Pister v. State, Department of Revenue , 2015 Alas. LEXIS 82 ( 2015 )


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  •       Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
    Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
    303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
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    THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
    JAMES D. PISTER, SKYRAD                        )
    MEDICAL IMAGING, INC., and                     )        Supreme Court No. S-15332
    NORTHWEST MEDICAL                              )
    IMAGING, INC.,                                 )        Superior Court No. 1JU-08-00847 CI
    )
    Appellants,              )        OPINION
    )
    v.                                       )        No. 7022 – July 24, 2015
    )
    STATE OF ALASKA,                               )
    DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,                         )
    )
    Appellee.                )
    )
    Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, First
    Judicial District, Juneau, Louis J. Menendez, Judge.
    Appearances: James D. Pister, M.D., pro se, F ederal Way,
    Washington, and William M. Bankston, Bankston Gronning
    O’Hara, P.C., Anchorage, for Appellants. Christopher
    Peloso, Assistant Attorney General, and Michael C.
    Geraghty, Attorney General, Juneau, for Appellee.
    Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen, and
    Bolger, Justices.
    FABE, Chief Justice.
    I.    INTRODUCTION
    The State seeks to hold the sole shareholder, director, and employee of a
    closely held Washington corporation personally liable for the corporation’s unpaid tax
    debts. The superior court pierced the corporation’s corporate veil, ruled that the
    shareholder’s successor corporation was liable for the tax debt, voided two contract
    transfers as fraudulent conveyances, and ruled that the shareholder had breached
    fiduciary duties to the corporation and the State as the corporation’s creditor. The
    shareholder and corporation appeal the superior court’s decision to pierce the corporate
    veil, arguing that the superior court erred by not barring the State’s suit under the
    principle of res judicata, by applying Alaska rather than Washington veil-piercing law,
    and by making clear factual errors. The shareholder and corporation also appeal the
    superior court’s finding that two contracts were fraudulently conveyed.
    We conclude that res judicata does not bar the State from seeking to pierce
    the corporation’s corporate veil to collect a corporate tax debt established in an earlier
    case. We further conclude that the corporation’s corporate veil was properly pierced
    under both Alaska and Washington law. And although the superior court’s fraudulent
    conveyance determination contained errors of fact, they are unlikely to affect the relief
    the State seeks. We therefore affirm the superior court’s decision in part, reverse it in
    part, and remand for further proceedings only to the extent necessary.
    II.     FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
    Dr. James Pister has practiced radiology in Alaska since 1977. In 1988 he
    incorporated his radiology business as a Washington corporation, Northwest Medical
    Imaging, Inc. (Northwest Medical). Washington administratively dissolved Northwest
    Medical in 1990, although Pister was apparently not aware of this until 1998. Pister
    wound up the affairs of Northwest Medical from late 1998 into early 2001, and he
    incorporated a new Washington corporation, Skyrad Medical Imaging, Inc. (Skyrad), in
    2000.
    In 1997 the Alaska Department of Revenue assessed Northwest Medical
    for unpaid taxes, penalties, and interest for improper deductions between 1992 and 1995.
    -2-                                      7022
    In the ensuing litigation, the Office of Tax Appeals twice decided that the State could not
    assess corporate income taxes against Northwest Medical post-dissolution, “apparently
    relying in part on the notion that Dr. Pister could be held personally liable for the actions
    of the dissolved corporation.”1 The superior court twice reversed this determination, and
    in Northwest Medical Imaging, Inc. v. State, Department of Revenue, we agreed that
    Northwest Medical was responsible for unpaid corporate taxes because it had “continued
    to contract and provide services under its corporate name” after its administrative
    dissolution.2
    Our decision addressed one theory of personal liability for Pister. We
    disagreed with the Office of Tax Appeals’s determination that Pister was necessarily
    personally liable for post-dissolution actions, and instead determined that under
    Washington law “the imposition of personal liability requires actual knowledge that there
    was no incorporation.”3 Under this framework, “Dr. Pister would not be personally
    liable for the debts of Northwest Medical because he did not know that the corporation
    had been dissolved.”4 Thus, to avoid the inequitable result of no party being liable for
    1
    Nw. Med. Imaging, Inc. v. State, Dep’t of Revenue (Nw. Med.), 
    151 P.3d 434
    , 442 (Alaska 2006).
    2
    
    151 P.3d 434
    , 441 (Alaska 2006). We addressed, and ultimately rejected,
    Northwest Medical’s threshold argument that no court had subject matter jurisdiction
    over a corporation that was dissolved during the years of an alleged tax liability. See
    
    id. at 438-39.
           3
    
    Id. at 442
    (citing Equipto Div. Aurora Equip. Co. v. Yarmouth, 
    950 P.2d 451
    , 456 (Wash. 1998)).
    4
    
    Id. -3- 7022
    the taxes, and to follow our decision in University of Alaska v. Thomas Architectural
    Products, Inc.,5 we held that Northwest Medical was liable for the assessed taxes.6
    On remand in August 2007, the Office of Tax Appeals entered judgment
    against Northwest Medical for $123,118. In September 2008 the State filed a complaint
    in the superior court against Pister and Northwest Medical, seeking to collect that
    judgment from Pister personally under theories of piercing the corporate veil, successor
    liability, and fraudulent conveyance.
    In July 2012 Superior Court Judge Louis J. Menendez issued an order that
    resolved several preliminary issues. The order rejected Pister and Northwest Medical’s
    argument that the State was either precluded or estopped from piercing Northwest
    Medical’s corporate veil. The superior court applied issue preclusion law 7 and found that
    our holding in Northwest Medical that Pister was not personally liable for Northwest
    Medical’s tax debts was a determination of the issue of personal liability for
    post-dissolution debts, “a distinct issue from whether [Northwest Medical’s] corporate
    veil could potentially be pierced, once [Northwest Medical’s] legal existence as a
    corporation was established.” The latter issue had not been actually litigated, and so the
    superior court determined that it was not precluded. The superior court similarly refused
    5
    
    907 P.2d 448
    , 450 (Alaska 1995) (holding that a dissolved corporation’s
    failure to comply with wind-up requirements made it susceptible to suit by creditors who
    did not receive notice of dissolution).
    6
    See Nw. 
    Med., 151 P.3d at 443-44
    .
    7
    See, e.g., Latham v. Palin, 
    251 P.3d 341
    , 344 (Alaska 2011) (“We require
    four elements before applying collateral estoppel: (1) the party against whom the
    preclusion is employed was a party to or in privity with a party to the first action; (2) the
    issue precluded from relitigation is identical to the issue decided in the first action;
    (3) the issue was resolved in the first action by a final judgment on the merits; and (4) the
    determination of the issue was essential to the final judgment.”).
    -4-                                        7022
    to find that the State was estopped8 from pursuing its veil-piercing claim based on its
    prior litigation positions, both because the State’s argument in Northwest Medical was
    not fatally inconsistent with its argument that Northwest Medical’s corporate veil should
    be pierced, and because the State explicitly reserved the right to seek to pierce Northwest
    Medical’s corporate veil in its briefing in the earlier case.
    The superior court’s July 2012 order also resolved a dispute over which
    state’s law applies to veil-piercing claims against foreign corporations. The superior
    court noted that the answer to this question was not clear particularly in light of some
    authorities suggesting that because veil piercing relates to a corporation’s “internal
    affairs,” such affairs are governed by the law of the state of incorporation. But the
    superior court ruled that the veil-piercing claim was controlled by Alaska law because,
    in its assessment, we had repeatedly applied Alaska law to veil-piercing claims against
    foreign corporations and because Alaska might have a more significant relationship with
    the transaction under the analysis in section 309 of the Restatement (Second) of Conflict
    of Laws.
    In September the parties tried the case to the court. In April 2013, after the
    bench trial, the superior court issued an order holding both Pister and Skyrad liable for
    Northwest Medical’s tax debts and nullifying certain contract transfers. The order
    contained five legal determinations: (1) that Northwest Medical’s corporate veil could
    be pierced under Alaska’s mere instrumentality standard, (2) that Northwest Medical’s
    corporate veil could be pierced under Alaska’s misconduct standard, (3) that Skyrad was
    8
    See, e.g., John’s Heating Serv. v. Lamb, 
    46 P.3d 1024
    , 1040 (Alaska 2002)
    (“Quasi-estoppel ‘precludes a party from taking a position inconsistent with one . . .
    previously taken where circumstances render assertion of a second position
    unconscionable.’ ” (alteration in original) (quoting Jamison v. Consol. Utils., Inc., 
    576 P.2d 97
    , 102 (Alaska 1978))).
    -5-                                       7022
    liable as a successor corporation, (4) that two contracts were fraudulently conveyed, and
    (5) that Pister breached his fiduciary duties of care and loyalty to Northwest Medical and
    the State as a corporate creditor.
    Pister, Northwest Medical, and Skyrad9 appeal the superior court’s decision
    to pierce Northwest Medical’s corporate veil and to void the transfer of two contracts as
    fraudulent conveyances. They do not appeal Skyrad’s liability as a successor or the
    finding that Pister breached his fiduciary duties.
    III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
    “Whether res judicata applies is a question of law that we review de
    novo.”10
    “The appropriate choice of law is a legal question to which we apply our
    independent judgment.”11
    The factual findings of the trial court are reviewed for clear
    error, a standard that is met if, after a thorough review of the
    record, we come to a definite and firm conviction that a
    mistake has been made. The trial court’s findings regarding
    the credibility of witnesses and weighing of the evidence may
    be reversed only if clearly erroneous. In reviewing the trial
    9
    When Pister first filed this appeal on behalf of himself, Northwest Medical,
    and Skyrad, he was not represented by counsel. But because he is not a licensed attorney
    in the state of Alaska he was only able to represent himself, see AS 08.08.210; Alaska
    Bar R. 63; Christiansen v. Melinda, 
    857 P.2d 345
    , 346-47 (Alaska 1993), and under
    Alaska law, corporations can only appear in court proceedings through an attorney
    unless an exception has been explicitly made by law. See AS 22.20.040(a)(2).
    Northwest Medical and Skyrad were thus briefly dismissed as appellants. The corporate
    entities were reinstated as appellants when an attorney filed an entry of appearance on
    behalf of all appellants.
    10
    Smith v. CSK Auto, Inc., 
    132 P.3d 818
    , 820 (Alaska 2006).
    11
    Savage Arms, Inc. v. W. Auto Supply Co., 
    18 P.3d 49
    , 52 (Alaska 2001).
    -6-                                      7022
    court’s factual findings, we view the evidence in the light
    most favorable to the party prevailing in the trial court. We
    may affirm the trial court’s result on any basis supported by
    the record.[12]
    IV.	   DISCUSSION
    A.	    The Superior Court’s Decision To Pierce Northwest Medical’s
    Corporate Veil Was Correct.
    1.	    The State’s suit to pierce Northwest Medical’s corporate veil
    was not barred by res judicata.
    Pister argues that the State’s suit to pierce Northwest Medical’s corporate
    veil to collect the corporation’s tax debt from Pister personally is barred by the principle
    of claim preclusion, or res judicata.13 We disagree.
    “The doctrine of res judicata as adopted in Alaska provides that a final
    judgment in a prior action bars a subsequent action if the prior judgment was (1) a final
    judgment on the merits, (2) from a court of competent jurisdiction, (3) in a dispute
    between the same parties (or their privies) about the same cause of action.”14 “[R]es
    judicata bars not only relitigation of the same cause of action, but also new claims arising
    12
    Rausch v. Devine, 
    80 P.3d 733
    , 737 (Alaska 2003) (internal footnotes
    omitted).
    13
    Pister largely employed the language of issue preclusion, rather than claim
    preclusion, in his arguments before the trial court. However, “[w]e will consider
    arguments not raised explicitly in the trial court if the issue is 1) not dependent on any
    new or controverted facts; 2) closely related to the appellant’s trial court arguments; and
    3) could have been gleaned from the pleadings.” Asa’carsarmiut Tribal Council v.
    Wheeler, 
    337 P.3d 1182
    , 1188 (Alaska 2014) (internal quotation marks and alteration in
    original omitted) (quoting McConnell v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Div. of
    Med. Assistance, 
    991 P.2d 178
    , 183 (Alaska 1999)).
    14
    Plumber v. Univ. of Alaska Anchorage, 
    936 P.2d 163
    , 166 (Alaska 1997).
    -7-	                                      7022
    from the same transactions as those in the first suit.”15       “What factual grouping
    constitutes a ‘transaction’ is determined by ‘whether the facts are related in time, space,
    origin, or motivation,’ and ‘whether they form a convenient trial unit.’ ”16 At issue in
    this case is whether the State’s suit to pierce Northwest Medical’s corporate veil stems
    from “the same cause of action” or “same transaction” as its previous suit to establish
    Northwest Medical’s tax debt.
    The previous litigation between the State and Northwest Medical concerned
    the propriety of certain deductions Northwest Medical had claimed as business expenses
    and Northwest Medical’s susceptibility to being taxed given its administrative
    dissolution.17 The State did not have to demonstrate that Pister had ignored corporate
    formalities or used the corporate form to commit fraud or a crime in that case. Nor were
    such determinations particularly “related in time, space, origin, or motivation”18 to the
    determinations on which the earlier case turned.
    Piercing the corporate veil is not a claim for damages; instead, it “is a
    means of imposing liability on an underlying cause of action such as a tort or breach of
    contract.”19 It is a procedural rather than a substantive claim, and it “is an equitable
    15
    
    Id. 16 Id.
    at 167 (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND )         OF   JUDGMENTS § 24(2)
    (1982)).
    17
    See Nw. Med., 
    151 P.3d 434
    , 436 (Alaska 2006).
    18
    
    Plumber, 936 P.2d at 167
    (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND ) OF JUDGMENTS
    § 24(2)).
    19
    1 FLETCHER CYCLOPEDIA OF THE LAW OF CORPORATIONS § 41.10 (2015)
    (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted).
    -8-                                       7022
    doctrine, premised on the court’s ability to look past the ‘legal fiction’ to do equity.”20
    It would not be equitable to require that every party adverse to a corporation either
    investigate whether it is necessary and appropriate to pierce the corporation’s veil during
    its original action or else risk later being barred from collecting the judgment it achieves
    from shareholders who have abused the corporate form.
    Other courts that have considered this question have held that veil piercing
    should not be barred by res judicata.21 The Supreme Court of Texas explained that using
    this doctrine to prevent collection of a judgment “would be to pervert the sanctity of
    judgments, not preserve them.”22 A federal district court explained that “[t]o hold that
    the plaintiff could not bring a second suit asserting veil-piercing claims to collect their
    judgment would protect individuals who fraudulently transfer assets from a corporation
    to avoid judgments against them.”23 And another federal district court rejected the
    argument Pister advances because it “would also logically imply that all post-judgment
    veil-piercing claims against a corporation’s owners are barred by res judicata because
    20
    Brown v. Knowles, 
    307 P.3d 915
    , 928 (Alaska 2013).
    21
    See Glenn M. Gottlieb, Res Judicata and Collateral Estoppel Beneath the
    Corporate Veil, 66 CAL. L. REV . 1093, 1096 (1978) (“A finding of corporate liability in
    a suit against the corporation alone has traditionally not been considered to merge the
    plaintiff’s entire cause of action into the judgment. Thus, the plaintiff may bring a
    subsequent suit against the owner, claiming that he should be held individually liable for
    the corporate obligation.”) (footnote omitted). Indeed, some “courts have required a
    prior judgment against a corporation before considering an action to pierce a corporate
    veil.” 1 FLETCHER CYCLOPEDIA OF THE LAW OF CORPORATIONS § 41.28.70 (emphasis
    added).
    22
    Matthews Constr. Co. v. Rosen, 
    796 S.W.2d 692
    , 694 (Tex. 1990).
    23
    JNS Aviation, Inc. v. Nick Corp., 
    418 B.R. 898
    , 910-11 (N.D. Tex. 2009).
    -9-                                       7022
    those owners are necessarily in privity with the corporation against which the judgment
    was rendered.”24
    We are persuaded by the reasoning of these courts, which is consistent with
    the purposes served by claim preclusion. We therefore conclude that res judicata does
    not bar the State’s suit to collect Northwest Medical’s tax debt from Pister personally.
    2.	    We have not previously decided which law Alaska courts should
    apply to suits to pierce the veils of foreign corporations.
    Pister argues that the superior court erred by ruling that Alaska law controls
    whether Northwest Medical’s corporate veil should be pierced.              He argues that
    Washington law, as the state of incorporation, should apply instead. The State responds
    by arguing that we have already decided this issue by applying Alaska law in
    veil-piercing cases involving foreign corporations.
    We disagree with the State’s characterization of our earlier decisions. In
    one of the cases the State cites we concluded that the choice-of-law issue had been
    waived at trial.25 In another we affirmed an order piercing the veils of two corporations,
    one incorporated in Oregon and the other in Alaska, using Alaska law, but there is no
    indication that any party argued that Oregon law should apply.26 Neither case27 decided
    24
    Am. Federated Title Corp. v. GFI Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 
    39 F. Supp. 3d 516
    ,
    524 (S.D.N.Y. 2014).
    25
    See Nerox Power Sys., Inc. v. M-B Contracting Co., 
    54 P.3d 791
    , 802 n.45
    (Alaska 2002).
    26
    See Eagle Air, Inc. v. Corroon & Black/Dawson & Co. of Alaska, Inc., 
    648 P.2d 1000
    , 1002-04 (Alaska 1982).
    27
    The State also cites two cases that do not involve attempts to pierce
    corporate veils but instead cite veil-piercing doctrine as an analogy for distinct questions
    of corporate unity. See Croxton v. Crowley Mar. Corp., 
    817 P.2d 460
    , 464-66 (Alaska
    (continued...)
    -10-	                                      7022
    what law Alaska courts should apply to veil-piercing claims brought against foreign
    corporations.
    Courts across the country have reached different conclusions about the
    proper law to apply when veil-piercing claims are brought against foreign corporations.28
    Some apply the law of the state of the incorporation in every case.29 Others apply more
    general choice-of-law principles, such as an evaluation of the states’ respective
    interests.30 Because we hold that the superior court’s findings justify piercing Northwest
    Medical’s corporate veil under both Alaska and Washington law, we do not need to
    decide this question in this appeal.
    27
    (...continued)
    1991) (construing the reach of the Alaska Workers’ Compensation Act);
    Volkswagenwerk, A.G. v. Klippan, GmbH, 
    611 P.2d 498
    , 505-06 (Alaska 1980)
    (construing the scope of a contract’s forum selection clause). Our citation of Alaska
    veil-piercing law in these cases involving foreign corporations does not decide the issue
    before us.
    28
    See 1 FLETCHER C YCLOPEDIA          OF THE   LAW   OF   CORPORATIONS , supra
    note 19, § 43.72.
    29
    See, e.g., Kalb, Voorhis & Co. v. Am. Fin. Corp., 
    8 F.3d 130
    , 132-33 (2d
    Cir. 1993) (applying New York choice-of-law principles).
    30
    See, e.g., TAC-Critical Sys., Inc. v. Integrated Facility Sys., Inc., 808 F.
    Supp. 2d 60, 64-65 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Gregory Scott Crespi, Choice of Law in
    Veil-Piercing Litigation: Why Courts Should Discard the Internal Affairs Rule and
    Embrace General Choice-of-Law Principles, 64 N.Y.U. A NN . SURV . A M . L. 85 (2008)).
    -11-                                      7022
    3.	    The superior court’s findings justify piercing Northwest
    Medical’s corporate veil under both Alaska and Washington
    law.
    a.	    Alaska veil-piercing law
    Alaska law provides that although corporate veils should be pierced “only
    in exceptional circumstances,”31 it is appropriate to do so “if the corporate form is used
    to defeat public convenience, justify wrong, commit fraud, or defend crime.”32 The
    misconduct standard of veil piercing “exists to prevent a party from obtaining an
    advantage through deceptive or manipulative conduct.”33
    The superior court partially based its finding of misconduct sufficient to
    justify piercing the corporate veil on the way that Pister used Northwest Medical’s
    corporate form to avoid paying corporate and personal taxes. Northwest Medical
    purportedly rented two offices from a family partnership Pister controlled, Northwest
    Homestead Limited Partnership (Homestead), and deducted this rent as a business
    expense. But the Office of Tax Appeals disallowed this deduction, in part because
    Northwest Medical “failed to provide any documentation to show that rent was actually
    paid to anyone.” The superior court examined this matter further and found that the rent
    Northwest Medical claimed as a deduction significantly exceeded Homestead’s
    underlying mortgage and lease payments, frequently resulting in rent deductions that
    were double or triple Homestead’s actual costs.         The rent amounts also varied
    dramatically year to year and seemed to reflect Northwest Medical’s earnings, rather than
    the properties’ value. Most importantly, Homestead was a flow-through entity that did
    31
    L.D.G., Inc. v. Brown, 
    211 P.3d 1110
    , 1125 (Alaska 2009).
    32
    
    Id. (quoting Elliott
    v. Brown, 
    569 P.2d 1323
    , 1326 (Alaska 1977)).
    33
    
    Elliott, 569 P.2d at 1326
    .
    -12-	                                     7022
    not itself file tax returns, and Pister did not report the full amount of Northwest Medical’s
    purported payments, or in some years any payments, as rental income on his personal
    income taxes.
    These findings, which Pister does not meaningfully contest, form a
    sufficient basis to affirm the superior court’s order piercing Northwest Medical’s
    corporate veil. As one treatise puts it, “[t]he guiding principle concerning observance
    or disregard of the [corporate] entity in tax matters is the protection of the government
    against tax evasion.”34 Pister structured a rent deal between his corporation and his
    family partnership to artificially reduce the corporation’s earnings without increasing his
    personal tax liability. By doing so he manipulated the corporate form to evade both state
    and federal taxes. Exploiting a corporation’s balance sheet to camouflage tax evasion
    is exactly the type of misconduct that forfeits the protection of limited liability for
    corporate debts.35 We therefore affirm the superior court’s order piercing Northwest
    Medical’s corporate veil under Alaska’s misconduct standard.36
    34
    1 FLETCHER CYCLOPEDIA OF THE LAW OF CORPORATIONS , supra note 19,
    § 45.10 (footnote omitted).
    35
    See L.D.G., 
    Inc., 211 P.3d at 1126-27
    (“The inferences regarding
    manipulations of the corporate form to avoid taxes . . . are also sufficient to create a jury
    question on whether [a corporation’s individual owner] violated the misconduct standard
    — that is, whether he used the corporate form . . . ‘to defeat public convenience, justify
    wrong, commit fraud, or defend crime.’ ” (quoting Uchitel Co. v. Tel. Co., 
    646 P.2d 229
    ,
    234 (Alaska 1982))).
    36
    Because the misconduct standard was met, we do not evaluate the superior
    court’s alternative ruling that Northwest Medical’s corporate veil could be pierced under
    the mere instrumentality standard. “The relation between the theories is disjunctive, not
    conjunctive,” Brown v. Knowles, 
    307 P.3d 915
    , 929 (Alaska 2013), and “[t]he primary
    consideration in determining whether to pierce the corporate veil is whether the corporate
    form has been abused by the person sought to be charged.” Gold Dust Mines, Inc. v.
    (continued...)
    -13-                                       7022
    b.     Washington veil-piercing law
    Washington law provides that “to pierce the corporate veil the plaintiff must
    show that the corporate form was used to violate or evade a duty and that the corporate
    veil must be disregarded in order to prevent loss to an innocent party.”37 “With regard
    to the first element, the court must find an abuse of the corporate form.”38 This “typically
    involves ‘fraud, misrepresentation, or some form of manipulation of the corporation to
    the stockholder’s benefit and creditor’s detriment.’ ”39 “With regard to the second
    element, wrongful corporate activities must actually harm the party seeking relief so that
    disregard is necessary. Intentional misconduct must be the cause of the harm that is
    avoided by disregard.”40
    Pister argues that the second element of Washington veil-piercing law is not
    met here because the superior court ruled that Skyrad is liable for Northwest Medical’s
    tax debt, a ruling that neither Pister, nor Northwest Medical, nor Skyrad appeals. His
    view is that because “the State has a remedy [against Skyrad],” it is “not necessary to
    36
    (...continued)
    Little Squaw Gold Mining Co., 
    299 P.3d 148
    , 169 (Alaska 2012) (quoting Murat v. F/V
    Shelikof Strait, 
    793 P.2d 69
    , 76 (Alaska 1990)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
    37
    Chadwick Farms Owners Ass’n v. FHC LLC, 
    207 P.3d 1251
    , 1262 (Wash.
    2009).
    38
    Meisel v. M & N Modern Hydraulic Press Co., 
    645 P.2d 689
    , 692 (Wash.
    1982).
    39
    
    Id. (quoting Truckweld
    Equip. Co. v. Olson, 
    618 P.2d 1017
    , 1021 (Wash.
    App. 1980)).
    40
    
    Id. at 693.
    -14-                                      7022
    disregard Northwest’s corporate form,” and therefore Washington law would not permit
    veil piercing.41
    But this misconstrues the second element of Washington veil-piercing law.
    Washington courts have not described this second element as a requirement that the
    courts pursue every possible path to making a victim whole before piercing the corporate
    veil. Instead, one appellate court recently described the second element as “focus[ing]
    on the nexus between the abuse of the corporate form and the injury the plaintiff claims
    justifies the disregard of the corporate form.”42 This is a persuasive interpretation of
    Washington law, which contains no suggestion that successor liability and veil piercing
    are mutually exclusive.43
    The nexus requirement under Washington law is met in this case. Pister
    abused Northwest Medical’s corporate form by having the corporation pay elevated and
    inconsistent rents to Homestead and then deduct these amounts as business expenses.
    This impermissibly reduced Northwest Medical’s corporate tax liability, which is “the
    41
    It is hardly clear that the State actually could collect the tax debt from
    Skyrad. As the State noted at oral argument, Skyrad has not paid the debt even though
    it did not appeal the finding of successor liability and doing so would end the State’s
    efforts to collect the judgment from Pister personally.
    42
    Landstar Inway, Inc. v. Samrow, 
    325 P.3d 327
    , 339 (Wash. App. 2014).
    This description of the second element is consistent with one commentator’s view that
    the second element asks “if any of the wrongful corporate activities actually harmed the
    party seeking relief.” Thomas V. Harris, Washington’s Doctrine of Corporate
    Disregard, 56 W ASH . L. REV . 253, 261 (1981). The Washington Supreme Court has
    cited this analysis approvingly. See 
    Meisel, 645 P.2d at 692
    .
    43
    See, e.g., 
    Meisel, 645 P.2d at 692
    (“While the results of successor liability
    and corporate disregard theories are often the same, the inquiries are conceptually
    distinct.”).
    -15-                                      7022
    injury the [State] claims justifies the disregard of the corporate form.”44          Under
    Washington law, “disregard is necessary” in this case, notwithstanding Skyrad’s
    concurrent liability for the same debt on a different theory.
    The first element of Washington veil-piercing law is also met in this case.
    As discussed above, Pister does not convincingly rebut the superior court’s finding that
    he structured a rent deal between his corporation and his family partnership to artificially
    reduce the corporation’s earnings without increasing his personal tax liability. This
    action fits easily within Washington’s definition of abuse of the corporate form: “fraud,
    misrepresentation, or some form of manipulation of the corporation to the stockholder’s
    benefit and creditor’s detriment.”45 We therefore conclude that the superior court’s order
    provided a proper basis for piercing Northwest Medical’s corporate veil under
    Washington law.
    B.	    The Superior Court’s Finding That Two Contracts Were Fraudulently
    Conveyed Was Clearly Erroneous.
    The superior court ordered that “[t]he transfers of the ANHS contract and
    Maniilaq contract are null and void” because it found that they had been fraudulently
    conveyed from Northwest Medical to Skyrad. Because we affirm the superior court’s
    decision to hold Pister personally liable for Northwest Medical’s tax debt to the State and
    because Pister and Skyrad did not appeal Skyrad’s liability for the same debt as a
    successor corporation, the continuing effect of this ruling as an independent avenue of
    relief is uncertain. But to the extent the superior court’s decision to void the transfers
    remains a live issue, we address the ruling.
    44
    Landstar 
    Inway, 325 P.3d at 339
    .
    45
    Truckweld Equip. Co. v. Olson, 
    618 P.2d 1017
    , 1021 (Wash. App. 1980).
    -16-                                       7022
    1.     The ANHS contract
    The first contract that the superior court concluded was fraudulently
    conveyed was between Northwest Medical and the Alaska Area Native Health Service
    (ANHS), a federal agency. The contract was signed on October 1, 1993, and at that point
    it required ANHS to pay Northwest Medical $412,515 for one year of monthly
    radiological services at four clinics. The contract was then extended six times and
    modified twice. With each extension the contract price changed: to $618,515 in
    October 1994, $959,955 in September 1995, $1,119,955 in October 1996, $1,239,955
    in March 1997, $1,389,955 in September 1997, and finally $1,471,955 in April 1998.
    At trial Pister testified that the contract expired in early 1999.
    The superior court rejected Pister’s explanation and instead accepted the
    State’s view that “[i]n November, 2000, that contract was still in existence and worth
    over 1.4 million dollars.” The superior court concluded that Pister had conveyed the
    ANHS contract but “received no consideration” for it. The superior court faulted Pister
    because Northwest Medical’s “ledger for 1998 does not reflect receipts totaling
    anywhere near 1.4 million dollars, nor do the ledgers for 1999 or 2000.” But this is
    exactly what one would expect if the April 1998 contract extension was the final
    extension — some amount of income from ANHS each year from 1993 through 1999,
    totaling 1.4 million dollars, not a 1.4 million dollar payout at the contract’s conclusion.
    The superior court bolstered its view that Pister had somehow acquired the
    ANHS contract for his own use rather than selling it to satisfy Northwest Medical’s debts
    by reference to Pister’s 2002 testimony before the Office of Tax Assessment, in which
    he stated that the ANHS contract is “now in my name.” But looking at that testimony
    in context indicates that the superior court may have misunderstood it. When Pister
    testified that “[t]he contract is now in my name,” he did so in response to a question that
    asked him to identify the differences between the ANHS contract and an earlier contract,
    -17-                                     7022
    which had not been in his name. He was not testifying that as of the date of his
    testimony the ANHS contract had been placed in his name rather than Northwest
    Medical’s but instead was contrasting it with a prior contract that had different
    contracting parties. This is perfectly consistent with Pister’s testimony at this trial “that
    the contract expired ‘long before’ 2000, and therefore the word ‘now’ did not refer to the
    year 2002.”
    The State’s defense of this ruling is unpersuasive. It may be true that
    “nothing in the record shows that the contract could not have been further extended via
    other documents that were not produced at trial.” But the superior court’s findings were
    not based on the possibility that there were further contract extensions outside of the
    record. Instead, its ruling was based on the “missing” 1.4 million dollars and Pister’s
    2002 testimony. Because both of these bases were unfounded the superior court’s
    findings regarding the ANHS contract are not supported by the record, which clearly
    demonstrates that rather than being fraudulently conveyed, this contract expired.
    2.     The Maniilaq contract
    The second contract that the superior court concluded was fraudulently
    conveyed was between Northwest Medical and the Maniilaq Medical Center in
    Kotzebue. This contract began in October 1997 as a three-year contract for radiology
    services, and it provided that it would be “automatically renewed for another three-year
    term” unless either party notified the other prior to its expiration that the contract would
    not be renewed.
    In July 2000, prior to the contract renewal date, Pister told Maniilaq that
    Northwest Medical would not renew the contract. He then had it valued by Northwest
    Medical’s accountant, Thomas Swanson, who calculated its current value as $4,367
    (based on expected revenues of $18,000 for the one month remaining) in a
    September 2000 letter. Later in September Pister’s new corporation, Skyrad, transferred
    -18-                                       7022
    $4,367 to Northwest Medical and Pister told Maniilaq that he had “recently elected to
    transfer the contract . . . to Skyrad,” and asked them to make all future checks out to
    Skyrad. Pister then executed a new three-year contract between Maniilaq and Skyrad.
    The superior court ruled that this transfer was a reduction of Northwest
    Medical’s assets that served to capitalize Skyrad. The court calculated that, valued as a
    three-year contract, the Maniilaq contract was worth $648,000, that is, $18,000 in
    monthly value multiplied by 36 months. It suggested that the contract could have been
    sold for this amount to an unrelated company, and that the resulting funds could have
    paid Northwest Medical’s tax debts. The court also suggested that the transfer to Skyrad
    might have been made with an eye to Northwest Medical’s dissolution defense, first
    raised in November 2000, and the subsequent danger of Northwest Medical’s corporate
    veil being pierced and Pister being held personally liable for its tax debts.
    Pister argues that the superior court’s valuation was flawed because it
    conflated the revenue a contract is expected to produce with the contract’s value. We
    agree. A service contract’s value must be calculated by reference not just to the revenue
    it will produce but also to the cost of performing the required services. Therefore, the
    superior court’s conclusion that Northwest Medical could have sold the Maniilaq
    contract for $648,000 was incorrect.
    This error does not necessarily mean that the Maniilaq contract was
    lawfully conveyed. Northwest Medical’s accountant calculated the contract’s value as
    if it were a month from expiration. But the contract provided for automatic renewal of
    another three-year term, and indeed Skyrad performed the same contract after Pister, in
    his own words, “elected to transfer the contract” to his new corporation. Just as proper
    contract valuation must distinguish between revenue and value, it must also account for
    the likelihood that the contract will be extended. Pister’s sale price for the Maniilaq
    contract did not properly account for the likelihood of renewal.
    -19-                                     7022
    Although there was clear error in this portion of the superior court’s
    findings, we cannot decide whether the Maniilaq contract was fraudulently conveyed on
    the record before us on appeal. Therefore, if the conveyance of this contract becomes
    material to the State’s ability to satisfy the judgment against Pister, Northwest Medical,
    and Skyrad, the superior court will need to make additional findings with respect to the
    adequacy of the consideration exchanged in light of the proper valuation of the contract
    when it was sold and the other circumstances surrounding the sale.
    V.     CONCLUSION
    We REVERSE the superior court’s fraudulent conveyance decision and
    remand only to the extent that the conveyance of the Maniilaq contract becomes material
    to the State’s ability to satisfy its judgment. We AFFIRM the superior court’s order in
    all other respects.
    -20-                                      7022
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 7022 S-15332

Citation Numbers: 354 P.3d 357, 2015 Alas. LEXIS 82

Judges: Fabe, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen, Bolger

Filed Date: 7/24/2015

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 10/19/2024

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