Cleveland v. State , 86 Ala. 1 ( 1888 )

STONE, C. J.

In the organization and impanelling of the jury in this case, no objections were made, nor exceptions reserved in the court below. It is objected before us, that when the defendant was put on trial, the venire from which the jury was to be chosen, was not the venire the law contemplates and requires in such cases.

On Friday, June 22, the case was set for trial on Monday, July 2; and an order was made for one hundred jurors, including the regular panel, to be summoned to appear before the court on that day, “and that a list of said jurors, and a copy of the indictment, be served on the defendant one entire day before the trial.” The court thereupon proceeded to draw from the jury-box of the City Court, in conformity to the statute, “sixty-four names for the special venire, in the case of the State of Alabama against Ulysses Cleveland, who is under an indictment charging him with the crime of murder.” No objection is pointed out to this part of the proceeding.

When the day for the trial — July 2 — arrived, the State not being ready, the hearing of the cause was postponed two weeks, and re-set for trial on Monday, July 16. The court thereupon ordered of record, “that the special venire drawn for this case appear on that day.” The italics are our own. When the day, second appointed, arrived, no objection was raised to the venire, and the court proceeded to impanel a jury, and to try the cause.

It is objected here, that the venire put on the defendant, from' which to select a jury, was composed of the special venire of sixty-four names drawn for the occasion, supplemented with the regular panel for the week first appointed, commencing July 2, whereas it is contended that the regular panel should have been that one which was serving during the week of the trial. We hold it unnecessary to consider this question, for two reasons: First, no objection was raised in the court below. Second, it does not appear that the regular panel of the week, commencing July 2, was a part of the venire put on the defendant. The order for the “special venire''' to appear on the day second appointed, is persuasive to show the contrary. We can not presume error; and parties complaining of the court’s rulings, must not leave us in doubt or uncertainty as to what that ruling was. „

It is shown in the judgment-entry, that a copy of the indictment and of the venire were served on the defendant, one entire day before the trial. We must presume this was the venire from which the selection was made.

Defendant was convicted of the murder of Arthur Glennon, the finding being that he was guilty of murder in the second degree. As between the defendant and Glennon, there is no attempt to show either excuse or extenuation. Deceased does not appear to have given any offense, and the only testimony on the subject of their social relations tends to show they were friendly. The defense relied on was, that the defendant thought he was shooting one Popham; that, so believing, he was acting in self-defense, and, hence, should have been acquitted. . .

The homicide was committed under an awning, or on a side-walk in the city of Mobile, 'and at nigb t. All the testimony is that the night was dark. The awning extended across two business houses, separated by a hall-w.ay, with communication from one to the other by the rear of the hall-way. One of the business houses was a barber-shop, with its front folding door half open. There was a light in the shop. The other business house was a drinking saloon, having lights, but the front door was closed. The saloon was west of the barbershop. The homicide was in front of the barber-shop, but the proof is silent whether the light from the shop shone on the parties. The implication probably is, that it did not. There was a vacant lot adjoining the barber-shop on the east, fenced across the front.

. At the first inception of the difficulty, or of that which it is contended led to it, four or more persons were under the awning — all, or most of them, in front of the barber-shop. Defendant was standing leaning against an awning post. Some foolish words of bravado passed between him and one Spencer, not allowed to be specially proved ; and there was some proof that defendant then drew a pistol. The proof was, by several witnesses, that defendant then had a pistol. At this stage, the proof was by Popham himself, that he told defendant not to do that, and struck him, or shoved him, and then ran into the barber-shop. It is not shown that defendant moved from his position, until after the homicide.

There is, as is generally the case, great uncertainty of proof, as to the time elapsing between Popham’s retreat, or entrance into the barber-shop, and the firing of the pistol shot. Most of the witnesses who testified on this subject, were more or less intoxicated. They vary in their estimate of the time, from a few seconds to several minutes. Pop-ham’s statement was, that it was as much as three or four .minutes. ' He was in the saloon when he heard the report of the pistol, but was on the eve of opening its front door, and going out. He immediately went out.

There is equal contrariety of statement as .to the direction from which Glennon, the deceased, approached, and appeared on the arena. It is variously testified, that he approached on the side-walk, up the Spring Hill street or road, from the west; that lie came from Dauphin street, on the east; and one of the witnesses testified, that he approached Cleveland, the defendant, from the direction of the barber-shop. This would be from the north. Now, all this testimony was material, only on the inquiry, whether the defendant had reasonable ground for believing that it was Popham, and not Glennon, who approached him, as presently shown.

The testimony is substantially agreed on the following fasts: Immediately preceding, and at the time the fatal shot was fired, Cleveland, the defendant, was standing, or leaning against one of the posts of the awning, not within the range of light from the barber-shop; that Bullock and Soles were standing and •conversing a short distance — say six or eight feet — from him; that Glennon, the deceased, approached him with ordinary step, with both hands behind him, and peered or looked closely into his face, and then either stepped back, or threw his head back; and without a word spoken by either, the defendant fired and killed him. There is an absence of testimony that Glennon approached either hurriedly or excitedly; that he changed the position of his hands, or attempted to do so, or made any other hostile demonstration. We think, the testimony shows that defendant-had a pistol up to the time of the encounter, and that he got rid of it before his arrest; and that Glennon was without a pistol.

It was attempted to be shown that when Popham, after striking, or shoving defendant, ran into the barber-shop, and thence into the saloon, he tried to obtain a razor and a pistol, and threatened the defendant’s life. This testimony, on objection, was all ruled out; there being no testimony that defendant either saw or heard, or could see or hear, what Popham did or said. In fact, the testimony was that, standing where he was, he could neither see nor hear what was said .or done. To b¿ admissible, this testimony must have tended to excuse or palliate the homicide afterwards committed. On the theory on rvhich the defense was rested, any hostile act or declaration by Popham, of which defendant had knowledge, was legal evidence. That which he did not and could not know, could not have influenced his conduct, and was rightly ruled out. — Burns v. State, 49 Ala. 370; Rogers v. State, 62 Ala. 170. Eorthe same reason, Popham’s assault on Cleveland, after the homicide, could not have shed any light on the latter’s guilt, and all testimony in regard to it was rightly excluded.

We consider it unnecessary to pronounce on the ruling of the trial court, in first disallowing proof of Popham’s character for violence and blood-thirstiness. At a later stage of the trial, when additional testimony had been given in, the court permitted this species of proof to be made. This* healed the first error, if any had been committed.

We think the court did not err in the definition of violent and blood-thirsty disposition, which may become a factor in solving' the problem of self-defense.-Pritchett v. State, 22 Ala. 39; Fields v. State, 47 Ala. 603; Eiland v. State, 52 Ala. 322; Bowles v. State, 58 Ala. 325; Roberts v. State, 68 Ala. 156; DeArman v. State, 71 Ala. 351; Lang v. State, 84 Ala. 1.

Before entering upon the charges in detail, it may not be out of place to summarize certain principles, which we have often reiterated, as indispensable to the plea of self-defense. The manslayer must be free from fault, in bringing on, or provoking the difficulty. The onus of disproving this freedom from fault, is not on the defendant. He must be exposed to present, impending peril — -that is, he must be presently exposed to imminent danger of losing his life, or of suffering grievous bodily harm, or must reasonably appear to .be so, from which he has no other reasonable mode of escape, without apparently increasing the imminence of his peril. The burden of proving this is on him.—DeArman v. State, 71 Ala. 351; Storey v. State, Ib. 329.

One species of murder in the first degree, as defined by our statute, is a homicide “perpetrated by . . . any . kind of willful, deliberate, malicious, and premeditated killing.” The trial judge, in his general charge, defined these several qualifying adjectives.—Mitchell v. State, 60 Ala. 26. After defining the word premeditated, he added: “It must be deliberate. That means about the same thing; that the party must intend to take the life of the person, before he takes that life.” There was an exception reserved to this definition. As part of the same paragraph the court added: “If a person had. time to think, and did think, and, after having thought, he struck the blow as the result of a determination produced by the operation of the mind, then that would be a sufficient deliberation and premeditation.” This, we think, is a very correct definition of the two adjectives, deliberate and premeditated. One of the definitions of the verb to premeditate, is to- deliberate.— Webster’s Dic:; Imperial Die. We must construe the charge as a whole, and not in detached sentences.— Williams v. State, 83 Ala. 68.

We are aware that some courts have giren a different and more exacting definition of the word “deliberate,” as a constituent of statutory murder. See authorities collected in note, 5 Amer. & Eng. Encyc. Law, page 520. Other courts, it will be seen, hare agreed with us. Our own rulings were strictly followed by the City Court. They have been so clearly enunciated, and so often repeated, that we hare no wish to depart from them. We hare not found that they work injustice.—Ex parte Nettles, 58 Ala. 268; Judge v. State, Ib. 406; Mitchell v. State, 60 Ala. 26; Ex parte Brown, 65 Ala. 446; Smith v. State, 68 Ala. 424; Tidwell v. State, 70 Ala. 33; Williams v. State, 83 Ala. 16; Lang v. State, 84 Ala. 1.

Under the rules just declared, the City Court did not err in giving any of the charges asked by the prosecuting officer.

Of the charges asked by the defendant, the first and second were properly refused, because they improperly placed on the State the burden of proving that defendant had some other reasonable mode of escape from the encounter, without increasing his peril, real or apparent. The duty and burden were on the defendant to show the excuse and necessity for taking life; and to make that excuse good, the law required him to prove that he was in present’ impending peril of losing his life, or of suffering grievous bodily harm, or that he reasonably appeared to be so; and that he had no other reasonable mode of escape, without increasing his peril, or that the circumstances justified the belief that such was the case. — Ex parte Brown, 65 Ala. 446.

The third charge asked is an argument, and was rightly refused on that account.—Lang v. State, 84 Ala. 1; City Council v. Townsend, Ib. 478.

The indictment in the present case is in the Code form, and charges the crime of murder. That charge embraces the two degrees of murder, and the two degrees of manslaughter. Now, while drunkenness may be so excessive as to preclude the entertainment of malice, and hence may, in extreme cases, reduce a homicide from murder to manslaughter, it does not call for an acquittal. Charge four was rightly refused.—Ford v. State, 71 Ala. 385; Tidwell v. State, 70 Ala. 33; Fallin v. State, 83 Ala. 5; Morrison v. State, 4 Ala. 405.

Charge five was calculated to confuse and mislead, and was rightly refused on that account, if for no other.—Gunter v. State, 83 Ala. 96.

Affirmed.