Sakar v. State , 436 P.3d 479 ( 2018 )

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
HAROLD SAKAR,
Court of Appeals No. A-11603
Appellant, Trial Court No. 4BE-98-124 CR
v.
O P I N I O N
STATE OF ALASKA,
Appellee. No. 2617 — September 7, 2018
Appeal from the Superior Court, Fourth Judicial District, Bethel,
Dale O. Curda, Judge.
Appearances: Kelly Taylor, Assistant Public Defender, and
Quinlan Steiner, Public Defender, Anchorage, for the Appellant.
Diane L. Wendlandt, Assistant Attorney General, Office of
Criminal Appeals, Anchorage, and Craig W. Richards, Attorney
General, Juneau, for the Appellee.
Before: Mannheimer, Chief Judge, Allard, Judge, and Suddock,
Superior Court Judge. *
Judge MANNHEIMER.
*
Sitting by assignment made pursuant to Article IV, Section 16 of the Alaska
Constitution and Administrative Rule 24(d).
In 1999, Harold Sakar was brought to trial on charges of kidnapping and
two counts of first-degree sexualassault. He was defended by attorney Scott Sidell, who
was the contract attorney for the Office of Public Advocacy in the Bethel area.
Sakar was found guilty, and in June 2000 he was sentenced for these
crimes. Sidell told Sakar that he would file an appeal, but (unbeknownst to Sakar) Sidell
failed to do so.
Sidell had apparently been suffering from depression. In early 2003 (about
two and a half years after Sakar’s sentencing), Sidell and discipline counsel for the
Alaska Bar Association entered into a stipulation that Sidell would be placed on inactive
status because of disability, retroactive to January 1, 1998. 1 In March 2003, the Alaska
Supreme Court approved this resolution of Sidell’s bar status.
Also in 2003, Sakar learned that Sidell had not filed the promised appeal
of his convictions. Sakar filed an application for post-conviction relief, alleging
ineffective assistance of counsel. The superior court ultimately ruled that Sidell had been
ineffective when he failed to appeal Sakar’s convictions, and that Sakar was now entitled
to file a belated direct appeal.
In this belated appeal, Sakar argues that the supreme court’s order
retroactively placing Sidell on disability status as of January 1, 1998 entitles him to an
automatic reversal of his conviction, even though Sakar has not shown that Sidell’s
performance in his case was deficient in any identifiable way.
Sakar acknowledges that this Court previously rejected this same argument
(raised by a different client of Sidell) in Nook v. State. 2 However, Sakar contends that
1
See Nook v. State, 251 P.3d 358, 359 (Alaska App. 2011).
2
251 P.3d 358 (Alaska App. 2011).
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Nook was wrongly decided. Alternatively, he argues that his case is distinguishable from
Nook.
For the reasons explained in this decision, we conclude that Sakar has failed
to show either that Nook was originally erroneous or that Sakar’s case is distinguishable
from Nook.
Sakar raises one more claim on appeal: he asserts that the superior court
enhanced his sentence in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to jury trial as
construed in Blakely v. Washington. 3 We reject this claim because Sakar’s conviction
was entered approximately four years before Blakely was decided, and because the
Alaska Supreme Court has held that Blakely is not retroactive. 4
Why we re-affirm our decision in Nook, and why we reject Sakar’s
argument that his case is distinguishable from Nook
In Nook v. State, we rejected the argument that Sidell’s retroactive disability
status entitled all defendants who were represented by Sidell after January 1, 1998 to
claim automatic reversals of their convictions. 5 Our opinion in Nook sets out the reasons
why a rule of automatic reversal was both unmerited and contrary to the Alaska Supreme
Court’s intent when it approved the disability stipulation between Sidell and the Bar
Association. 6
3
542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004).
4
State v. Smart, 202 P.3d 1130, 1135 (Alaska 2009).
5
Nook, 251 P.3d at 362.
6
Ibid.
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Sakar argues that our decision in Nook was originally erroneous, and that
we should now overrule Nook. We have considered Sakar’s arguments, and we remain
convinced that Nook is good law.
Sakar argues in the alternative that the Nook decision has been undermined
by the testimony given by several witnesses at the evidentiary hearing in Sakar’s post-
conviction relief action — witnesses who were critical of Sidell’s general performance
during his tenure as an OPA contract attorney.
But the testimony of these witnesses does not undermine the conclusion that
we reached in Nook — the conclusion that, regardless of what might be said about
Sidell’s performance in general, any individual defendant who asserts a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel against Sidell must show (1) that Sidell’s performance
in their specific case fell below the minimum standard of competence that we expect of
criminal defense attorneys, and (2) that there is a reasonable possibility that this
incompetent performance affected the outcome of the defendant’s trial. 7
At oral argument in this case, Sakar’s appellate attorney conceded that the
record of Sakar’s trial does not reveal any obvious attorney error. We therefore reject
Sakar’s claim that he is entitled to reversal of his convictions simply because he was
represented by Sidell.
In his brief to this Court, Sakar raises one more claim: he contends that
Sidell was incompetent for failing to file a pre-trial motion under a local Bethel court rule
that allowed expansion of the geographic jury selection area up the Kuskokwim River
to the Athabaskan villages situated upriver from Bethel, if one of those Athabascan
villages is the site of the crime.
7
Ibid.
–4– 2617
This issue was not raised in the trial court, and the current record contains
no inquiry or findings regarding the reasons why Sidell did not pursue the suggested
motion. Accordingly, this claim cannot be raised on direct appeal. Rather, it must be
raised in a petition for post-conviction relief. 8
Because Sakar’s case became final for purposes of retroactivity analysis
years before Blakely was decided, Blakely’s holding does not apply to
Sakar’s case
In June 2004, almost four years after the superior court entered judgement
against Sakar, the United States Supreme Court decided Blakely v. Washington. 9 Blakely
announced a new interpretation of the Sixth Amendment right to jury trial — enlarging
that right so that it applies to certain sentencing proceedings. Under Blakely, if the State
proposes an aggravating factor that will expand the court’s sentencing authority beyond
the maximum sentence that would otherwise apply, and if that aggravating factor rests
on facts other than the defendant’s prior convictions, the defendant is entitled to have a
jury decide the aggravating factor, and the defendant is entitled to demand that the
government prove the aggravator beyond a reasonable doubt. 10
However, this rule applies only to cases that were tried after Blakely was
announced or that were pending on direct review at the time Blakely was announced. 11
8
See Burton v. State, 180 P.3d 964, 968-69 (Alaska App. 2008); Sharp v. State, 837
P.2d 718, 722 (Alaska App. 1992); Barry v. State, 675 P.2d 1292, 1295-96 (Alaska App.
1984).
9
542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004).
10
Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303-04, 124 S.Ct. at 2537-38.
11
State v. Smart, 202 P.3d 1130, 1147 (Alaska 2009); Haag v. State, 117 P.3d775, 783
(Alaska App. 2005).
–5– 2617
Sakar was sentenced in August 2000, well before the Blakely decision was
announced. However, Sakar argues that, because he was granted the right to pursue the
present late appeal, his conviction retroactively became (and currently remains) non-final
— thus entitling him to the benefit of the holding in Blakely.
There are few cases that address this issue, but those cases reject Sakar’s
position. For instance, in Gutermuth v. State, 12 the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that a
defendant who was allowed to file a late appeal was nevertheless subject to the law that
would have governed the defendant’s appeal if it had been timely filed. 13 The Indiana
Supreme Court reasoned:
Belated appeals are filed by defendants who have been
diligent in requesting permission to file belated notices of
appeal and have no fault in failing to file a timely notice of
appeal. If they have been found faultless and diligent, they
should not be penalized for filing a belated appeal. But they
also should not be rewarded for their delay. 14
The Sixth Circuit reached the same conclusion in Wheeler v. Jones. 15 The
defendant in Wheeler filed a federal petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2254, arguing (among other things) that the jury instructions at his trial in state
court contained an improper presumption that violated his right to due process under
Sandstrom v. Montana. 16
12
868 N.E.2d 427 (Ind. 2007).
13
Gutermuth, 868 N.E.2d at 433.
14
Id., 868 N.E.2d at 434 (citations omitted).
15
226 F.3d 656 (6th Cir. 2000).
16
Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S. Ct. 2450, 61 L. Ed. 2d 39 (1979).
–6– 2617
Wheeler was convicted before Sandstrom was decided, and Wheeler did
not originally appeal his conviction — thus allowing the conviction to become final. But
after Sandstrom was decided, the Michigan Supreme Court granted Wheeler leave to file
a late appeal (an appeal that was ultimately denied in state court). 17
In his federal habeas petition, Wheeler made the same argument that Sakar
makes here: the claim that, because he was granted the right to pursue a late appeal, his
conviction should no longer be considered final, and thus he should be able to claim the
benefit of any intervening developments in the law. 18
The Sixth Circuit rejected this argument, holding that even though
Wheeler’s right of appeal was revived as a result of his successful collateral attack on his
conviction, Wheeler’s revived appeal was not the exact equivalent of a timely direct
appeal, at least for retroactivity purposes. 19 Instead, the court held that Wheeler’s
revived appeal should be viewed (for retroactivity purposes) as a continuation of his
collateral attack on his judgement. Thus, despite Wheeler’s new opportunity to pursue
an appeal, Wheeler’s criminal judgement still became final (and remained final) for
retroactivity purposes when Wheeler’s original time for filing an appeal expired. 20
The court noted that if Wheeler’s position were adopted, “state court
judgments would never attain finality because they would always be subject to
reconsideration on a motion for a delayed appeal.” 21
17
Wheeler, 226 F.3d at 658.
18
Id. at 659.
19
Id. at 659-660.
20
Ibid.
21
Id. at 660.
–7– 2617
Sakar does not cite any contrary authority. Instead, he argues that the
relevant question is whether, if Sidell had filed the appeal he promised, Sakar’s appellate
attorney might have been alerted to a potential Blakely claim at some point before
Sakar’s hypothetical appeal was resolved.
Sakar notes that Blakely’s precursor, Apprendi v. New Jersey, 22 was decided
on June 26, 2000, shortly before the superior court distributed Sakar’s judgement. Sakar
argues that, if Sidell had filed an appeal, Sakar’s appellate counsel might have read
Apprendi while the appeal was pending, and might have realized that the holding in
Apprendi could potentially be expanded to give defendants the right to jury trial on
aggravating factors — as the Supreme Court held four years later in Blakely.
Sakar further speculates that, if a timely appeal had been filed in his case,
there is even a possibility that this appeal would still have been pending four years later
when Blakely was decided. Sakar suggests that it might have taken this Court two or
three years to decide his appeal, and then the Alaska Supreme Court might have taken
another several months to decide his petition for hearing. Sakar also points out that
either this Court or the supreme court might have remanded his case to the superior court
for further proceedings — thus keeping his conviction from becoming final for an even
greater amount of time.
Finally, Sakar suggests that his appellate counsel might have been
following developments in the criminal law, that his counsel might have learned when
the petition for certiorari in Blakely was first filed (in May 2003), and that his counsel
might have then asked this Court or the Alaska Supreme Court to stay his case pending
the United States Supreme Court’s resolution of Blakely.
22
530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000).
–8– 2617
Sakar’s arguments hinge on speculation and hypothetical possibilities.
Having considered those arguments, we agree with the decisions reached in Gutermuth
and Wheeler: Even when a defendant pursues post-conviction relief and obtains the right
to file a late appeal, the defendant’s conviction should still be considered “final” for
retroactivity purposes when the defendant’s original time for filing an appeal expired.
Thus, if a later appellate decision effects a change in the law, and if that
change is only applicable to cases that were on direct appeal when that decision was
issued, the pertinent question is whether the defendant’s original time for filingan appeal
had expired when the new decision was issued. This rule of retroactivity is not altered
by the fact that the defendant later pursues a collateral attack and is granted the remedy
of pursuing a late appeal.
Accordingly, we conclude that Sakar is not entitled to retroactive
application of Blakely.
Conclusion
We AFFIRM the judgement of the superior court.
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