Advertiser Co. v. Jones , 169 Ala. 196 ( 1910 )

MAYFIELD, J.

This action is for libel. The complaint at one time contained a great number of counts. All except counts 7 and 8 were eliminated, of which appellant cannot complain, because of no possible injury to it. The remaining counts, 7 and 8, were both in Code form, and declared on the same publication. Count 7 declared on only a part of the publication, while count 8 set out the publication in extenso. The alleged publication contained, among other matters, the following, as headlines:

“Will File Grave Charges Against a City Official.

“Street Superintendent Accused of Misconduct.

“Jones Sold City’s Gravel.”

Then follows an editorial or synopsis of Brown’s charges, a part of which is as follows: “Briefly stated, Mr. Brown charges that Mr. Jones sold-the city’s gravel to the Country Club, had the gravel loaded into the city’s wagons by city convicts and hauled to the clubhouse by city teams, where it was laid by negro employees of the city, thereby competing with him, Mr. Brown, as a grading contractor, and that Mr. Jones collected the money impliedly for his own use.” Then followed the statement by or interview with Mr. Brown, which is too long to be here set out. Each of these counts declared upon the above, among other things indicated, as a libelous publication in the defendant’s daily newspaper of the 20th day of March, 1905, which publication is alleged and shown to have a large circulation in the city and county of Montgomery, in which city plaintiff lived, and of which he was an officer; all of which was alleged, and by the jury found, to be, to plaintiff’s great damage in the sum of $5,000. This publication, if false as it is alleged to be, was, under all the authorities, per se libelous. See Gaither v. Advertiser Co., 102 Ala. 458, 14 South. 788; Iron Age Pub. Co. v. Crudup, 85 Ala. 519, 5 South. 332; Wofford v. Meeks, 129 Ala. 358, 30 South. 625, 55 L. R. A. 214; Hereford v. Combs, 126 Ala. 369, 28 South. 582 — which cite many other eases in this state. See, also, Dauphiny v. Buhne, 153 Cal. 757, 96 Pac. 880, 126 Am. St. Rep. 136, a case in which the facts are very similar to those in the case at bar, in which the court spoke as follows: “A charge against a public official imputing want of integrity or corruption in the discharge of his official duties is actionable of itself.”

This court, speaking through Stone, C. J.; in the case of Gaither v. Advertiser Co., 102 Ala. 461, 14 South. 789, quoted from a New York case as follows: “Words are actionable which directly tend to the prejudice of any one in his office, profession, trade, or business, in any lawful employment by which he may gain a livelihood” — and then added: “The above is the rule when one is falsely charged verbally with being incapacitated for the duties of an office, trade, or business. For a much stronger reason is an action maintainable when the charge is made public in a written or printed publication. The reason is that printed or written slander is uttered with greater deliberation, is more widely circulated, and is placed in an enduring form.” There can be ho doubt that the natural and unaided import of the publication complained of in this case was to assail the integrity of, and to imply corruption on the part of, plaintiff, both as a public officer and ah an individual. We can see no escape from this conclusion. The language used in this case is more severe and objectionable than were the words employed in many of the cases above cited, which were held to be actionable per se. The language held to be such in Gaither’s Case, above, Avas much, less severe or objectionable. It Avas as folIoavs: “The shoAving simply proved Mr. Gaither to be a man of small business capacity.” True, this Avas held not to assail Gaither’s integrity, but to charge personal incapacity, which Avas held to be actionable per se, and therefore not to require any allegation as to special damages to support the action.

Each count Avas subsequently amended by allegations as to a demand by plaintiff upon defendant for a retraction of the publication, in view of the recent statute of this state upon the subject of retractions of libel. Each count being in Code form, and in compliance Avith the statute, and the alleged libel being such per se, it follows that each count stated a good cause of action and was not demurrable; and that no allegation was necessary as to special damages. The cause was tried upon the general issue alone, as to those two counts (7 and 8). No special.pleas of justification — that is, alleging the truth of the matter published or that the publication was a privileged one — appear to have been offered or filed. The general issue in such case only puts in issue the fact of publication of the matter as alleged. The proof conclusively showed that the article was published as alleged — in fact, this was not denied, except formally by this plea, but was on the trial admitted and conceded by defendant. This being true, the plaintiff was of course entitled to the general affirmative charge as for nominal damages. Therefore, the only question for the determination of the jury, under the issues and the proof, was the amount of damages.

While evidence tending to prove the truth of the matter published, and that the publication was privileged, was admissible under the general issue alone upon which it was tried, such evidence was only admissible for the purpose of mitigating the damages, and not in bar of the right of recovery. In the recent case of Ferdon v. Dickens, 161 Ala. 181, 49 South. 893, we reviewed at some length our constitutional, statutory, and code provisions, together with the former decisions of this court, as to pleadings and proof in civil suits for libel and slander, and therein announced the following conclusions: “We hold that a special plea in an action of libel or slander, which alleges or sets up a state of facts showing that the alleged slander or libel was privileged, would be a complete defense; but under our statutes, this, as well as a plea of justification alleging the truth of the charge or .publication, if intended as a bar or a complete defense, and not simply one in mitigation of damages, should be specially pleaded, and it should set forth facts sufficient to show that the publication or charge was made on a privileged occasion or under circumstances and conditions which made it privileged in law, with a denial that it was published with malice, unless it be a case where the words are absolutely privileged. This plea is in the nature of a plea in confession and avoidance. It is essential that a special plea in libel and slander, in order to constitute a complete defense, should answer the whole ground of action relied upon in the complaint. — 25 Cyc. 456-458. At common law the defendant could not plead several defenses to the same part of the declaration, nor to the same entire declaration. This was changed by the statute of 4 Anne, so that the defendant could plead as many special matters as he thought necessary for his defense, provided he could obtain leave of the court — ■ that is to say, by the statute of Anne it was discretionary with trial courts of record to permit or to deny such pleas. — 1 Chitty’s Pleadings, p. 341. By our statutes as originally enacted (see Clay’s Digest, p. 332, § 109), the defendant could, as matter of right under the statute, plead as many pleas as he thought proper, and do so without leave of the court. — Pope v. Walsh’s Adm’r, 18 Ala. 631. Each plea must stand or fall by itself. Each plea, no matter how many are filed, is as disconnected from the others as if on a separate record, and one plea cannot be admitted on the trial to prove or disprove another plea. The issues on each must be entirely distinct and must be tried accordingly; notwithstanding they may be inconsistent with and contradictory of each other, one cannot be used to prove or disprove the other. — Pope v. Welsh’s Adm’r, 18 Ala. 631. Collier, C. J., in Scott v. McKinnish, 15 Ala. 662, says: ‘Under the plea of not guilty, in an action of slander or libel, the defendant may prove in mitigation of damages anything short of a justification which does not necessarily imply or tend to prove the truth of the words charged; but he cannot be permitted to prove facts and circumstances which conduce to establish the truth, or which form a link in the evidence to make out a justification.’ Again, it was held in Williams v. Cawley, 18 Ala. 206, that in actions of slander and libel the defendant may prove the facts and circumstances in reference to Avhich the words were written or spoken, for the purpose of showing that he did not intend by the use of them to impute to the plaintiff the crime, which, standing alone, they would naturally import. In Pope v. Welsh’s Adm’r, 18 Ala. 631, it was held that in an action of slander the general bad character of the plaintiff may be given in evidence, under the general issue, in mitigation of damages, notwithstanding the defendant may have also interposed a plea of justification.— Fuller v. Dean, 31 Ala. 654.” See, also, Warner v. Clark, 45 La. Ann. 863, 13 South. 203, 21 L. R. A. 502; Rutherford v. Paddock, 180 Mass. 289, 62 N. E. 381, 91 Am. St. Rep. 285, and cases cited in notes thereto.

So it follows that we cannot review on this appeal any of those questions, assigned as error, which go to the right of plaintiff to recover because not properly raised in the lower court; and for the reason that under all the evidence, and under that of defendant alone, when applied alone to the plea of not guilty (which was the only issue in the case), the plaintiff was entitled to the general affirmative charge, at least for nominal damages. — Paxton v. Woodward, 31 Mont. 195, 78 Pac. 215, 107 Am. St. Rep. 416; Tracy v. Hackett, 19 Ind. App. 133, 49 N. E. 185 65 Am. St. Rep. 398.

The confessed publication in this case undoubtedly imputed to plaintiff want of official integrity; its natural tendency was to injure his reputation and to expose him to public contempt, and it was therefore libelous per se. In such cases the law presumes general damages as a natural and'probable consequence. — Authorities supra; and see, also, Upton v. Hume, 24 Or. 420, 33 Pac. 810, 21 L. R. A. 493, 41 Am. St. Rep. 863. The authorities appear to be uniform to the conclusion that, when a false and nonprivileged publication, which is per se libelous, is established, injury is presumed to ensue therefrom as the direct product of the publication, and affords ground for the allowance of at least nominal damages. So the only assignments other than the demurrers to the complaint, which have been herein disposed of, are those assignments which go to the measure or quantity of damages recovered. Whatever error, if any, which may have intervened as to other matters, was necessarily without possible injury or detriment to the defendant, appellant here. As to the measure of such damages, there is .no legal standard. The amount thereof, under proper instructions from the court, is usually referred to the sound discretion of the jury. If the publication is actionable per se, and is proven, the legal presumption of damages goes to the jury, and they, in view of the particular circumstances of the case, are required, in the exercise of their sound judgment, to determine what sum will afford reparation. — 3 Sutherland on Damages, 643-647.

In' actions of this kind these and other questions are peculiarly questions for the jury, which might he for the court in other cases. This results from the constitutional and statutory provisions of the various states, as to such prosecutions and civil actions. These provisions of law, whether civil or criminal, are the outgrowth of the famous “Pox Lihel Act,” adopted by the English Parliament in 1792, officially published in 32 Geo. III, c. 60. This act, as is well known, was rendered possible by the burning eloquence of Lord Erskine. Lord Campbell spoke of it as follows: “I have said, and I still think that this great constitutional triumph is mainly to be ascribed to Lord Campden who has been fighting in the cause for half a century, and uttered his last words in the House of Lords in its support; but had he not received the invaluable assistance of Erskine as counsel for the Dean of St. Asaph, the Star Chamber might have been reestablished in this country.” Modified provisions of this famous act have found their way into many if not all of the Constitutions and statutes of the states. They appear in our Constitution as section 12 of the Bill of Rights, and in the Code of 1907 as section 3745 thereof; and read as follows:

“Sec. 12 (Bill of Rights). That in all prosecutions for libel or for the publication of papers investigating the official conduct of officers or men in public capacity, or when the matter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and that in all indictments for libel, the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts under the direction of the court.”

“3745 (Code of 1907). * * * In civil actions for the publication of papers, investigating the official conduct of officers or men in public capacity, or when the matter published is proper for public information, . the truth thereof may he given in evidence.”

The Supreme Court of Montana spoke and quoted of these provisions ás folloAvs : “* * * There exists great contrariety of opinion as to the extent of pohver conferred upon the jury, independently of the court, to determine the law and the facts and judge of the whole case. A review of the cases relating to this subject can serve no useful purpose here, as the questions whether the jury is required to accept the instructions of the court as conclusive, and what poAver resides in this court to review a case where the instructions and other procedure of the trial court are free from error, are questions not involved in this case. Whatever view is adopted, the courts áre almost, if not quite, a unit upon the proposition that it is the duty of the judge to decide upon the sufficiency of the pleadings, the admissibility of testimony, instruct the jury, and discharge the other functions devolving upon him down to the final submission of the cause to the jury, as in other cases. In Missouri, where the doctrine prevails that the jury may disregard the instructions, it is said in State v. Armstrong, 106 Mo. 395 (16 S. W. 604, 13 L. R. A. 419), 27 Am. St. Rep. 361, that: ‘While the judge may assist and inform them what the law is, and it is his duty to do so, still they are, by virtue of organic law, the final judges in a prosecution for criminal libel.’ In Drake v. State, 53 N. J. Law, 23, 20 Atl. 747, Justice Dixon, construing a similar constitutional provision, says: ‘It Avas not intended to affect the duty of the court to decide all questions of law relating to the admission of testimony and such other matters as are preliminary to the final submission of the case to the jury; nor to affect its duty to instruct the jury with regard to their legitimate province in the decision of the cause, and with regard to those general principles of the criminal law and of the law of libel which are of a technical nature, and with which the jury scarcely become acquainted, save through the instructions of the court. None of these matters were ever subject to doubt in prosecutions for libel, nor did they bring about any of the legislation either in England or in this country.’ ” —Paxton v. Woodward, 31 Mont. 217, 78 Pac. 220, 107 Am. St. Rep. 427, 428.

The demand for retraction in this case was in all respects a compliance with the statute, and, as before stated, the complaint was amended by adding appropriate allegations as to it. No possible injury was done defendant in respect to any of the rulings in regard thereto.

Charge 4 was improper. Malice might have been implied in this case, though there was. no “conscious” disregard of the truth or falsity of the publication. This was not a.t all necessary. It is the duty of a' party publishing such a statement as the one in question to know of its truth or falsity before publishing it; and malice may be inferred from the mere failure to discover, before publishing.

Charge 7 was bad for the same reason. “Actual malice” in the publication was not necessary to a recovery in this case, and, further, because the plaintiff was, as has been before stated, entitled to a verdict for at least nominal damages under the evidence.

Charge 8 was properly refused, as tending to mislead the jury. While the jury had the undoubted right to look to all the facts and all the circumstances attending the publication, and to the conduct of the parties in connection ‘therewith, as well as to what subsequently transpired in relation thereto as shown by the evidence, in determining what damages they would award, and they might find or consider them to be in mitigation of damages, yet this charge was calculated to impress the jury that such facts and circumstances were in mitigation of damages. While the charge is certain that it means this, it is calculated to mislead, and for that reason was properly refused.

Charge 9 was bad "for the same reasons assigned to charges 4 and 7, above.

Charge 12 was bad as tending to mislead and confuse the jury, and improperly precluded the recovery of actual damages, which were certainly recoverable under all the hypotheses stated

While the damages are large in this case we cannot say that they were excessive. There ivas evidence from which the jury might infer malice, and upon which they might, award punitive damages. This being true, neither the laiv nor the evidence furnishes us any standard by which we can ascertain certainly that they were excessive. The trial court heard ail of this evidence, saw the witnesses, observed their expression and demeanor, and hence was in a better position to judge of the extent of punishment which the evidence warranted than are we, who must form our conclusions upon the mere narrative of the transcript. This court, in treating of excessive verdicts in cases in which punitive damages could be awarded, through Justice Haralson spoke and quoted as follows: “There is no legal measure of damages in cases of this character. That a jury are authorized to award exemplarv or punitive damages, when a wrongful act is done wilfully, in. a wanton or oppressive manner, or even when it is done recklessly, or in open disregard of one’s civil obligations and of the rights of others, is not denied. — Fotheringham v. Adams Ex. Co. [(C. C.) 36 Fed. 252], 1 L. R. A. 474, and authorities there cited. Nor can it he questioned, that when the damages allowed are so excessive as to warrant the belief that the jury must have been misled by some mistaken view of the merits of the case, the court may interfere and set it aside. — Sedgwick on Measure of Damages (7th Ed.) 655, note ‘a,’ as to excessive damages. On the subject of motion for a new trial for excessive damages, Mr. Newell in his work on Malicious-Prosecutions, adopts approvingly what was said on the subject by Lord Mansfield, in the case of Gilbert v. Burtenshaw, Cowper, 230: £I should he sorry to say that in. cases of personal torts no new trial should ever be granted for damages which manifestly show the jury to have been actuated by passion, partiality, or prejudice. But it is not to be done -without very strong grounds, indeed, and such as carry internal evidence of “intemperance in the minds of the jury. It is by no means to be done when the court may feel that, if they had been on the jury, they would have given less damages, or where they might think the jury themselves would have completely discharged their duty in giving a less sum. Of all the cases left to the jury, none is more emphatically left to their sound discretion than such a case as this, and, unless it appears that the damages are flagrantly outrageous and extravagant, it is difficult for the court to draw the line.’ He also quotes what Justice Story said on the same subject — that the verdict should not he set aside for excessive damages, in cases of tort, ‘unless the court can clearly see that the jury have committed some very gross and palpable error, or have acted under some improper bias, influence, or prejudice, or have totally mistaken the rules of law by which the damages are to be regulated.’ — Whipple v. Manufacturing Company, 2 Story, 661 (Fed. Cas. No. 17,516)”; National Surety Co. v. Mabry, 139 Ala. 224, 225, 35 South. 701.

Large verdicts — some much larger than that in this case — have been sustained by other courts, in the following cases, and they are authority for the action of the lower court in declining to set aside the verdict in this case because excessive: Russell v. Bradley (C. C.) 50 Fed. 515; Wilson’s Case, 63 Ill. 167; Alliger v. Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 53 Hun, 633, 6 N. Y. Supp. 110; Id., 127 N. Y. 651, 27 N. E. 856; Stafford v. Morning Journal Ass’n, 68 Hun, 467, 22 N. Y. Supp. 1008; Smith v. The Times Company (Com. Pl.) 4 Pa. Dist. R. 399; Sweeney v. Baker, 13 W. Va. 158, 31 Am. Rep. 757; Ogden v. Gibbons, 5 N. J. Law, 518.

There was no reversible error in declining to exclude the statement by plaintiff (that Mr. Hood, of the Journal, was. a. gentleman). No ground was assigned for the objection or motion to exclude. It was a part of a conversation, portions of which had been called out by both parties.

Nor was there any error in declining to allow the witness Kennedy to testify as to the statement of Brown, as requested and insisted by defendant. It was shown that this statement was in writing, and it was the best evidence of the facts, and the court did not offer to allow defendant to prove by this witness exactly what Brown did say. The questions certainly were leading, and could have been refused for that reason.

However, Chief Justice Dowdell and Justices Anderson, McClellan, and Evans concur ip the reversal of this case for the refusal of charge 12 requested by the defendant. They think that the charge hypothesizes all damages which the plaintiff was entitled to recover under the complaint as submitted to the jury; that it merely seeks to eliminate all damages not covered by the complaint, and to exclude actual or compensatory damages. The counts submitted to the jury (7 and 8) were in Code form, and contained no claim for actual or compensatory damages, and under which counts the plaintiff was only entitled to recover nominal and punitive damages. — Sloss-Sheffield Co. v. Dickinson, 167 Ala. 211, 52 South. 591; Irby v. Wilde, 150 Ala. 402, 43 South. 571; Powell v. Schimpf (reported as mem.) 151 Ala. 665, 41 South. 1044. See opinion in 167 Ala. 211, 52 South. 594.

The winter is of the opinion that these counts, being in Code form, necessarily authorized a recovery for all actual damages, the natural and proximate result of the wrongs and injuries complained of. The question as to whether such damages are recoverable in this case, as well as that of nominal and punitive damages, was for the determination of the jury.

Reversed and remanded.