacrifices the former of two conflicting parts of a wilL Pace and Wife v. Bonner, 27 Ala. 307; Walker v. Walker, 17 Ala. 396.

At the time when the will was made, the testator’s daughter, Mary Bowan, had only one child. In construing the will, it is permissible to consider that extrinsic fact. — Travis v. Morrison, 28 Ala. 494 ; Moore v. Moore, 18 Ala. 242; 1 Jar. on Wills, 340. The term children must be confined to those living at the testator’s death, unless a future period of enjoyment is appointed. — 2 Williams on Ex. 935. The will was evidently made in anticipation of a speedy dissolution. If, then, the will be construed as vesting a joint estate in Mary Bowan and her only child, the word children is stricken out, and the word child substituted for it. The testator, in the use of the word “ children,” has indicated very clearly an intention to include other objects of bounty than the single child which his daughter had at the time; and yet, if the clause be understood to create a joint estate, it must be confined to Mary Bowan and her single child, excluding all after-born children, if there were such, and setting at naught the testator’s intention [that all the children should share in the legacy.

Furthermore, we may be aided in our search for the construction of the clause under consideration, by a comparison of it with the residuary clause. It directs that the residue of the testator’s property should be equally divided between his three children, Henry A. Binford, Mary Bowan, and Elizabeth Patton, share and share alike, and should belong to them and their heirs forever, except Mary Bow-an’s portion, which should be held “ by her and her children forever.” The property is to be equally divided, share and share alike, between three children, of whom Mrs. Bowan is one. One share is denominated Mary Bowan’s portion; and the bequest of it only differs from the bequest of the other shares in this, that it is to be held by Mary Rowan and her children forever' — they are to belong to the legatees and their heirs forever. It seems utterly impossible to understand this residuary clause as giving one-third of the residuum to Mary Rowan and her child. Such a construction would make a division between the two other legatees and Mary Rowan and her child, while the clause directs that it shall be between the two other legatees and Mary Rowan. It would make Mary Rowan and her child take a share alike with the others, while the will directs that Mary Rowan shall take it; and it would make the share the property of Mary Rowan and her child, while the will denominates it Mary Rowan’s portion. Besides, it would make the mention of Mary Rowan’s children the source of a legacy to her child, and it would make a form of expression employed in reference to the other legatees to designate the duration of an estate, the agency of directing the quantity of property to be taken in another legacy. For these reasons, we cannot understand the residuary clause as creating a joint interest in Mary Rowan and her child. The residuary clause construed in the cáse of Lachland v. Downing, (11 B. Mon. 32,) was strikingly like this, and children was held to be a word of limitation, upon reasoning the most of which is quite as applicable in this case as it was in that. It is evident from the similarity in the collocation of words and form of expression used, and the identity of purpose indicated, that a like estate was intended to be vested in Mary Rowan by the residuary clause and that under consideration.

It is argued on the part of the appellee, that the dropping of the word heirs, found in the bequest to the testator’s other two children, and the substitution for it of the word children, show an intention to make a difference between them. We concur in that position; but we think it clear that it was the intention to vary the character and quality of the estate bequeathed, and not to make any change as to the quantity. The will was evidently drawn without the aid of professional skill. The use of the word heirs was altogether unnecessary to vest a complete title, in perpetuity, even in reference to real estate. — Clay’s Digest, 156, § 33. Yet tbe testator bas used tbe word heirs, even in reference to specific legacies of personalty to bis other two children. And tbe care which seems to have been taken to insert words of inheritance in the residuary clause, indicates that the testator prepared his will under the impression, that the word heirs was necessary to vest a complete title in perpetuity. As the clauses to the other children were drawn under that legal misapprehension, so we think the bequests to Mary Rowan were drawn under the mistaken belief that an estate-tail would be created, and that the testator intended to make a distinction between the bequests to his other children and that to Mary Rowan, by giving the former the unqualified absolute estate, and the latter an estate confined to her and her lineal descendants. And in this he stands in the category of many others who have manifested an intention which is unlawful and can not be carried into effect.

Children, in the natural and primary sense of the word, implies immediate offspring, and-, in its legal acceptation, is not a word of limitation, unless it is absolutely necessary so to construe it in order to give effect to the testator’s intention. — Dunn v. Davis, 12 Ala. 135 ; Scott v. Nelson, 3 Porter, 452 ; Buffer v. Bradford, 2 Atk. 220. But, when the word is used in a different sense, and it is clearly indicated by the context, it must be understood in that sense. Thus, the word has been treated as meaning grandchildren, issue, heirs of the body, &a., when the context has forced upon it that signification.—2 -Jar. on Wills, 73 ; Mowatt v. Carow, 7 Paige, 328-339; Scott v. Nelson, 3 Porter, 453.

But it is said that the word children is never to receive a construction which would make it a word of limitation, when such construction renders the gift to the children inoperative. There are two cases in which children is to receive a more extended signification, than is implied in its natural import. One of those cases is where the testator has shown an intention, by the use of other words, that it should have such signification; and the other is, where it is necessary to prevent the will from remaining inoperative. An illustration of the latter case is found in the first rule laid down in Wild’s case, (6 Rep. 16,) that an estate-tail is created by a devise to A and Ms children, there being no children. The children could not take jointly with A, because they were not in rerum natura ; nor could they take in remainder, for that was not the intent. The testator designed that they should take in some way, and children was a word of limitation, because as such alone could it have effect. Lord Hardwicke, in replying to an argument in which that rule was invoked, said, that children is not a word of limitation, unless it is to comply with the intention of the testator, where the words can not take effect in any other way. — Buffer v. Bradford, 2 Atk. 220. In reference to the same rule, similar language is used in 1 Boper on Legacies, 8. Now, we understand this language to imply nothing more than that the interpretation of “ children,’’ as a word of limitation, on the ground of necessity, is never to be resorted to, except for the purpose of carrying out the testator’s intention that the children should take, there being no other way to give effect to the devise to the children. It is a definition of the cases in which children becomes a word of limitation from necessity, predicated upon the reason of the rule. It does not convey the idea, that “children” must not be considered a word of limitation, notwithstanding the testator’s intention that it should be so considered, if, being so considered, it will be deprived of all effect. The remark could never have been designed to infringe that cardinal and paramount rule íd the construction of wills, that they must be understood in the sense , intended by the testator. It has no effect on such a case as \\ this, in wMch the testator intended that the word should be ‘‘understood as a word of limitation.

I is also argued, that there can be no estate-tail here, be-causeNhere are no words of procreation. The answer to this arguhamt is, that whatever may be the rule in reference to deeds, such-words are not necessary to the “execution of an estate-tail in willsr — 2 Black. Com. 115, 381.

We put our decisión upon the ground of the testator’s positive intention, as evidenced byjthe will itself, to create an estate-tail. That makes the distinction of this case from those in which it is held, under the rule in Wild’s case, that a gift to A and children, there being children in esse, creates a present joint estate. It also distinguishes it from those cases in which it is held, under the third rule in Wild’s case, that where the gift is to A, and after his decease to his children, the children take in remainder.— Wild’s case, 6 Coke, 16.

The counsel on both sides have exhibited great industry in collecting cases. "We decline to comment upon them. It would be difficult, perhaps impossible, to reconcile them all. Several of the cases cited for the appellant are strikingly like this, and contribute much to sustain our construction of the will.— Wheatland v. Dodge, 10 Metc. 502 ; Merryman v. Merryman, 5 Munf. 440 ; Wood v. Barron, 1 East, 260.

Decree reversed, and bill dismissed.