McMahan v. State , 168 Ala. 70 ( 1910 )

McCLELLAN, J.

The deceased, Ashley, died as the result of a. pistol shot penetrating his head at a point near his right ear. The prosecution contended chiefly for the theory that defendant purposely shot him in order to possess deceased’s wife, with whom there was evidence tending to show defendant was enamored, and to whom he had paid, as to a married woman, improper attention, if, indeed, he had not had improper relations with her. The defendant asserted his innocence, and testified that deceased accidentally or intentionally took his own life. Leading to the conclusion that deceased committed suicide, the defendant testified that, some hours before the tragedy, -while both he and deceased were intoxicated, defendant stated to deceased that he (defendant) thought he would kill himself; that deceased then had defendant’s pistol in his hand; that defendant told him (deceased) to give him (defendant) the pistol, stating he w'ould shoot himself; that deceased remonstrated with defendant, suggesting that, to avoid suspicion of his complicity in defendant’s death, defendant write a note to his (defendant’s) people; that they had no pencil; that deceased proposed that they go on to a dance in the neighborhood wherein they then were, and in the same connection said, “We will both kill ourselves”; that, after leaving the dance, they went to a dwelling in wdiich there was then no one, and while there defendant heard the pistol snap in or about the kitchen part of the house; that deceased said he was trying to shoot a dog, but that the weapon was broken; chat later the horse they were driving was not traveling-fast enough, so he reached for the wdiip, -which he then found had been lost; that he (defendant) proposed the firing of the pistol to excite the horse, requesting deceased to give him the pistol; that deceased said it was broken; that he (defendant) said, “* * * How are we going to shoot ourselves if it (pistol) is broke?” and deceased said, “ ‘I wdll take it and snap it,’ or ‘try it,’ I do not know which, and he (deceased) said, ‘You take it and kill yourself,'’ and about that time the' pistol fired, and he raised up and grabbed me by the arm, and the horse was running, and he fell out, and the horse run on, and I fell out.”

Upon this evidence, adduced by the defendant tending to show that the death of deceased was self-inflicted, the court, in its oral charge, and by special instruction requested by the state, informed the jury that if the death was the result of preconcert or prearrangeínént, compact, or mutual agreement between the men that each take his own life, then the defendant, ‘as the survivor, would be guilty of murder in either the first or second degree. Latterly, by means of emphatic special instructions, requested by the defendant, the guilt vel non of the defendant was made to depend alone upon whether defendant fired the fatal shot. It thus appears that inconsistencies infected the declaration of the law of the case tó the jury. Our statute has divided murder into two degrees, but has not added to nor taken away any ingredients of murder at common law. Every murder at common law is murder under our statutes. — Arp v. State, 97 Ala. 5, 12, 12 South. 301, 19 L. R. A. 357, 38 Am. St. Rep. 137; Ex parte Nettles, 58 Ala. 268. The statute (Cr. Code, § 6219) abolishes, in felony cases, the distinction between' an accessory before the fact and a principal, and between principals in the first and second degree, and relegates to the class of the principal, as in misdemeanors, all persons concerned in the commission, of a felony, whether they directly commit the act, or aid • cr abet in its commission, though not present. Any word or act contributing to the commission of a felony, intended and calculated to incite or encourage its accomplishment, whether- the one so contributing is present or not, brings the accused, under such circumstances, within the influence of the cited statute. — Ferguson v. State, 134 Ala. 63, 32 South. 760, 92 Am. St. Rep. 17, and authorities therein cited.

At common law self-murder was a felony; but since with us no forfeiture of estate penalizes the felon, and since the dead cannot be punished, no penalty can be inflicted upon the self-destroyer. But collateral consequences may and do, upon occasion, depend upon the feloniousness of self-murder. It is said in 2 Bish. New Cr. Law, § 1187: “If, under the common law as it was administered in England when this country was settled, one advises another to kill himself, and he does it in the presence of the adviser, the latter becomes guilty of murder, probably as principal of the second degree, but at all envents a.s principal. And it is the same in our states.” See, also, sections 510, 511, of the same treatise. That intentional self-destruction by one without avoiding mental distemper is felo de se, is a generally recognized criminal doctrine. The citations to the mentioned sections of Bishop’s treatise so demonstrate. In Dr. McClain’s treatise on Criminal Law, at section 290, these observations are made: “* * If two mutually attempt to commit suicide, and one survives, he is guilty of murder of the one who dies, by reason of the doctrine of unlawful combination.” And he says: “One who advises and counsels another to commit suicide is an accessory before the fact to murder. Both from reasoning which makes an accessory before the fact to the suicide guilty of murder, * * * it is evident that the wrong involved in the act is felonious in its nature.” The doctrine of the quoted and cited texts is illustrated in all strength by the Massachusetts court in Commonwealth v. Bowen, 13 Mass. 356, 7 Am. Dec. 154, and Commonwealth v. Mink, 123 Mass. 422, 25 Am. Rep. 109. See, also, 21 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, pp. 98, 99, collating a number of English cases; Blackburn v. State, 23 Ohio St. 146, 163; 1 Hale’s Pleas of the Crown, pp. 412, 413.

The distinction, taken at common law, in’ respect of the criminal relation one counseling self-murder by another bore to the act effecting his death, was that if present the counselor was a principal, but if not present he was an accessory before the fact, and the consequence under that jurisprudence was that the accessory was unpunishable, since the principal could not be convicted. — Commonwealth v. Mink, supra; 2 Bish. § 1187. In the latter event the obvious effect of our statute (section 6219) was to remove the impediment whereby, at common law, the accessory before the fact was not punishable. — 2 Bish. § 1187, subhead 5. In 1 Hale’s Pleas of the Crown, p. 411, it is said: “Felo de se, or suicide, is where h man of the age of discretion (14 years at common law) and compos mentis voluntarily kills himself by stabbing, poison, or any other way. * * * If he lose his memory by sickness, infirmity, or accident, and kills himself, he is not felo de se; neither can he be said to commit murder upon himself or any other.” ' In a subsequent statement, on page 412, Lord Hale thus more concretely states the degree of mental distemper requisite to avoid the feloniousness of the act of self-destruction: “* * * It must be such an alienation of mind that renders them to be madmen of frantic, or destitute of the use of reason. A lunatic killing himself in the fit of lunacy is not felo de se; otherwise it is, if it be at another time.”

In certain consequence, treating the matter a.t common law only, it- must have followed that, where the act of self-destruction was inflicted without the presence of him who would have been an accessory before the fact, had the self-destroyer been compos mentis, the instigator could not have been condemned, because there .cannot, of course, be an accessory before the fact to an act not criminal, and to which there was no principal. 'Has our statute (section 6219) effected to alter this result? We think not. The premise of the statute is that the act be a felony. If no felony be committed, because of want of mental capacity in the self-destroyer to - constitute the act a crime, there could be no principal, and hence no accessory before the fact. But, as previously remarked, if the self-destroyer’s act be felo de se, then, whether present or absent, the contributor to the criminal result (Ferguson’s Case, supra) is guilty.

Under the facts and circumstances, on the phases of the case to which we have just attended, it was for the jury to say, the defendant being present, whether deceased intentionally took his own life, and, if so, Avhether defendant contributed, as before defined, to that act. The fact that latterly the court instructed the jury to the exclusion of guilt on the theory last stated did not, of course, prejudice the defendant. The guilt vel non of the defendant, upon the theory that his hand fired the fatal shot, was also a question for the jury, and hence the affirmative charge, on that vieAV, Avas Avell refused.

There are more than tAvo score errors assigned as upon the admission and rejection of evidence on the trial: Each one has been carefully considered, and so in connection with the argument thereon of appellant’s' •counsel. We find no error in any of these assailed rulings. They each invoked the application of familiar rules of evidence, and the learned court correctly applied them.

The remaining assignments question the propriety and correctness of parts of the oral charge of the court, -of several charges given at the instance of the prosecution, -and of charges refused, to defendant. None' of these complaints of error possess merit. The substantive law of the case was well stated to the jury, and so accords with the decisions of this court on the many subjects dealt with in the instructions indicated. None of the decisions noted in brief by counsel for appellant-lead in application to prejudicial error in any of the instructions, oral or requested, given to the jury.

The defendant’s trial was without, to him, prejudicial error. The judgment meted out to him below must be affirmed.

Affirmed.

Dowdell, C. J., and Simpson and Mayfield, JJ., concur.