Wetherilt v. Moore ( 2017 )


Menu:
  •                       NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
    UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
    AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.
    IN THE
    ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
    DIVISION ONE
    KEVIN WETHERILT, et al., Plaintiffs/Appellants,
    v.
    PATRICK H. MOORE, et al., Defendants/Appellees.
    No. 1 CA-CV 15-0143
    FILED 4-6-2017
    Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
    No. CV2011-014464
    The Honorable John Rea, Judge
    AFFIRMED
    COUNSEL
    Curry, Pearson & Wooten, P.L.C., Phoenix
    By Michael W. Pearson, Kyle B. Sherman
    Counsel for Plaintiffs/Appellants
    Warner Angle Hallam Jackson & Formanek, P.L.C., Phoenix
    By J. Brent Welker, Jerome K. Elwell
    Co-Counsel for Defendants/Appellees
    Jerome A. Moore, St. Clair Shores, Michigan
    By Jerome A. Moore
    Co-Counsel for Defendants/Appellees appearing Pro Hac Vice
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    MEMORANDUM DECISION
    Presiding Judge Lawrence F. Winthrop delivered the decision of the Court,
    in which Judge Patricia K. Norris and Judge Kenton D. Jones joined.
    W I N T H R O P, Presiding Judge:
    ¶1            This lawsuit arises from a crash landing on January 28, 2011,
    during the flight of an experimental kit aircraft—a RANS S-6ES—from
    Sedona to Buckeye, Arizona. The plane was piloted by Kevin Wetherilt,
    who was the only person onboard the plane at the time of the crash, and
    owned by Patten Harvey (collectively, “Plaintiffs”). The aircraft’s elevator
    control bracket assembly apparently became inoperative during flight,
    severely limiting Wetherilt’s ability to maneuver and land the plane, and
    Plaintiffs sought to show that the defendant, Patrick H. Moore—a licensed
    airframe and power plant (“A&P”) mechanic, who had conducted annual
    inspections of the aircraft, including most recently on November 15, 2010—
    was the only person to have inspected or otherwise handled the hardware
    of the elevator control system before the accident and had been negligent
    in doing so. Plaintiffs, however, were unable to present direct evidence that
    a defect in the elevator control system existed when Moore completed his
    annual inspection, and at the conclusion of the trial in this matter, the jury
    rendered a defense verdict. Plaintiffs appeal the jury’s verdict and the trial
    court’s denial of their motion for a new trial, arguing that evidentiary errors
    occurred during trial that require reversal. Finding no error necessitating a
    new trial, we affirm.
    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY1
    ¶2           After the accident, Plaintiffs filed a complaint alleging
    negligence, negligence per se, breach of contract, breach of implied
    1      In general, we view the facts and inferences therefrom in the light
    most favorable to affirming the verdict. See Paul Schoonover, Inc. v. Ram
    Constr., Inc., 
    129 Ariz. 204
    , 205, 
    630 P.2d 27
    , 28 (1981).
    2
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    warranty of fitness, and breach of implied warranty of workmanship
    against Moore and others.2
    ¶3            Before trial, the parties filed several motions involving the
    aircraft’s “airworthiness certificate” issued by the Federal Aviation
    Administration (“FAA”), and numerous motions for full or partial
    summary judgment that the trial court mostly denied.3 The court’s pretrial
    minute entries include the following rulings and analyses:
    [T]he [National Transportation Safety Board (“NTSB”)] report
    states that the probable cause of the accident is “[a]
    disconnection of the elevator control linkage due to incorrect
    installation or maintenance, which was due to the retaining
    nut backing off the belt and allowing the bolt to fall out.”
    . . . . Based on the NTSB report, there is a question of
    fact as to the cause of the accident and if the cause was the
    disconnection and whether the disconnection occurred as a
    result of improper assembly or improper maintenance.
    ....
    There is a question of fact as to whether the control
    linkage was secure when inspected by Defendant Patrick
    Moore. The facts of the accident and the evidence secured at
    the scene are evidence from which a jury could conclude that
    Defendant failed to properly conduct the annual inspection,
    2     In addition to Moore (and his wife), the First Amended Complaint
    also named as defendants Edward Snyder and his wife, Patricia; the
    Snyders’ business, Sport Planes Unlimited; and an employee of the Snyders,
    Robert Tolbert. Plaintiffs alleged Snyder, Tolbert, and Sport Planes
    Unlimited negligently built or fully assembled the aircraft before its sale to
    Harvey in 2007. Snyder acknowledged that he or his business built the
    major portion of the aircraft, but the Snyders sought bankruptcy protection,
    and were eventually dismissed without prejudice from the lawsuit. This
    appeal involves only Moore.
    3      The trial court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary
    judgment as to the affirmative defenses of quasi-estoppel, assumption of
    the risk, and “airworthiness,” but noted that “Plaintiff[s] must still prove
    that Defendant Patrick Moore was negligent and that his negligence was a
    cause of the accident.”
    3
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    but are not conclusive as to any of Plaintiff’s claims.
    Defendant Patrick Moore contends that he inspected the
    aircraft and the cotter pins, nuts and bolts in the elevator and
    contends that the control stick mechanism was in place and
    secure. The case is rife with questions of fact.
    ....
    Defendants seek summary judgment on the theory that
    the subject aircraft was not “airworthy” because the
    airworthiness certificate Plaintiff obtained from [the] FAA
    was obtained under the false pretense that Mr. Harvey was
    the “builder[.]” Neither Plaintiffs nor Defendants, however,
    are claiming that the cause of this crash was the alleged
    falsified claim by Mr. Harvey in his “Eligibility Statement
    Amateur–Built Aircraft” form submitted to the FAA that he
    was the builder. Rather Defendants concede that the cause of
    the crash was the failure of the “bolts, nuts, washers and
    cotter pins that held the aircraft’s elevator control bracket
    together” to stay assembled. That Mr. Harvey may have
    submitted false information to the FAA about who built the aircraft
    to obtain eligibility for experimental amateur built aircraft status
    with the FAA for purposes of an airworthy determination may go to
    []his credibility, but not to the agreed upon cause of this accident.
    ....
    Defendants Moore seek summary judgment arguing
    that there is no issue of material fact as to how the crash
    occurred, and that Plaintiffs have no physical evidence that
    Defendant Pat Moore caused the elevator control bracket
    assembly to come apart. However, Plaintiffs’ burden of proof
    is not proof with absolute certainty or even beyond a
    reasonable doubt. Plaintiffs’ burden of proof is by a
    preponderance of evidence. Although there is no direct
    evidence that Defendant Moore caused the bracket assembly
    to come apart, there is circumstantial evidence. Defendant
    Moore, according to Plaintiffs, was the last person to have
    inspected the aircraft. The crash occurred 24 flight hours after
    the inspection. That circumstantial evidence is sufficient to
    create a question of fact as to whether Defendant Moore was
    negligent in his inspection and whether his negligence caused
    the crash.
    4
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    ....
    Defendants may bring out information about whether or not the
    airplane can be certified as to its airworthiness for the purposes of
    evaluating its market value.
    (Emphasis added.) As the trial court’s pretrial rulings made clear, Moore
    could broach the subject of the aircraft’s airworthiness certificate for the
    purposes of impeaching Harvey and evaluating market value/damages,
    but not as a causation defense.
    ¶4            At trial, Wetherilt testified he provided flying lessons to
    others, including Harvey. According to Wetherilt, his log indicated that,
    after the November 15, 2010 inspection, he used Harvey’s plane for flight
    instruction on November 18, 19, and 30, and December 1, 7, 8, 9, 19, 20, and
    21, 2010. During that time, he experienced no difficulty with the elevator
    control system. The next time he flew the plane was slightly more than one
    month later—on January 28, 2011.
    ¶5            Wetherilt had obtained permission from Harvey to use the
    airplane to fly to Buckeye and attend a January 29 “fly-in” at an airstrip
    south of Phoenix. On January 28, Wetherilt drove to Sedona—where
    Harvey’s plane was kept—and inspected the plane, including its flight
    control systems, finding no problems. His inspection included manually
    moving the horizontal elevator panel, which felt normal.
    ¶6            After completing his pre-flight inspection, Wetherilt taxied to
    the runway, conducted a pre-flight engine test, and began his flight toward
    Buckeye. Approximately ten minutes into his flight, he reached 8,500 feet
    and pushed the elevator stick forward to level off, but nothing happened.
    He increased altitude and tried the co-pilot’s stick, without success, then
    ripped off the console between the seats, exposing the elevator control rod.
    He pushed the stick again and the control rod moved, but nothing else did,
    indicating to him the elevator control system had come apart somewhere
    else.
    ¶7             Knowing his cell phone worked better near Cottonwood, he
    tried to turn in that direction, but that maneuver caused the plane to go into
    a downward spiral, which he could not control. After losing approximately
    1,000 feet of altitude, the plane leveled off on its own. Wetherilt texted a
    friend who was an aircraft mechanic experienced with RANS aircraft, but
    the friend’s suggestions provided no solution, and they concluded
    Wetherilt could not get to the area of the plane in need of repair while the
    plane was in flight.
    5
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    ¶8            Wetherilt decided to continue to Buckeye, which had a long
    runway and would not involve flying over a city or into a busy airport.
    During the flight, Wetherilt could control the plane somewhat in making it
    go up or down, but turns were next to impossible.
    ¶9           Approximately twelve miles outside his destination,
    Wetherilt radioed the Buckeye airport.4 He contacted a Lufthansa Airlines
    training plane occupied by three pilots, who informed him several planes
    were in the landing pattern. Wetherilt explained he could not enter the
    landing pattern, but needed to fly straight in, and asked that other planes
    be kept away. The pilot of the training plane agreed to assist him and follow
    him in.
    ¶10          As Wetherilt’s plane approached the runway—with an
    altitude of approximately fifty feet—a sudden down-draft forced the
    plane’s nose down. Wetherilt tried applying more power, but without
    effect, and the plane hit the ground nose down while traveling
    approximately one hundred miles per hour. The nose landing gear was
    ripped off, and the plane skidded to a stop a few feet to the left of the
    runway. As the plane came to rest, Wetherilt became aware of sparks,
    smoke, and the smell of gasoline. He quickly crawled out of the plane, and
    the three Lufthansa pilots helped him shut off electrical circuits and a
    gasoline valve.
    ¶11          Wetherilt called Terry Brandt, a “flying guru” in the Buckeye
    area, who advised Wetherilt to call the Scottsdale FSDO, the FAA agency to
    be contacted in the event of an aircraft accident. Wetherilt made that call,
    and FAA safety inspector Jeff Miller arrived at the Buckeye airport
    approximately two hours later. Meanwhile, Brandt arrived approximately
    thirty minutes after Wetherilt’s call. According to Wetherilt, other than
    turning off the electrical circuits and the gasoline valve, neither he nor
    anyone else touched or moved the plane until Miller’s arrival. The three
    Lufthansa pilots and Brandt stayed with Wetherilt while awaiting Miller.
    ¶12           When Miller arrived, he spoke with Wetherilt, who informed
    Miller that he had not been physically injured. Over the next two hours,
    Miller—followed by Wetherilt—inspected the aircraft, taking pictures and
    opening the fuselage, which exposed where the rod in the elevator control
    4      The Buckeye airport, like the Sedona airport, is an uncontrolled
    airport, meaning that it does not have a control tower.
    6
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    system was disconnected.5 The following day, Wetherilt called Harvey,
    who was vacationing in Hawaii, to inform him of what had happened.6
    ¶13             Miller, the FAA investigator, testified by deposition
    regarding his investigation. After arriving at the crash site, he interviewed
    Wetherilt, who stated he was not physically injured. Miller prepared field
    notes, which disclosed the bolt connecting the aft elevator push-pull control
    tube to the control stick was missing and not to be found, and the bolt
    connecting the forward push-pull tube to the control stick was ready to fall
    out. These were AN drilled shank bolts,7 requiring a washer, castellated
    nut, and cotter pin for safety; however, the hardware was all missing, and
    Miller found neither the missing hardware nor any opening in the bottom
    of the aircraft that would permit hardware from the elevator control system
    to fall out of the plane’s fuselage.
    ¶14           Miller’s testimony differed from that of Wetherilt on
    numerous points: For example, Wetherilt testified the Lufthansa pilots
    remained at the scene; however, Miller testified Wetherilt was the only
    witness to the accident present when he arrived. Wetherilt and Miller also
    disagreed as to who cut the aircraft’s fuselage fabric and opened the
    5      Wetherilt made a report for the FAA approximately one week after
    the crash. His report described the elevator control bracket assembly
    having come apart. Two of the three nuts had come off, one bolt was
    completely out, and another had almost come out. None of the bolts had
    cotter pins inserted in them. He had no knowledge about who caused the
    elevator control system’s condition.
    6      At trial, Harvey testified that after acquiring his plane, he hired
    Moore to do annual inspections in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Harvey claimed he
    “never saw a checklist,” but relied on Moore’s expertise as a mechanic to
    perform these inspections competently and certify his plane as fit for flight.
    Harvey also testified he had spent slightly more than $70,000 to purchase
    the aircraft, and presumably wished to recover approximately that amount,
    but conceded that the current value of the plane “as is” was approximately
    $45,000.
    7     AN, or “Army-Navy,” is a designation meaning the bolt is designed
    and manufactured according to military specifications, and is the industry
    standard for aircraft bolts. AN bolts are generally far superior to common
    hardware bolts.
    7
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    underside of the plane to initially disclose the elevator control failing;
    whether Brandt had found the missing bolt on the runway; and whether
    Miller had even spoken with Brandt during his investigation.8
    ¶15           Miller did not further speak with Wetherilt after the day of
    the accident, but interviewed Harvey and Moore. Harvey stated Moore
    was the only person who had worked on the aircraft, but acknowledged he
    also had a repairman’s certificate.9 Miller reviewed Moore’s aircraft
    maintenance log books, including the engine and propeller log books, and
    noted there was no indication Moore had disassembled the elevator control
    bracket assembly. Miller could not recall in his deposition whether the
    elevator control bracket assembly had received maintenance, although he
    asserted most A&P mechanics “would look at” that. Although Moore
    received a warning letter advising him to more fully describe his work in
    his log books, Miller did not find anything indicating Moore was at fault.
    ¶16          As part of his defense, Moore sought to show Wetherilt,
    Harvey, and other persons had access to the aircraft after he conducted the
    annual inspection on November 15, 2010, and could have performed
    maintenance on the aircraft and/or otherwise meddled with it by
    disassembling the elevator control bracket system. Moore also testified
    regarding his extensive experience as an A&P mechanic and licensed pilot,
    8       In a supplemental disclosure statement, Wetherilt stated a bolt was
    found by Brandt on the ground at the Buckeye airport the day of the crash
    and shown to Wetherilt and Miller. Miller, however, testified he looked for
    the missing hardware that day, but did not find it, and stated if someone
    had presented hardware found on the runway believed to be from the
    plane, he would have photographed the items and referenced them in his
    report.
    9      See 14 C.F.R. § 65.104. Under subsection (a)(2) of 14 C.F.R. § 65.104,
    “[t]o be eligible for a repairman certificate (experimental aircraft builder),
    an individual must . . . [b]e the primary builder of the aircraft to which the
    privileges of the certificate are applicable.” At his April 16, 2013 deposition
    in this case, Harvey testified he had not participated in assembling or
    fabricating the aircraft, and had “not done anything on the airplane but
    change the oil and help a guy change the spark plugs.” Harvey surrendered
    his repairman’s and airworthiness certificates to the FAA shortly before his
    deposition.
    8
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    noting that, for periods exceeding fifty years as a mechanic and pilot, he
    had never had a violation.
    ¶17            Moore had performed annual inspections of Harvey’s aircraft
    in 2008, 2009, and 2010, using a check sheet covering all areas to be
    examined. In the 2008 inspection, the nuts, bolts, and cotter pins were
    found to be properly secured on the elevator control bracket. Moore further
    testified his November 15, 2010 inspection was carefully and properly
    done10; the plane was safe for flight when he signed Harvey’s logbook; his
    certification stopped at the point of signing the logbook and did not cover
    changes after that time; if the cotter pins were not in place, and the nuts
    worked their way off the bolts, causing one of the bolts to fall off the
    elevator control assembly, the hardware should have been found on the
    floor of the aircraft; pictures of the disconnected elevator control system
    after the crash were inconsistent with the condition of that system as
    observed by him on November 15, 2010; and the only explanation for the
    disconnected system was that someone disassembled it after his annual
    inspection. Moore did not touch Harvey’s plane between November 15,
    2010, and January 28, 2011, with the exception of minor servicing events on
    November 19, 2010 (when he reconnected the cylinder head temperature
    device) and January 6, 2011 (when he replaced the tires).
    ¶18           After four days of trial, the jury returned a unanimous
    defense verdict. The trial court entered a judgment in favor of Moore,
    ordering Plaintiffs to pay costs and Harvey to pay attorneys’ fees. In a
    minute entry filed January 9, 2015, the trial court summarily denied
    Plaintiffs’ motion for a new trial.
    ¶19            We have jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ appeal. See Ariz. Rev.
    Stat. (“A.R.S.”) § 12-2101(A)(1), (5)(a) (2016).
    ANALYSIS
    I.     Standard of Review
    ¶20           We will affirm the trial court’s rulings on the admission of
    evidence absent an abuse of discretion or legal error and resultant
    prejudice. See Gemstar Ltd. v. Ernst & Young, 
    185 Ariz. 493
    , 506, 
    917 P.2d 222
    , 235 (1996); Brown v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 
    194 Ariz. 85
    , 88, ¶ 7, 
    977 P.2d 10
        Moore testified he told Miller he did not recall the direction of the
    cotter pins in the 2010 inspection; however, Miller’s field notes indicated
    Moore said he remembered seeing the nuts on the bolts, but could not
    remember seeing the cotter pins.
    9
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    807, 810 (App. 1998) (citing Gasiorowski v. Hose, 
    182 Ariz. 376
    , 382, 
    897 P.2d 678
    , 684 (App. 1994)). Thus, we will not reverse if the jury would have
    reached the same verdict without the admitted evidence. See 
    Brown, 194 Ariz. at 88
    , ¶ 
    7, 977 P.2d at 810
    . We review legal questions and the
    interpretation of statutes de novo. See, e.g., Open Primary Elections Now v.
    Bayless, 
    193 Ariz. 43
    , 46, ¶ 9, 
    969 P.2d 649
    , 652 (1998).
    II.    Defense Counsel’s Alleged Misconduct and Airworthiness
    ¶21             As we have noted, before trial, the parties disputed whether
    the circumstances surrounding the FAA’s issuance of the special
    airworthiness certificate for Harvey’s aircraft could be used as a defense to
    Plaintiffs’ claims.11 The trial court ruled the subject of the airworthiness
    certificate could not be used for causation purposes, but could be used for
    impeachment and damages purposes. As we discuss later, the record fully
    supports the court’s pretrial rulings, and we find no abuse of discretion
    regarding those rulings. See 
    Gemstar, 185 Ariz. at 506
    , 917 P.2d at 235.
    11    An airworthiness certificate for a plane such as Harvey’s requires
    compliance with the provisions of 14 C.F.R. § 21.191, which addresses
    experimental certificates and provides in part as follows:
    Experimental certificates are issued for the following
    purposes:
    (a) Research and development. Testing new aircraft design
    concepts, new aircraft equipment, new aircraft installations,
    new aircraft operating techniques, or new uses for aircraft.
    ....
    (g) Operating amateur-built aircraft. Operating an aircraft the
    major portion of which has been fabricated and assembled by persons
    who undertook the construction project solely for their own
    education or recreation.
    (Emphasis added.) Harvey’s certificate of eligibility, signed and submitted
    by him to the FAA, stated he had complied with the requirement of
    subsection (g) by fabricating and assembling the major portion of his
    aircraft. As Harvey conceded, however, although he had fully paid for the
    building of the plane, Snyder/Sport Planes Unlimited fabricated and
    assembled the plane before its delivery to Harvey.
    10
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    ¶22           Plaintiffs argue Moore’s defense counsel committed
    misconduct throughout his opening statement, questioning of witnesses,
    and closing argument. A verdict or judgment may be vacated and a new
    trial granted if misconduct of the prevailing party materially affected the
    rights of the aggrieved party. Ariz. R. Civ. P. 59(a)(2). “Misconduct
    materially affects an aggrieved party’s rights where it appears probable the
    misconduct actually influenced the verdict.” Maxwell v. Aetna Life Ins. Co.,
    
    143 Ariz. 205
    , 215, 
    693 P.2d 348
    , 358 (App. 1984). “The introduction of
    evidence or pursuit of a line of argument which has no bearing on the
    alleged wrong but which serves only to prejudice the jury is grounds for
    reversal.” Elledge v. Brand, 
    102 Ariz. 338
    , 339, 
    429 P.2d 450
    , 451 (1967)
    (citations omitted). Statements made to a jury not supported by facts or
    reasonable inference that result in prejudice may also constitute reversible
    misconduct. See, e.g., Grant v. Ariz. Pub. Serv. Co., 
    133 Ariz. 434
    , 450-51, 
    652 P.2d 507
    , 523-24 (1982); Sisk v. Ball, 
    91 Ariz. 239
    , 245, 
    371 P.2d 594
    , 598 (1962).
    A.     Alleged Misconduct in Opening Statement
    ¶23           Even assuming Plaintiffs fully preserved each of their
    arguments through timely objections, we find no error requiring reversal.
    Plaintiffs generally assert without elaboration that various comments made
    by defense counsel in his opening statement were “inadmissible.” As a
    plain assertion, we agree. The trial court addressed this issue in its
    preliminary instructions when it cautioned the jury that the lawyers’
    statements and arguments were not evidence: “It is important that you
    distinguish in determining what the facts are between the testimony that
    you hear under oath and what the lawyers say. Only the testimony is
    evidence. What the lawyers say is not evidence.” The court reiterated this
    instruction during trial. We presume the jury followed the court’s
    instructions. See State v. LeBlanc, 
    186 Ariz. 437
    , 439, 
    924 P.2d 441
    , 443 (1996).
    ¶24           Plaintiffs also assert defense counsel attempted to use the
    subject of airworthiness for causation purposes in his opening statement.
    The portion of the record they cite reveals the following: At trial, defense
    counsel began his opening statement by broaching the subject of
    airworthiness and Harvey’s credibility. Plaintiffs’ counsel objected and,
    outside the presence of the jury, argued that although the court had ruled
    Moore could bring the subject of airworthiness in for damages or
    impeachment purposes, the subject of airworthiness could not be used for
    causation purposes. The trial court noted the objection, but denied it,
    11
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    concluding that, although defense counsel had come “pretty close,” counsel
    had not yet “crossed the line.” We find no error in the court’s ruling.12
    ¶25            In his opening statement, defense counsel also stated that
    “[f]or reasons we may get into in this trial, this particular aircraft no longer
    has an airworthiness certificate.” (Emphasis added.) The court overruled
    Plaintiffs’ unspecified objection to this statement, and Plaintiffs argue that
    misconduct occurred because defense counsel knew the aircraft had a valid
    airworthiness certificate at the time of the accident. Contrary to Plaintiffs’
    suggestion, defense counsel’s statement was not improper or a
    misstatement of the facts. We find no error.
    ¶26            Plaintiffs also argue defense counsel improperly suggested
    Moore would only be liable to Plaintiffs if Moore took apart the elevator
    control bracket. The court instructed the jury, however, that Moore could
    be liable for negligence if he failed to “use reasonable care,” which “may
    consist of action or inaction.” We presume the jury followed the court’s
    instructions. See 
    LeBlanc, 186 Ariz. at 439
    , 924 P.2d at 443. Although
    Plaintiffs suggest other statements of defense counsel may have constituted
    misconduct, their contentions are not fully developed, with supporting
    reasons and citation to the record, see ARCAP 13(a)(7)(A)-(B), and in our
    review of the record, we have found no misconduct requiring reversal
    related to the remainder of defense counsel’s opening statement.
    12      Plaintiffs further argue the trial court should have presented the jury
    with “a limiting or curative instruction on the relationship between the
    Airworthiness Certificate and the other elements of Plaintiffs’ claims.”
    Although Plaintiffs did file an “Objection to Defendants’ Supplemental
    Proposed Jury Instructions and Motion for Curative Instructions” after
    defense counsel’s opening statement, they do not in their opening brief cite
    to a portion of the record where they proposed a specific instruction.
    Moreover, when presented with the court’s proposed final instructions and
    specifically asked whether there was “anything you want to put on the
    record about the instructions that were given or not given or modified,”
    Plaintiffs’ counsel stated that, other than an instruction regarding insurance
    (which we later address), he was “fine with it.” Accordingly, to the extent
    Plaintiffs challenge the trial court’s final instructions, including the lack of
    a limiting or curative instruction, they have waived that argument.
    12
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    B.     Other Alleged Misconduct
    ¶27            Plaintiffs’ primary argument supporting a finding of
    misconduct is that defense counsel unfairly sought to impeach Harvey’s
    credibility by improperly and repetitiously calling the jury’s attention to
    circumstances surrounding the FAA’s issuance of the airworthiness
    certificate for Harvey’s aircraft, as well as Harvey’s voluntary
    relinquishment of the airworthiness certificate to the FAA more than two
    years after the accident.13 Plaintiffs maintain defense counsel committed
    misconduct in questioning several witnesses about the airworthiness
    certificate, including asking Harvey about his lack of involvement in
    building the aircraft and prior “misrepresentation” to the FAA that he was
    the aircraft’s “builder”14; questioning Plaintiffs’ expert witness, Charles
    Hicks, about the requirements for an airworthiness certificate and Harvey’s
    alleged misrepresentation to the FAA; questioning Gary Towner, a retired
    FAA safety inspector and designated airworthiness representative who had
    previously certified Harvey’s aircraft for airworthiness15; and questioning
    James Woods, a retired FAA inspector and investigator, who acted as an
    expert witness pertaining to experimental aircraft for Moore.
    ¶28            In this case, even though his aircraft had a valid airworthiness
    certificate issued by the FAA before the crash—and had therefore in his
    13     Throughout the trial, Plaintiffs’ counsel made no objection on the
    basis that any evidence was cumulative and only once objected on the basis
    that a question had been “asked and answered,” during defense counsel’s
    cross-examination of Harvey. The court overruled that single objection.
    14     Plaintiffs argue that Harvey’s statements contained “no
    inconsistencies” and “there was nothing for the Defense to impeach”
    because “Harvey consistently testified that he did indeed sign as the
    ‘builder’ on relevant forms and that he did not assist in the building of the
    aircraft.”
    15     Towner, who accepted Harvey’s certificate of eligibility at “face
    value” and issued the airworthiness certificate, testified the requirement in
    14 C.F.R. § 21.191(g) that an amateur builder of an experimental aircraft
    participate in more than fifty percent of the plane’s fabrication and
    assembly had remained unchanged from at least 2003 through the time
    Harvey sought the airworthiness certification. Towner stated that, had he
    known Harvey had no participation in building the aircraft, he would not
    have certified it.
    13
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    words been “exonerated” by the FAA—Harvey’s veracity in obtaining the
    certificate by representing he was the “builder” who had fabricated and
    assembled the aircraft—and thus his credibility—could be fairly explored
    and attacked because he provided verification inconsistent with his
    subsequent representations and testimony. See Ariz. R. Evid. 607. Further,
    the documents referred to by defense counsel on cross-examination of
    Harvey had been admitted upon stipulation of counsel at the onset of trial,
    and could be fairly “inquired into” as “probative of [Harvey’s] character for
    truthfulness or untruthfulness.” Ariz. R. Evid. 608(b)(1). Additionally, the
    witnesses questioned by defense counsel testified that an aircraft cannot be
    operated without a valid airworthiness certificate, and whether Harvey
    could qualify as the “builder” was legally significant to the issue of whether
    his aircraft could be repaired, recertified with a valid airworthiness
    certificate, and then sold. Defense counsel properly solicited information
    about whether the aircraft could be recertified as to its airworthiness for the
    purpose of evaluating its market value and Harvey’s claim for damages.16
    ¶29           Moreover, we reject Plaintiffs’ reliance on one juror’s question
    to Harvey concerning his understanding of the meaning of the term
    “builder” as evidence that defense counsel’s questioning unfairly
    influenced the jury’s verdict. Defense counsel objected to the question,
    arguing that 14 C.F.R. § 21.191(g) “says that a builder means major portion
    must fabricate or assemble a major portion of the aircraft.” The following
    colloquy occurred:
    THE COURT: Well, the – you’ve raised this issue to his
    credibility, and this goes directly to whether it should effect
    [sic] his credibility or not.
    [PLAINTIFFS’ COUNSEL]: I agree, Your Honor.
    THE COURT: Doesn’t go to whether it’s airworthy or not. It
    goes to his credibility.
    [PLAINTIFFS’ COUNSEL]: That’s exactly right.
    Shortly thereafter, the court addressed Harvey as follows: “The next
    question deals with the line of questioning about whether you built the
    plane or not and what you signed. Did you misinterpret what, quote,
    16     As the trial court noted in its October 15, 2014 minute entry awarding
    Moore attorneys’ fees, costs, and Rule 68(g) sanctions, “The issue of
    airworthiness was relevant to the value of the aircraft and therefore central
    to the amount of Harvey’s damages.”
    14
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    builder of plane, close quote, means; that is, whether it was physical
    building versus financing and ordering the plane to be built?” Harvey
    answered, “It never occurred to me in the whole circumstances whether this
    airplane was illegal or not. I was not going to put $70,000 in an illegal
    airplane.”
    ¶30           Plaintiffs’ counsel’s affirmation that the juror’s question went
    to Harvey’s credibility, and Harvey’s answer—which addressed his
    credibility and the plane’s market value—provide no indication that
    defense counsel’s prior questioning unfairly influenced the jury’s verdict
    by arousing passion or prejudice on the part of the jury.
    III.   Airworthiness
    ¶31            Plaintiffs argue that, even if defense counsel’s conduct did not
    rise to the level of reversible misconduct, the trial court’s pretrial rulings
    allowing testimony on the subject of the airworthiness certificate for
    damages and impeachment purposes nonetheless constituted error because
    they had the effect of allowing a debate on airworthiness despite the fact
    that the FAA has exclusive authority to determine whether an aircraft is fit
    for flight and has certified the aircraft airworthy.
    ¶32           The trial court did not err in allowing Moore to present
    evidence of circumstances that might diminish the value of Harvey’s claim.
    Harvey himself acknowledged an experimental aircraft cannot be flown
    without an airworthiness certificate, and Plaintiffs’ witness, Charles Hicks,
    affirmed that if an experimental aircraft is sold without such a certificate,
    its value would be diminished.
    ¶33            Moore’s witness, Towner, the designated airworthiness
    representative, testified that for a plane such as Harvey’s to receive an
    airworthiness certificate, there must be both a certification by a qualified
    person that the plane has been inspected for safe operation and an affidavit
    from the amateur builder that he or she fabricated and assembled at least
    fifty-one percent of the experimental aircraft. Because experimental aircraft
    are not subject to all the maintenance regulations that apply to other
    aircraft, the designated airworthiness representative prepares a list of
    operating limitations that apply to the plane being certified, and annual
    inspections are required. The annual inspections are to be done by a
    certified airframe mechanic or a person possessing a repairman’s certificate.
    The only person eligible to receive a repairman’s certificate would be the
    plane’s builder.
    15
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    ¶34            Moore’s other witness, Woods, explained why major
    participation by the builder in the fabrication and assembly of a self-built
    experimental plane is required when he testified that a repairman’s
    certificate is “a certificate that allows the builder of the amateur-built
    aircraft to perform maintenance on his own aircraft. The presumption
    being he built it, who better to know how to work on it.” Woods also
    testified that the requirement of requiring a “major portion builder” for
    certification had not changed, and the FAA was required to follow the
    applicable regulations. Additionally, if an airworthiness certificate is
    surrendered, it can be recertified by the owner; however, if the owner had
    not actually done the major portion of the original fabrication and
    assembly, the owner would have to disassemble the aircraft, reconstruct it,
    and submit an eligibility statement affirming the owner had done not less
    than fifty-one percent of the fabrication and assembly. Further, if the
    aircraft were sold in its un-airworthy condition, its market value would
    presumably be impacted because the buyer would have to go through the
    same process of disassembling the plane, reconstructing it, and applying
    for an airworthiness certificate by affirming he had built at least fifty-one
    percent of the aircraft, or seek to go through a different classification,
    designated as “experimental airshow, experimental exhibition.”
    ¶35           The preceding testimony on airworthiness was at least
    marginally relevant in that it directly impacted considerations of the plane’s
    market value and Harvey’s damages claim. We find no abuse of discretion
    regarding the trial court’s decision to allow testimony regarding the subject
    of airworthiness as related to Harvey’s damages. See 
    Gemstar, 185 Ariz. at 506
    , 917 P.2d at 235.
    IV.    The Scope of James Woods’ Testimony
    ¶36            Plaintiffs assert that Woods testified regarding a multitude of
    topics outside the scope of Moore’s Rule 26.1 disclosure statement—and
    presumably Woods’ scope of expertise—including the possible causes of
    the accident, the steps to recertify Harvey’s aircraft, and the impact of
    certification on the value of the aircraft.
    ¶37           A summary of Woods’ testimony reveals the following:
    Woods is a retired FAA principal maintenance inspector for airworthiness.
    His responsibilities included oversight of the aircraft maintenance industry;
    certification of repair facilities, mechanics, and aircraft; aviation safety
    inspections; and accident investigation.          His experience included
    experimental aircraft. He has known Moore for approximately fourteen
    years, and verified Moore had no violations as an A&P mechanic.
    16
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    ¶38           Woods conducted over thirty aircraft accident investigations.
    While with the FAA, he was trained in administrative law and regulations,
    conducting accident investigations, and amateur-built certification. He also
    conducted seminars on experimental aircraft and procedures for certifying
    such planes. Woods explained that, in accident investigations, FAA
    investigators look for witnesses, obtain statements, look for evidence from
    traffic control tower tapes and people who took pictures or videos, and
    review any text messages a pilot may have sent requesting help. If an
    emergency is declared, a tape will be kept until it is determined whether
    the investigating office wants it.
    ¶39            Woods testified that, after the crash, he personally inspected
    Harvey’s plane and various documents related to the crash, including
    Miller’s field notes and report. Before the next question, however,
    Plaintiffs’ counsel objected “[b]ased on that line of questioning as far as
    disclosure” because Woods “was never disclosed as an accident
    investigation expert.” Defense counsel countered that Plaintiffs’ counsel’s
    allegation was “not true,” and after a brief discussion, Plaintiffs’ counsel
    withdrew the objection, stating, “I’ll just cross him on it.”
    ¶40            Woods continued to testify, stating he agreed with the
    probable cause determination of the NTSB. He then testified that, if an
    experimental aircraft’s airworthiness certificate were surrendered,
    rescinded, or revoked, the aircraft could still be recertified, and he
    explained the need and process for doing so. He also stated that, in his
    opinion, Harvey’s airworthiness certificate should not be considered valid
    because Harvey had “misrepresented his involvement in the building of the
    aircraft when he submitted the original paperwork.” Plaintiffs’ counsel did
    not object to this testimony.
    ¶41           Based on crash site photos, Woods concluded it did not
    appear the collapsing of the nose gear caused the bottom of the fuselage to
    burst open. The opening in the fuselage bottom, as shown by the
    photographs, had an even line, consistent with being cut, as opposed to the
    jagged, uneven line of a tear that would have been made when the crash
    occurred. Further, if the crash had caused the fuselage to burst, followed
    by the plane sliding off the runway and into the dirt, one would expect to
    find dirt and debris in the fuselage.
    ¶42           Plaintiffs’ counsel again objected on the basis that Woods had
    not been disclosed as an accident reconstruction expert. After another
    discussion, in which the parties disagreed whether the subject had been
    broached and fully explored during Woods’ deposition and whether the
    17
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    defense’s disclosure statement had encompassed Woods “testifying as an
    accident investigation expert,” the trial court sustained the objection.
    ¶43           Woods then testified without objection about the general
    impact of certification on the market value of the aircraft. He also testified
    that his review of the maintenance logs did not indicate that Moore’s annual
    inspections had been deficient or that Moore had ever disassembled the
    elevator control bracket assembly. Woods also stated that his on-site
    inspection of the aircraft’s elevator control bracket system did not reveal
    significant wear.
    ¶44           During cross-examination, Plaintiffs’ counsel inquired about
    Woods’ training and experience in accident investigation and his
    evaluation of Miller’s field notes and the cause of the accident, leading to
    the court ruling the door had been opened for Woods to testify regarding
    accident investigation. During further cross-examination, Plaintiffs’
    counsel questioned Woods about the accident investigation.
    ¶45             On redirect examination, Woods stated that if the elevator
    control system’s hardware had simply fallen off, one would expect to find
    it in the fuselage. He also testified that, from his experience as a pilot, a pre-
    flight inspection would typically involve manually moving the elevator,
    and observing whether the control column moves. A pilot would also pull
    the control column and observe whether the elevator responds properly.
    An elevator control bracket disassembled as this one was would probably
    be detected in the pre-flight inspection. He further affirmed that, if there
    were no problem with the elevator assembly and the landing were simply
    botched, an inspector would expect to find the hardware still intact, and if
    Moore had correctly observed the nuts, bolts, washers, and cotter pins in
    the elevator control system to be properly installed and secured during his
    November 15, 2010 inspection, the only way for that system to appear as it
    does in the post-crash pictures is for someone to have removed those
    components. With the correct tools, someone could remove those
    components in approximately ten to fifteen minutes, although no one had
    ever stepped forward and admitted pulling the cotter pin or otherwise
    removing the hardware.
    ¶46           The court then sustained Plaintiffs’ counsel’s objection to
    defense counsel’s hypothetical asking whether a pilot (presumably
    Wetherilt) could remove the cotter pins and bolts from the elevator control
    linkages in an effort to cover up a botched landing. We presume the jury
    followed the court’s preliminary instructions to not consider questions or
    testimony from which an objection has been sustained. See LeBlanc, 186
    18
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    Ariz. at 
    439, 924 P.2d at 443
    . In response to jury questions, Woods testified
    that sometimes parts cannot be found after a crash, such as those with a fire,
    or a mid-air disintegration, but when the entire plane comes to the scene of
    the impact, he has never been unable to find the hardware.
    ¶47            We find no error requiring reversal. Our review of the
    transcript containing Woods’ testimony leads us to conclude the
    complained-of testimony was either cumulative to other testimony, was un-
    objected to, or the door was opened by Plaintiffs’ counsel on cross-
    examination. Further, Plaintiffs do not demonstrate that Woods’ testimony
    fell outside the scope of his expertise or that they were unfairly surprised
    or prejudiced by his testimony.17 Moreover, to the extent Plaintiffs simply
    challenge Woods’ credibility, it was within the jury’s province to determine
    his credibility. See Logerquist v. McVey, 
    196 Ariz. 470
    , 488, ¶ 52, 
    1 P.3d 113
    ,
    131 (2000). The trial court did not abuse its discretion.
    V.     Moore’s Mention of Insurance
    ¶48          Plaintiffs argue reversible error occurred when Moore
    mentioned insurance, a statement they contend was intentionally
    misleading and prejudicial because it indicated to the jury that Harvey’s
    plane was insured when it was not.
    ¶49             “Evidence that a person was or was not insured against
    liability is not admissible to prove whether the person acted negligently or
    otherwise wrongfully.” Ariz. R. Evid. 411.18 The reason behind the
    prohibition is that admitting evidence of a defendant’s liability insurance
    creates an unacceptable risk that the jury, either in finding liability or in
    determining the amount of the award to make, will be influenced by the
    fact that an insurance policy is available to pay any award made. See
    generally Muehlebach v. Mercer Mortuary & Chapel, Inc., 
    93 Ariz. 60
    , 62, 
    378 P.2d 741
    , 742 (1963). However, the mere mention of insurance will not
    require declaration of a mistrial or a new trial, unless prejudice resulting
    17     In his 8th Supplemental Rule 26.1 Disclosure Statement, Moore
    disclosed that Woods would “testify about all issues involved in this case,”
    and all issues testified by Woods were explored in Woods’ deposition,
    including the possible reasons for the accident, which were explored
    extensively.
    18     The court, however, “may admit this evidence for another purpose,
    such as proving a witness’s bias or prejudice or proving agency, ownership,
    or control.” Ariz. R. Evid. 411.
    19
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    from it is shown. 
    Id. at 64,
    378 P.2d at 743; accord Michael v. Cole, 
    122 Ariz. 450
    , 452, 
    595 P.2d 995
    , 997 (1979); Sheppard v. Crow-Barker Paul No. 1 Ltd.
    P’ship, 
    192 Ariz. 539
    , 547, ¶ 43, 
    968 P.2d 612
    , 620 (App. 1998).
    ¶50           In this case, the issue of insurance was first mentioned to the
    jury on the first day of trial by Wetherilt. In discussing the training he
    provided Harvey for the aircraft, Wetherilt stated, “Usually for most people
    that are stepping down from private pilot, they have a requirement of five
    or six hours with an instructor in order to qualify for the insurance for the
    plane.“ Harvey testified on the second and third days of trial, and at the
    conclusion of his testimony, a juror submitted a question asking why
    Harvey apparently did not have aircraft insurance. The court did not ask
    the question, but instructed the jury as follows:
    There was another question about whether there was
    aircraft insurance. And actually I was just going through our
    final jury instructions. One of the instructions I’m going to
    give you at the end of the case is that in reaching your verdict
    you should not consider or discuss whether any party was or
    was not covered by insurance. Whether any party had
    insurance or didn’t have insurance is not relevant to the facts
    that you have to determine in this case. So it’s a question that
    doesn’t come up in these kinds of cases, insurance.
    ¶51          On the fourth and final day of trial, insurance was mentioned
    again—this time by Moore. When asked on direct examination whether he
    had an opportunity to see Harvey’s plane after the crash, Moore affirmed
    he had. When asked “how that came about,” Moore responded as follows:
    Mr. Harvey called me up and said the insurance
    company was starting to get concerned about the airplane out
    uncovered and he had to get it back up to Sedona. And I told
    him I’ll go down with a buddy of mine. He said he had a
    trailer but he didn’t have a truck. I said I got a buddy and I
    got a buddy with a truck. So we went down and picked it up.
    We folded the wings back and tied everything down, put it
    on Mr. Patten—Mr. Harvey’s trailer and we pulled it back up.
    ¶52            Plaintiffs’ counsel objected, and after approaching the bench,
    stated outside the presence of the jury, “I know he did it inadvertently, but
    he mentioned insurance.” Counsel for Moore avowed, “I told him please
    don’t mention it.” The court began to state it would “tell the jury,” and
    Plaintiffs’ counsel interjected, “I understand. I understand. I’m giving you
    20
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    a heads up. I want to let you know.” Plaintiffs’ counsel did not move to
    strike the testimony.
    ¶53            Later, before the trial court read final instructions to the jury,
    Plaintiffs’ counsel again brought the issue of insurance to the court’s
    attention, stating in part, “I’m not saying it’s malicious. I’m not saying it
    was intentional. I think it was inadvertent. But it still has the same effect[.]”
    Plaintiffs’ counsel then requested “a curative instruction that Mr. Harvey
    did not have insurance on [the airplane], because he didn’t.” The trial court
    denied the request “because we’re giving the standard instruction that they
    should not consider at all insurance, either party.” The court later
    instructed the jury with regard to insurance as follows:
    I told you this earlier but it’s important to repeat. In
    reaching your verdict you should not consider or discuss
    whether any party was or was not covered by insurance. You
    need to determine the facts of the case regarding liability and
    damages and whether any party had or did not have
    insurance has no bearing on your decisions on those issues.
    The subject of insurance was not further mentioned at trial.
    ¶54            Plaintiffs argue that Moore’s mention of insurance was
    inaccurate because it conflicts with Harvey’s declaration filed in support of
    his motion for new trial that the reason he wanted to move the airplane to
    Sedona was due to concern that the airplane might be broken into or
    vandalized, and that a conversation with Moore regarding insurance never
    occurred. Plaintiffs maintain Moore’s mention of insurance misled jurors
    to believe the airplane was insured when, in truth, it was only insured while
    on the ground and not in relation to flight or the accident.
    ¶55          No reversible error resulted from the inadvertent mention of
    insurance by Moore. In this case, the insurance mentioned was apparently
    Harvey’s, not Moore’s, and the context of the testimony by Moore suggests
    the insurance involved was not liability insurance.19 Moreover, Plaintiffs’
    19     See Ariz. R. Evid. 411. Even assuming the language of Rule 411
    applies to prohibit Moore from testifying about Harvey’s insurance, “Rule
    411 specifically applies to ‘insurance against liability,’ and does not mention
    [property or other] insurance.” Cervantes v. Rijlaarsdam, 
    190 Ariz. 396
    , 398,
    
    949 P.2d 56
    , 58 (App. 1997). Moreover, even when mentioned in the context
    of liability insurance, the mere mention of insurance is not necessarily
    21
    WETHERILT, et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    arguments ignore the context of the statement made by Moore and
    overstate Moore’s testimony in saying Moore “claimed the plane was
    insured.” Moore only related what he believed Harvey said to him, and the
    jury had ample opportunity to assess Moore’s credibility. See, e.g.,
    
    Logerquist, 196 Ariz. at 488
    , ¶ 
    52, 1 P.3d at 131
    . Additionally, Plaintiffs’ trial
    counsel, being present and observing the questions and answers, is the
    more reliable source for assessing whether Moore’s mention of insurance
    was inaccurate or made with a bad intention. Most importantly, the trial
    court adequately and correctly addressed the inadvertent mention of
    insurance in its instructions to the jury. We presume the jury followed the
    instructions given it. See 
    LeBlanc, 186 Ariz. at 439
    , 924 P.2d at 443. On this
    record, Plaintiffs have shown no prejudice.
    VI.    Denial of Plaintiffs’ Motion for New Trial
    ¶56           Plaintiffs claim the trial court abused its discretion in denying
    their motion for new trial because, based on Plaintiffs’ previous claims of
    error, the verdict must have been the result of passion or prejudice.
    ¶57            We review the denial of a motion for new trial for an abuse of
    discretion. Larsen v. Decker, 
    196 Ariz. 239
    , 244, ¶ 27, 
    995 P.2d 281
    , 286 (App.
    2000). If it appears clear the jury was actuated by prejudice or passion, its
    verdict may not stand. Mayo v. Ephrom, 
    84 Ariz. 169
    , 174, 
    325 P.2d 814
    , 817
    (1958) (citation omitted). Nevertheless, “[c]ourts are not free to reweigh the
    evidence and set aside the jury verdict merely because the jury could have
    drawn different inferences or conclusions or because judges feel that other
    results are more reasonable.” Hutcherson v. City of Phoenix, 
    192 Ariz. 51
    , 56,
    ¶ 27, 
    961 P.2d 449
    , 454 (1998) (quoting Tennant v. Peoria & Pekin Union Ry.
    Co., 
    321 U.S. 29
    , 35 (1944)). We generally afford the trial court wide
    deference because “[t]he judge sees the witnesses, hears the testimony, and
    has a special perspective of the relationship between the evidence and the
    verdict which cannot be recreated by a reviewing court from the printed
    record.” 
    Id. at 53,
    12, 961 P.2d at 451
    (quoting Reeves v. Markle, 
    119 Ariz. 159
    , 163, 
    579 P.2d 1382
    , 1386 (1978)).
    ¶58           After thoroughly reviewing the applicable record, we find no
    abuse of the trial court’s discretion in denying a new trial. The trial court,
    having observed first-hand the witnesses and evidence presented, was best
    qualified to determine whether a new trial was warranted on the basis the
    jury acted out of passion or prejudice. On this record, Plaintiffs’ generalized
    grounds for a mistrial, and we will not presume prejudice from the
    improper admission of insurance-related evidence. 
    Id. 22 WETHERILT,
    et al. v. MOORE
    Decision of the Court
    claim that the jury’s verdict resulted from passion or prejudice is
    unsupported, and we have found no errors requiring reversal of the verdict.
    VII.   Attorneys’ Fees on Appeal
    ¶59          Noting that this case arises in part out of a contract claim,
    Moore requests an award of costs and attorneys’ fees incurred upon appeal
    pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A) (2016). In our discretion, we decline to
    award attorneys’ fees. We do, however, award an amount of taxable costs
    to Moore contingent upon his compliance with Rule 21, ARCAP.
    CONCLUSION
    ¶60           The trial court’s judgment and denial of Plaintiffs’ motion for
    new trial are affirmed.
    AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
    FILED: AA
    23