Coleman v. Roberts , 113 Ala. 323 ( 1896 )

BRICKELL, C. J.

The assignments of error are numerous, but there is a single question of materiality and importance to the rights of the parties, involved; and that question depends upon facts which may be acccepted in the phase in which the testimony of either party presents them. The defendant was a notary public of the appointment of the Governor, having and exercising the same jurisdiction as a justice of the peace, within the ward or precinct for which he was appointed. While holding court, at a proper time and place, one Whit Hicks was brought before him charged with having committed an assault and battery, an offense within the jurisdiction of the defendant as justice. During the trial, the defendant adjudged that the plaintiff who was present as a bystander or spectator, was guilty of conduct constituting a contempt, and sentenced him to pay a fine of six dollars, and to suffer six hours imprisonment in the county jail. The sentence and consequent imprisonment, is the gravamen of the complaint.

“The power to punish contempts by fine and imprisonment, is incident to all courts of j ustice ; and without such power, the administration of the law would be in continual danger of being thwarted by the lawless. The power seems to be as ancient as courts themselves.” Easton v. State, 39 Ala. 551. With as much of precision as the nature of the subject will probably admit, the Code enumerates the acts or conduct constituting con-tempts which may be punished summarily; and of these acts or conduct, there is no one, probably, which was not at common law deemed a contempt.-Code of 1886, §§ 648-650. Embraced in the enumeration, are, “Dis-res£>ectful, contemptuous, or insolent behavior in court, tending, in any wise, to diminish or impair the respect due to judicial tribunals, or to interrupt the due course of trialand “a breach of -the peace, boisterous conduct, violent disturbance, or any other act calculated to disturb or obstruct the administration of justice^ committed in the presence of the court, or so near thereto as to have that effect.”

. The words of the statute are broad and general, comprehending all courts ; whether they be of the class termed of superior, or of inferior jurisdiction. It was well settled at common law, that a justice of the peace had power to punish contempts committed in his presence, while sitting officially.-Cooley on Torts, 423; Murfree on Justices of the Peace, § 84. Though this was the known principle of the common law, and broad and comprehensive as were the words of the .statute defining contenrpts, the Code, in express terms, vests the justice with authority, “to punish for contempt 'by fine as high as six dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding six hours.”- Code of 1886, § 840.

The doctrine has become so firmly settled, as to have passed into a truism, that an action will not lie against a judicial officer, the highest or lowest, keeping within the sphere of his jurisdiction, by one supposing himself aggrieved by his judicial-action.-Mechem on Public Officers, § 619, et seq.; Cooley on Torts, 403, et seq.; Busteed v. Parsons, 54 Ala. 393; Irion v. Lewis, 56 Ala. 190; Woodruff v. Stewart, 63 Ala. 206; Heard v. Harris, 68 Ala. 43. Averments of malice, or of corruption in the exercise of jurisdiction, or of authority, work no change in the operation of the principle. “Malice and error combined, nor either separately, will furpish a private cause of action against a judge.”-Irion v. Lewis, 56 Ala. 190, supra; Woodruff v. Stewart, 63 Ala. 206, supra. The true theory and reason of the doctrine, is stated with clearness by Judge Cooley : “Whenever the State confers judicial powers upon an individual, it confers therewith full immunity from private suits. In effect, the State says to the officer, that these duties are confided to his judgment; that he is to exercise his judgment fully, freely, and without favor, and he may exercise it without fear; that the duties concern individuals, but they concern more especially the welfare of the State, and the peace and happiness of society ; that if he shall fail in a faithful discharge of them, he shall be called to account as a criminal; but that in order that he may not be annoyed, disturbed, and impeded in the performance of these high functions, a dissatisfied individual shall not be suffered to call in question his official action in a suit for damages.”-Cooley on Torts, 408. There has been, not infrequently, much of objection, that the doctrine has a tendency to promote the exei'cise of judicial power arbitrarily or capriciously; and may shield unscrupulous, corrupt men in judicial offices. This may he true to some extent, but if true and individual injury results, it is only an instance of the merger of individual wrong in the higher wrong to the State, and must he redressed by the higher remedies the State can pursue against the unjust judge.-Busteed v. Parsons, 54 Ala. 393, supra.

In Kelly v. Moore, 51 Ala. 364, it was decided that a justice of the peace and the sureties on his official bond, were liable for an abuse by the justice of tlie authority of his office, in causing the arrest and imprisonment of the plaintiff, “without reason or probable cause.” The decision was rested on the statute declaring the legal effect of official bonds, and among other causes declares them obligatory on the principal and sureties, “for the use of every person who is injured, as well by any wrongful act committed under color of his office, as by his failure to perform, or the improper or neglectful performance of those duties imposed by law.” — Code of 1886, § 273. The judgment was by default, and the material, controlling inquiry was, whether the complaint contained a substantial cause of action as against all the defendants jointly, for then, as now, the statute prohibited the reversal of judgments because of any matter not previously objected to, if the complaint contained a substantial cause of action. — Code of 1886, § 2835. The construction of the complaint was, that the wrong complained of was not committed by the justice while in the exercise of. the jurisdiction the law conferred. The language of the court is : “It must be ab-served, the wrong complained of is not an erroneous or corrupt exercise by the justice of the jurisdiction the law confers. 11 is an abuse of the authority of his office ; a pretended, not a real exercise of his jurisdiction. ‘Under color of his office,’ he'arrests and imprisons the plaintiff. This was a misdemeanor at common law, and a tort for which an action could have been maintained against the justice. The sureties on his official bond would nob, at common law, have been liable for this tort. The malfeasance of their principal, of which misfeasance could not also be predicated, was not within the scope of their obligation.-Governor v. Hancock, 2 Ala. 728; McElhaney v. Gilleland, 30 Ala. 183. This was deemed a defect in the common law, and to cure it, the statute now extends the liability of sureties on official'bonds to injuries from wrongful acts done by the officer under color of his office, as well as to the nonperformance, or negligent performance of official duty. The complaint avers the wrong, as we have stated, the official character of McGovern, and the execution of an official bond, with the other defendants as sureties. However inartificial these averments may be, they must, after judgment by default, be deemed to disclose a substantial cause of action against all the defendants j ointly. ’ ’ Whether the construction of the complaint was, or was not erroneous, is not now of importance. The decision cannot be regarded, and must not be regarded, as infringing upon, or modifying the general principle, that judicial officers are not liable to civil suits for a wrongful or for a corrupt abuse of the authority with which they are invested. The later and more thoroughly considered case, Irion v. Lewis, 56 Ala. 190, (which was followed in Harris v. Heard, 68 Ala. 43), affirms the doctrine broadly, that justices of the peace are not subject to private actions for errors of judgment when acting judicially, nor for a corrupt abuse of official authority ; and that the consequence or effect of requiring from them official bonds, is not to extend their liability. This we regard as the sound exposition of the statute.

In all cases of this character, inquiry is confined within a narrow compass. It is not whether there is error, or irregularity, nor what were the motives with which the act complained of was done. It is, whether the act was an exercise of the jurisdiction, or of the authority, the law confers. If it be, immunity from suit by a private person attaches. The jurisdiction of the defendant as justice, -was plenary. The acts deemed contemptuous, Avere committed in his presence, while sitting as a court, and in the exercise of the jurisdiction with Avhich he was invested. It is not of consequence, that the plaintiff was not present in obedience to process issued to him. All who were present, whether in obedience to process, or voluntarily as mere bystanders ox-spectators, Avere subject to the jurisdiction of the court, in so far as was necessary for the preservation of its order and decorum. They were bound to abstain from any and every act tending to disturb or obstruct the administration of justice, or to interrupt the due course of trial, or to impair the respect due to judicial tribunals. The interruption of the court by the plaintiff, hoAvever respectful may have been his words or tone of voice, was unseemly and inexcusable, unless he intended to further the due administration of the law by information that there were other witnesses accessible, from whom material evidence could be obtained. If courts; high or low, are subject to such intrusions, and are powerless to prevent them, the administration of justice would be delayed, and the courts at the mercy of the garrulous intermeddler.

In Easton v. State, 39 Ala. 551, it is said : “It is settled by an unbroken chain of authorities, that when the contempt is committed in the face of the court, ‘the offender may be instantly apprehended and imprisoned, at the discretion of the judges, without any further proof or examination.’ ” And it is further said : “Another principle seems to be equally well settled, to-wit, that a judgment or sentence for contempt is valid, without any recital of the conduct or facts which constitute the contempt.” The contempt having been committed in the presence of the court, there was no necessity, as there would have been no propriety, in the issue of process for the arrest of the offender, so long as he remained in court. The court had the jurisdiction of his person, which would have attached, if he had been detained by the most formal process.

Whether the justice had entered the judgment and sentence on his docket, prior to the adjournment of the court, is a fact about which there is a conflict in the evidence. But that he had issued the warrant of commitment, that was in the hands of the officer, and the plaintiff was in custody, are facts uncontroverted. The judgment and sentence, if practicable, should have been entered on the docket before the adjournment. Neglect to enter it, at most, would constitute mere error or irregularity in the exercise of jurisdiction, not affecting the validity of the judgment when drawn in question collaterally. It was the rendition of the judgment — the oral rendition in the presence of the offender — which was judicial; the entry of it on the docket was merely ministerial. — Mur-free on Justices, §§ 557, et seq. A justice’s court is not a court of record; the only memorial of his proceedings, he is required to keep, is “a docket of all cases brought before him, in which must be entered the names of the parties, the return of the officer, and the entry of the judgment, specifying the amount of the same, and the day of its rendition.” — Code of 1886, - § 841. There is no time prescribed within which the entries on the docket are to be made. Doubtless it is the better practice to make them contemporaneously with the acts to which they refer. But if they are not so made, and are made within a reasonable time, the ministerial duty is discharged, and invalidity can,not be imputed to the judicial action of which they are the memorial. If the éntries are ambiguous, of doubtful import, they must, if they will bear it, receive that interpretation which will support the proceedings ; and when they import a judgment, they must be taken in connection with any process the justice may have issued in execution of the judgment. The entry on the docket may import only that a fine was imposed as the punishment for the contempt; before the making of the entry, a warrant of commitment had issued and the offender was in custody. The warrant would have authorized the amendment of the judgment as entered on the docket, if amendment had been necessary; but it was not necessary when the entry and warrant are read in connection. .Justices of the peace, “are not legal experts — they are not masters of legal form and it is enough, that by the entries qu their dockets and the process they issue, their jurisdiction of person and subject matter is disclosed.

The city court erred in the instruction given the jury at the instance of the plaintiff, and in the refusal of the general affirmative instruction requested by the defendants. We do not deem it necessary to pass on any other of the assignments of error. If there should be another trial of the case, what has been said is a sufficient guidance for its conduct.

Reversed and remanded.