Cardinal & Stachel, P.C. v. Curtiss Estate of Leela Curtiss ( 2010 )

FILED BY CLERK
SEP -3 2010
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS COURT OF APPEALS
STATE OF ARIZONA DIVISION TWO
DIVISION TWO
CARDINAL & STACHEL, P.C., an )
Arizona professional corporation, )
) 2 CA-CV 2009-0163
Plaintiff/Appellant, ) DEPARTMENT B
)
v. ) OPINION
)
KIERAN CURTISS, widower of LEELA )
CURTISS (deceased); ESTATE OF )
LEELA CURTISS, )
)
Defendants/Appellees. )
)
APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF COCHISE COUNTY
Cause No. CV200900627
Honorable James L. Conlogue, Judge
REVERSED AND REMANDED
Cardinal & Stachel, P.C.
By Robert D. Stachel, Jr., and Carolyn A. Fritz Sierra Vista
Attorneys for Plaintiff/Appellant
Law Office of Michael Johns
By Charles M. Johns Sierra Vista
Attorneys for Defendant/Appellee Kieran Curtiss
K E L L Y, Judge.
¶1 Appellant Cardinal & Stachel, P.C., (“the law firm”) appeals from the trial
court‟s dismissal of its claim against Kieran Curtiss for attorney fees incurred by his wife
Leela, who died while their marriage dissolution proceedings were pending. The law
firm maintains the court erred in determining the fees were not community debts for
which Kieran was liable after his wife‟s death. We agree and therefore reverse the trial
court‟s judgment.
Background
¶2 “On review of a trial court‟s decision granting a motion to dismiss, we
assume the truth of the allegations set forth in the complaint . . . .” Mohave Disposal, Inc.
v. City of Kingman, 186 Ariz. 343, 346, 922 P.2d 308, 311 (1996). In May 2008, Leela
Curtiss entered into a fee agreement with the law firm “for Representation and Advice
Related to: Dissolution of Marriage/Legal Separation; Temporary Orders.” Leela died in
May 2009 and the dissolution case was dismissed that month.
¶3 The law firm brought this action in June 2009, seeking to recover its fees
from Kieran, as Leela‟s widower, and from Leela‟s estate.1 Kieran, “in his individual
capacity,” moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing the law firm had failed to state a
claim upon which relief could be granted. See Ariz. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Stating it would
consider “only the issues of whether the attorney‟s fees are considered Community Debt
and . . . „necessaries,‟” the trial court reasoned the fees were not community debts
1
There is nothing in the record before us pertaining to Leela‟s estate.
2
because they were incurred to destroy the community, granted Kieran‟s motion, and
dismissed the case. This appeal followed.
Discussion
¶4 The law firm contends the trial court erred in granting Kieran‟s motion to
dismiss. It maintains that because debts incurred during a marriage are presumed to be
community debts and because the Curtiss‟s marriage was never dissolved, it is entitled to
collect from Kieran the legal fees Leela incurred during the dissolution proceeding.
“Generally, we review a trial court‟s grant of a motion to dismiss for abuse of discretion,
but we review issues of statutory interpretation de novo.” T.P. Racing, L.L.L.P. v. Ariz.
Dep’t of Racing, 223 Ariz. 257, ¶ 8, 222 P.3d 280, 282 (App. 2009). And, we will
“uphold dismissal only if the plaintiffs would not be entitled to relief under any facts
susceptible of proof in the statement of the claim.” Mohave Disposal, 186 Ariz. at 346,
922 P.2d at 311.
¶5 The transcripts of the proceedings have not been made part of the record on
appeal. Generally, in the absence of transcripts, we presume they support the trial court‟s
factual findings and rulings, Kohler v. Kohler, 211 Ariz. 106, n.1, 118 P.3d 621, 623 n.1
(App. 2005).2 But, in this case, the trial court made clear in its ruling that it was
addressing solely the legal issue of whether attorney fees incurred in a divorce
2
As the appellant, the law firm was obligated to “mak[e] certain the record on
appeal contains all transcripts or other documents necessary for us to consider the issues
raised.” Baker v. Baker, 183 Ariz. 70, 73, 900 P.2d 764, 767 (App. 1995); see also Ariz.
R. Civ. App. P. 11(b).
3
proceeding can be community debt. And, because Kieran moved to dismiss the petition
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the trial court could not have considered evidence outside the
pleadings without converting the motion to one for summary judgment, which it did not
do.3 See Ariz. R. Civ. P. 12. Thus we address this legal question of first impression in
this state on its merits.
¶6 “Generally, all debts incurred during marriage are presumed to be
community obligations unless there is clear and convincing evidence to the contrary.”
Schlaefer v. Fin. Mgmt. Serv., Inc., 196 Ariz. 336, ¶ 10, 996 P.2d 745, 748 (App. 2000).
As exceptions to this general rule, the legislature has set forth several instances in which
“joinder of both spouses is required” in order to bind the community. A.R.S. § 25-214.
Section 25-214 requires such joinder after service of a petition for dissolution of marriage
when that petition ends in dissolution, but it does not require joinder for fees incurred
before the petition is filed, or for fees incurred when no dissolution ultimately occurs.
¶7 Outside of the specific exceptions set forth in § 25-214, “[t]he test of
whether an obligation is a community debt” is whether the obligation is “„intended to
benefit the community.‟” Schlaefer, 196 Ariz. 336, ¶ 10, 996 P.2d at 748, quoting
3
A “Rule 12(b)(6) motion that refers to a contract or other document attached to
the complaint does not trigger Rule 56[, Ariz. R. Civ. P.,] treatment pursuant to Rule
12(b) because the referenced matter is not „outside the pleading‟ within the meaning of
the rule.” Strategic Dev. & Constr., Inc. v. 7th & Roosevelt Partners, LLC, 224 Ariz. 60,
¶ 10, 226 P.3d 1046, 1049 (App. 2010), citing Ariz. R. Civ. P. 10(c) (“copy of a written
instrument which is an exhibit to a pleading is a part thereof for all purposes”).
4
Phoenix Baptist Hosp. & Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Aiken, 179 Ariz. 289, 294, 877 P.2d 1345,
1350 (App. 1994); see also A.R.S. § 25-215(D) (“Except as prohibited in [A.R.S.] § 25-
214, either spouse may contract debts and otherwise act for the benefit of the
community.”). We disagree with the trial court‟s conclusion that attorney fees incurred
during a dissolution proceeding can never be incurred for the benefit of the community
and we cannot say these fees are debts in “no way connected with the community and
from which the community receives no benefit.” Hamada v. Valley Nat’l Bank, 27 Ariz.
App. 433, 436, 555 P.2d 1121, 1124 (1976). Indeed, although initially counterintuitive in
the context of dissolution proceedings, in some cases the community may benefit from
the orderly and lawful division of assets, including temporary orders which protect
community assets. And, in certain circumstances, the advice of counsel and the entry of
temporary orders providing for a spouse‟s necessary living expenses may, when coupled
with mediation or counseling, actually preserve the marriage.
¶8 Our legislature has viewed legal representation as sufficiently important to
the dissolution process to include it, along with “necessities of life” in the expenditures
either party may make from community assets after [the] filing of a petition for
dissolution.4 A.R.S. § 25-315(A)(1)(a). Likewise, in discussing whether attorney fees
4
At oral argument, the law firm requested a ruling that reasonable attorney fees
always are community debt under § 25-315(A)(1)(a). Although that section allows a
spouse to encumber community assets, so does A.R.S. § 25-214(C), and a debt incurred
under § 25-214(C) still must benefit the community in order to be classified as
community debt under § 25-215(D). See Zork Hardware Co. v. Gottlieb, 170 Ariz. 5, 6,
821 P.2d 272, 273 (App. 1991) (“While either spouse may bind the community under
5
could be awarded to a spouse who was not destitute under A.R.S. § 25-324, this court
recognized the principle that “every spouse . . . owes a duty of support to his or her
marital partner,” and that duty extends to the payment of dissolution-incurred attorney
fees under certain circumstances. Magee v. Magee, 206 Ariz. 589, ¶ 14, 81 P.3d 1048,
1051 (App. 2004).
¶9 Additionally, we note that in a community where children are present, child
custody will be determined in the dissolution proceeding and the best interests of the
child must be served in that determination. A.R.S. § 25-403. Thus, attorneys for the
spouses also play a role in benefiting the children of the community in dissolution. Cf.
Bustos v. Gilroy, 751 P.2d 188, 190-91 (N.M. Ct. App. 1988) (although concluding
attorney fees not presumptively community debt, finding fees relating to child custody
issues community debt in light of statute providing that debts are community unless, inter
alia, they do not benefit “spouses or their dependents”).
¶10 In order to constitute community debt, a debt need not be incurred with the
primary intent of benefiting the community. Hofmann Co. v. Meisner, 17 Ariz. App. 263,
A.R.S. § 25-214(C) . . . [t]he authority to contract debts extends only to those „for the
benefit of the community‟ under § 25-215.”), quoting § 25-215. We see no meaningful
distinction between the authority granted to spouses under § 25-214(C) and that granted
in § 25-315(A)(1)(a), and therefore cannot agree with the law firm‟s assertion that the
“benefit” requirement should not be applied here. Reading § 25-315 as broadly as the
law firm urges essentially would render the “benefit” requirement of § 25-215(D)
meaningless. See Hanson Aggregates Ariz., Inc. v. Rissling Constr. Group, Inc., 212
Ariz. 92, ¶ 6, 127 P.3d 910, 912 (App. 2006) (“In interpreting a statute, we are required to
read the statute as a whole and give meaningful operation to all of its provisions and
ensure an interpretation that does not render meaningless other parts of the statute.”).
6
268, 497 P.2d 83, 88 (App. 1972). Rather “[a]ll that is required is that some benefit was
intended for the community.” Id. Furthermore, no actual pecuniary benefit need be
received by the community. Lorenz-Auxier Fin. Group, Inc. v. Bidewell, 160 Ariz. 218,
220, 772 P.2d 41, 43 (App. 1989). Thus, the fact that attorney fees may benefit the client
spouse more than the community as a whole is not determinative; rather, there need only
be some intent to benefit the community. If such intent exists, the attorney fees can be a
community debt, despite the fact the proceeding in which they are incurred ultimately
will divide the community assets and terminate the community.
¶11 As the law firm points out, Kieran has not cited, nor has our review found,
“any cases in other community property jurisdictions that disallow attorney‟s fees
incurred in dissolution of marriage actions.” Although the cases the law firm cites in
support of its argument are distinguishable based upon differences in state law, they
generally support the proposition that attorney fees incurred in a dissolution action can,
under some circumstances, be community debt. As noted above, even though New
Mexico courts have rejected the argument that such fees are presumptively community
debt, they have characterized fees incurred in relation to child custody matters as
community debt. See Bustos, 751 P.2d at 190-91. Louisiana provides by statute that
these fees are community debt. La. Civ. Code Ann. art. 2362.1 (2009) (“An obligation
incurred before the date of a judgment of divorce for attorney fees and costs in an action
for divorce and in incidental actions is deemed to be a community obligation.”); Carroll
7
v. Carroll, 753 So. 2d 395, 395-96 (La. Ct. App. 2000).5 And, although it was not the
primary issue before the court, in Wileman v. Wade, the Texas Court of Appeals accepted
a trial court‟s finding that attorney fees incurred by a wife during a dissolution action
were community debt. 665 S.W.2d 519, 520 (Tex. App. 1983); see also Sandone v.
Miller-Sandone, 116 S.W.3d 204, 205, 208 (Tex. App. 2003) (stating “attorney‟s fees
incurred in connection with the divorce are presumptively a community debt” and court
“may apportion [them] . . . as part of a just and right division of property.”). In sum,
other community property states have identified circumstances in which attorney fees
incurred in dissolution are community debt.
¶12 We agree that attorney fees incurred in dissolution may, in some
circumstances, be community debt. But here, the trial court concluded that attorney fees
incurred in a dissolution proceeding could never be community debts, as a matter of law.
Thus, on the record before us, the court did not address whether Leela had evinced any
intent to benefit the community. Accordingly, on remand the trial court should consider
whether Leela intended a benefit to the community and if, therefore, the attorney fees at
issue here were community debt. In so doing, the court should disregard Leela‟s
“subjective intent” and consider “only the surrounding circumstances at the time of the
5
Idaho also had such a statutory provision, but it since has been eliminated. See
Bell v. Bell, 835 P.2d 1331, 1338 (Idaho Ct. App. 1992).
8
transaction . . . in ascertaining h[er] objective intent.” Hofmann, 17 Ariz. App. at 267,
497 P.2d at 87.6
¶13 Finally, we note Kieran moved to dismiss “in his individual capacity, and
not as the Personal Representative of the Estate of Leela Curtiss.” As mentioned earlier,
the trial court stated in its ruling that it would address only the legal issue whether the
attorney fees were community debt. But, it dismissed the complaint entirely, not just
against Kieran in his individual capacity. The law firm does not specifically challenge
the dismissal of the complaint against any such estate.7 See Ariz. R. Civ. App. P.
13(a)(6).
Disposition
¶14 The judgment of the trial court, including its award of attorney fees, is
reversed as to Kieran Curtiss and the matter is remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this decision. The law firm requests an award of its attorney fees and
costs incurred in prosecuting this matter on appeal and in the trial court, pursuant to
A.R.S. §§ 12-341 and 12-341.01. “Because the award of fees incurred at trial lies within
6
Notably, Leela died before the dissolution of her marriage to Kieran was final, so
the two were still married at the time of her death. We therefore need not consider
whether Leela could unilaterally bind the community after she filed the petition for
dissolution. See § 25-214(C)(3) (Joinder of both spouses required “[t]o bind the
community, irrespective of any person‟s intent with respect to that binder, after service of
a petition for dissolution of marriage, legal separation or annulment if the petition results
in a decree of dissolution of marriage, legal separation or annulment.”).
7
Because the law firm has not addressed this issue, we do not consider it.
9
the discretion of the trial court, we remand for that determination [as well].” Sanders v.
Foley, 190 Ariz. 182, 190, 945 P.2d 1313, 1321 (App. 1997). On appeal, the law firm is
entitled to its costs as the prevailing party, see § 12-341, and that request is granted upon
its compliance with Rule 21, Ariz. R. Civ. App. P. In our discretion, however, we deny
its request for attorney fees on appeal. See Schwab Sales, Inc. v. GN Constr. Co., 196
Ariz. 33, ¶ 14, 992 P.2d 1128, 1132 (App. 1998).
/s/ Virginia C. Kelly
VIRGINIA C. KELLY, Judge
CONCURRING:
/s/ Garye L. Vásquez
GARYE L. VÁSQUEZ, Presiding Judge
/s/ Peter J. Eckerstrom
PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Judge
10