Warren v. Matthews , 96 Ala. 183 ( 1892 )

McOLELLAN, J.

Section 2950 of the Code is in the following language: “Money in the hands of an attorney at law, sheriff, or other officer, may be attached; and in the case of officers of the court, the money must be paid into the court, to abide the result of the suit, unless the court otherwise directs.” What is meant by paying money into court — what will constitute such payment — as that term is used in our statutes, and generally in the law, seems to be well defined in this State. The phrase is of more frequent occurrence in the law of tender than elsewhere. When the fact of tender is relied on by plea, in defense of an action, to .the extent of defeating recovery of costs and damages for delay, the money necessary to keep the tender good must be brought or paid into court. This is the common law, as to actions generally, and is the statute law of Alabama, as to several statutory actions and proceedings. — Code, §§ 602, 604, 2729. What is necessary to be done to satisfy this requirement, and to make an efficient payment “into court,” is clearly prescribed by section 2685 of the Code, where it is provided that “a plea of tender of money, . . . must be accompanied by a delivery of the money . . . to the clerk of the court;” and this delivery to the clerk of the court is in turn defined in the statutory form of the plea of tender as constituting the payment or bringing-money “into court,” it being made essential to such plea that it alleges that defendant “now brings the money into court,” i. e., delivers it to the clerk of the court. — Code, p. 796, Form 36. It has never been the practice, and is not deemed necessary, for the court to make an order assuming control of money thus brought in on a plea of tender.

There is no reason for giving to the phrase under consid- . eration a different meaning in section 2950 from that attaching to it in all other statutes in which it is employed. This section itself, so far from necessitating such other significance, is strongly argumentative to show that its purpose in this regard is fully accomplished when money is paid into the hands of the clerk. It is manifest, we think, from the language of tbe section, that it was intended to impose on an officer of tbe court wbo is garnished in respect of money beld officially by him, tbe absolute duty of immediately paying sucb money into court in all cases except where tbe court itself directs another and different disposition of it. If there is no order of tbe court — if, in other words, tbe court does not supervene and direct sucb other disposition — noth-tbing remains for tbe officer to do but to pay it into court, as required by tbe statute itself, and without any action on tbe part of tbe court directing him so to do. It would be anomalous, indeed, for a statute to fix this absolute duty on tbe officer, without providing some .mode by which it could be discharged. To bold, as patently it must be beld, that this section requires a payment into court without any order of court, and that sucb payment could not be made except upon an order of court, would lead to contradiction and absurdity. We can not so bold, but, adopting tbe other view, we are of opinion that tbe legislature, having in mind that tbe clerk of a court is tbe natural and legal custodian of funds paid into court, and under bond for their safe-keeping and disbursement as tbe law directs, and having also in mind that, under other statutes and statutory definitions, delivery to tbe clerk is essentially, in tbe case of money, payment into court, when sucb payment is required and intended, meant to require that money garnished in tbe bands of an officer of tbe court should at once, unless otherwise directed by tbe court itself, be delivered to tbe clerk, and thereby “paid into court,” as that is provided to be done in section 2950. And it accordingly follows that tbe fund garnished in this case in tbe bands of Matthews, tbe clerk, was money which bad been paid into court, and was beld by tbe garnishee as custodian of tbe court.

Of course, money so beld can not be reached by garnishment, unless subjected thereto by statute; no more can money which has come to tbe bands of a sheriff on tbe process of bis court, or which has been paid to tbe clerk on a judgment, or which is received by a register in chancery on a foreclosure sale, be subjected to garnishment, except by tbe terms of statutory provisions. In all these cases,, tbe money is in court in sucb a way that tbe general law deems it important to the administration of justice that tbe court’s custody and control should not be interferred with by tbe processes of other courts, or even its own process in other actions pending or brought before it. So that money in tbe bands of an officer of court is equally exempt from attachment, under tbe general policy of tbe law. whether it has been “paid into court,” technically speaking, or bas been collected by a clerk or sheriff on judgment or execution, or has been received by the register on sales made on a decree of foreclosure, and the like. Moreover, officers thus holding-money are not, strickly speaking, debtors of the persons to whom the money really belongs, and are not liable to an action of debt or assumpsit at the suit of such person. And for this reason — applicable as well to the clerk of a court to whom money “paid into court” is delivered, as to sheriffs or other officers, and more applicable — attachment, under general laws, would not lie. But it is entirely competent, of course, for the legislature to take away these exemptions, or rather to extend this remedy to these cases; and to provide that whether money be held by an officer of the court or not, and whether an action by the defendant in attachment would lie against an officer of court or not, a creditor of such defendant may attach money held by such officer, and this whether it has come to his hands in the execution of ordinary process or in obedience to a requirement of law, or an order of court that the fund be paid into court. And this, in our opinion, is just what the legislature of Alabama has done in the enactment of section 2950 of the Code. Its terms are very broad. Its spirit is, perhaps, even broader than its letter. Its purpose is to enable creditors to intercept money of their debtors in the hands of all officers of court, and held by them in their official capacities, and have it applied to their debts. It can be of no moment whatever, whether such money comes to the officer in one way or another — whether paid to him on execution, as the proceeds of judicial sales, or in compliance with a necessity to pay money into court. In all these cases, in all cases, indeed, where a fund is held by an officer of court in his official capacity, the money is in court in the sense that the party ultimately entitled to it could not, in the absence of statutory provisions, charge the officer as his debtor in respect to it, and hence, in the sense that a creditor of the party so ultimately entitled to the money could not, in the absence of statutory provision, reach it by attachment. And the intent and policy of the statute can not be effectuated by a construction which would narrow its application to certain officers of the court, or to money held by them as officers of the court only under particular circumstances, leaving immunity from attachment to still obtain with respect to other officers of court, or money held by officers under certain other circumstances. Nor do we consider that the language of the statute requires such a construction. The claim therefore is predicated, on tbe clause which makes it the duty of an officer of court to pay money as to which he is garnished into court, that is, as we have seen, to the clerk of the court; and the argument is, that where money has already been in this sense paid into court — i. e., to the clerk — that officer can not, when garnished, relieve himself, can not comply with the statute, by paying the fund into court — to himself as clerk of the court — and therefore that the statute can not apply to him and money so held by him. This same argument would be equally forcible in its application to money which had not been paid into court in this sense, but had come to the clerk in satisfaction of a judgment. In such ease, no more than the other, the clerk could not relieve himself from final accountability by a payment into court. There could be no such payment in the sense of the fund being passed from one person or officer to another. And yet, undoubtedly and confessedly, the clerk in this latter case could be garnished. The argument failing as to this, must also be at fault as to the other case. If there may be attachment in the one instance, there may be as to both. And while there is no passing of the money from one to another when so attached, there is a change operated by the statute as to the purpose for which the clerk holds it before and after writ served. Where he holds it before garnishment only for the purpose of payment to the plaintiff in judgment, alter garnishment he holds it primarily to abide the result of that suit, and if the plaintiff therein fails to subject it, he again becomes its custodian for the plaintiff in the original judgment only. So, where the fund has been paid in on a plea of tender, or on garnishment of another officer, he primarily holds it to answer the result of the original suit involving the money, but when, while so holding it, he is himself garnished' in respect to it, he then holds it also subject to such garnishment, and must pay it thereon if not subjected to the older attachment. And this change in the character of the clerk’s possession, in the purposes for which he holds the money and the conditions upon which he is to pay it out, may be accounted a payment of it into court in the sense of fulfilling the statutory requirement; and certainly this construction of the section is clearly within its spirit and intent.

"We accordingly are of the opinion that the money held by the garnishee, Matthews, under the circumstances disclosed in his answer, was subject to the attachment sued out in this case, so far as its liability thereto is questioned on tbe ground of its being a fund in tbe custody of tbe court. "Whether be could not be adjudged to pay it to tbe plaintiff in attachment depends upon tbe result of other suits in which attachments had been levied upon it, and the extent to which it should be necessary to apply the fund to such other claims. If other attachments are fastened upon it which, if successfully prosecuted, would absorb the whole of it, this case should stand over until it is determined whether the fund shall be subjected thereto. If such other claims and this one can be certainly satisfied out of the fund, judgment should go against the garnishee now, other considerations aside, without waiting for a final determination of other suits; and, in any view, the garnishee should not be discharged until it is made to appear either that the money does not belong to the defendant in attachment, or, belonging to him, the whole amount of it has been applied in satisfaction of prior attachment liens. It follows from these considerations that the lower court erred in discharging the garnishee, Matthews, on the answer found in this record.

The objection going to -the manner of levying the attachment is, we think', ivithtiut merit. The attachment was jmoperly levied by a sheriff’s summons in garnishment. Code, § 2945; Donald Bros. & Co. v. Nelson & Son, 95 Ala. 111.

The judgment of the City Court discharging the garnishee is reversed, and the cause is remanded to that court for further proceedings therein not contrary to this opinion.

Reversed and remanded.