Carondelet Health Network v. Atteberry No Travmed USA ( 2009 )


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  •                                                                FILED BY CLERK
    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS              JUN 12 2009
    STATE OF ARIZONA                 COURT OF APPEALS
    DIVISION TWO                     DIVISION TWO
    CARONDELET HEALTH NETWORK                      )
    dba ST. JOSEPH’S HOSPITAL, an                  )
    Arizona corporation,                           )
    )
    Petitioner,    )
    )
    v.                         )   2 CA-SA 2009-0019
    )   DEPARTMENT B
    HON. MICHAEL MILLER, Judge of the              )
    Superior Court of the State of Arizona, in     )   OPINION
    and for the County of Pima,                    )
    )
    Respondent,      )
    )
    and                         )
    )
    MARY K. ATTEBERRY, individually, as            )
    the surviving wife of DUDLEY E.                )
    ATTEBERRY, deceased, and on behalf             )
    of JOEL T. ATTEBERRY, DANIEL L.                )
    ATTEBERRY, NATHANAEL S.                        )
    ATTEBERRY, and TIMOTHY L.                      )
    ATTEBERRY, the surviving children of           )
    DUDLEY E. ATTEBERRY, deceased,                 )
    and all other statutory beneficiaries of       )
    DUDLEY E. ATTEBERRY, deceased;                 )
    KEUN HYUK NO and EUN JOO NO,                   )
    husband and wife; TRAVMED USA,                 )
    INC., a North Carolina corporation; and        )
    INPATIENT MEDICAL                              )
    CONSULTANTS, P.L.L.C., an Arizona              )
    professional limited liability company,        )
    )
    Real Parties in Interest.   )
    )
    SPECIAL ACTION PROCEEDING
    Pima County Cause No. C 20080195
    JURISDICTION ACCEPTED; RELIEF DENIED
    Mesch, Clark & Rothschild, P.C.
    By Richard Davis, Scott H. Gan, and Gary J. Cohen                                  Tucson
    Attorneys for Petitioner
    Law Office of Carter Morey
    By Gregory G. Wasley                                                               Tucson
    Attorneys for Real Party in
    Interest Mary K. Atteberry
    V Á S Q U E Z, Judge.
    ¶1            In this special action, petitioner Carondelet Health Network challenges the
    respondent judge’s order requiring Carondelet to disclose the name, address, and telephone
    number of a hospital patient who, while sharing a room with fellow patient Dudley Atteberry,
    witnessed events that preceded Dudley’s death. Carondelet claims the physician-patient
    privilege bars disclosure of the witness’s identity.
    ¶2            “When a trial court orders disclosures that a party or witness believes to be
    protected by a privilege, appeal provides no remedy. Special action is the proper means to
    seek relief.” Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Superior Court, 
    159 Ariz. 24
    ,
    25-26, 
    764 P.2d 759
    , 760-61 (App. 1988); see also Ariz. R. P. Spec. Actions 1(a). Because
    the issue presented is “of statewide importance [and] . . . likely to arise again,” we accept
    2
    jurisdiction of this special action. State ex rel. Romley v. Martin, 
    203 Ariz. 46
    , ¶ 4, 
    49 P.3d 1142
    , 1143 (App. 2002), aff’d, 
    205 Ariz. 279
    , 
    69 P.3d 1000
    (2003). We review the
    respondent judge’s disclosure order for an abuse of discretion. See Ariz. R. P. Spec. Actions
    3(c).
    Facts and Procedural Background
    ¶3            Real party in interest Mary Atteberry is Dudley’s widow. Mary brought the
    underlying action for medical malpractice and wrongful death against Carondelet and other
    individual and corporate defendants. She alleges their negligence in failing to protect and
    properly care for Dudley while he was a patient at St. Joseph’s Hospital resulted in the
    injuries and subsequent complications that led to his death on May 28, 2007.
    ¶4            In the early morning hours of May 16, Dudley sustained a fractured hip after
    falling in his hospital room. Later that morning, his hospital roommate told Mary that
    Dudley had fallen twice in the night and that, each time, the roommate had notified Dudley’s
    nurse. Although Mary thus spoke directly with the roommate on May 16, she did not obtain
    the man’s name or any contact information.
    ¶5            Mary asserts the hospital records produced in discovery did not mention the
    first fall or either of the roommate’s reports to Dudley’s nurse. Mary thus submitted a
    written interrogatory asking Carondelet for “the name, address and telephone number of the
    patient who shared the hospital room with Dudley E. Atteberry on the evening of May 15,
    2007, and the early morning hours of May 16, 2007.” Claiming the identity of Dudley’s
    3
    roommate was protected by the physician-patient privilege, Carondelet refused to provide the
    information, and Mary moved to compel the discovery. The respondent judge granted
    Mary’s motion, ordered Carondelet to disclose the identifying information under seal, and
    directed counsel not to reveal the patient’s name to anyone else “without prior permission
    from the Court or express, written permission by the patient.” This petition for special action
    followed.
    Discussion
    ¶6            The physician-patient privilege, codified in Arizona at A.R.S. §§ 12-2235 and
    12-2292,1 exists to foster a patient’s “full and frank disclosure of medical history and
    symptoms” to his or her physician in order to facilitate the best possible medical treatment.
    Lewin v. Jackson, 
    108 Ariz. 27
    , 31, 
    492 P.2d 406
    , 410 (1972). The privilege reflects a
    societal judgment that people should feel free “to seek treatment undeterred by fear that a
    1
    Section 12-2235, entitled “Doctor and patient,” provides in pertinent part: “In a civil
    action a physician or surgeon shall not, without the consent of his patient, . . . be examined
    as to any communication made by his patient with reference to any physical or mental disease
    or disorder . . . or as to any such knowledge obtained by personal examination of the patient.”
    Section 12-2292, entitled “Confidentiality of medical records and payment records,”
    provides in pertinent part: “A. Unless otherwise provided by law, all medical records and
    . . . the information contained in medical records . . . are privileged and confidential. A
    health care provider may only disclose . . . a patient’s medical records . . . as authorized by
    state or federal law or written authorization signed by the patient . . . .” Even before the
    enactment of § 12-2292 in 1995, see 1995 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 225, § 1, this court had held
    hospital records containing information that would be privileged under § 12-2235 were
    similarly covered by the physician-patient privilege. Tucson Med. Center Inc. v. Rowles, 
    21 Ariz. App. 424
    , 427, 
    520 P.2d 518
    , 521 (1974).
    4
    private physical condition will become a matter of public discussion.” Joseph M. Livermore
    et al., Arizona Law of Evidence § 501.1, at 123 (4th ed. 2000).
    ¶7             In contrast to other exclusionary rules barring the admission of evidence
    deemed “unreliable, likely to be misused, confusing or time consuming,” privileges tend to
    exclude evidence that “is often reliable, valuable, and relevant proof.”           
    Id. at 120.
    Consequently, because they “impede the truth-finding function of the courts,” privilege
    statutes are strictly construed. Catrone v. Miles, 
    215 Ariz. 446
    , ¶ 10, 
    160 P.3d 1204
    , 1209
    (App. 2007), quoting Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day 
    Saints, 159 Ariz. at 29
    , 764 P.2d
    at 764.
    ¶8             Whether and to what extent a privilege exists is a question of law. Id.; see also
    Ledvina v. Cerasani, 
    213 Ariz. 569
    , ¶ 3, 
    146 P.3d 70
    , 72 (App. 2006); Blazek v. Superior
    Court, 
    177 Ariz. 535
    , 537, 
    869 P.2d 509
    , 511 (App. 1994). As with any issue of law, our
    review is de novo. See Ledvina, 
    213 Ariz. 569
    , ¶ 
    3, 146 P.3d at 72
    .
    ¶9             As authority for invoking the physician-patient privilege here, Carondelet relies
    principally on our supreme court’s statement in Ziegler v. Superior Court, 
    131 Ariz. 250
    ,
    251, 
    640 P.2d 181
    , 182 (1982) (Ziegler I), that disclosing the identities of certain former
    patients of the defendants in that case would have violated the privilege. Despite the breadth
    of the court’s language, the scope of its actual holding is narrower, tethered necessarily to
    the facts of the case before it.
    5
    ¶10             In the underlying action in Ziegler, the plaintiff had sued two doctors for
    surgically implanting a pacemaker she did not need; she had also sued the hospital where the
    doctors practiced for failing to supervise and control the medical services provided in its
    facility. See Ziegler v. Superior Court, 
    134 Ariz. 390
    , 391, 
    656 P.2d 1251
    , 1252 (App. 1982)
    (Ziegler II). A central issue in the case was whether the hospital knew or should have known
    that the doctors had implanted unnecessary pacemakers in other patients as well, and the trial
    court had previously ordered disclosure of the medical charts of twenty-four such patients,
    with their names and other identifying information removed. 
    Id. At a
    pretrial medical
    liability review panel hearing in the case, expert witnesses for the plaintiff had “testified that
    20 of the 24 medical charts represented medical malpractice by reason of unnecessary
    implantation of pacemakers.” 
    Id. at 391-92,
    656 P.2d at 1252-53.
    ¶11             Because the medical records of those nonparty patients in Ziegler had already
    been produced to counsel with the patients’ names and addresses excised, subsequent
    disclosure of their identities would have potentially linked each patient to his or her records
    and necessarily revealed private information about each individual’s medical condition and
    treatment. Indeed, and in contrast to this case, that was the purpose for which the patients’
    identities were sought—because their medical conditions and the treatment they had received
    from the defendant doctors constituted relevant evidence supporting Ziegler’s claims against
    the hospital.
    6
    ¶12           Despite the literal language of Ziegler I, we do not read the case to hold that
    the physician-patient privilege creates a blanket prohibition against the disclosure of a
    patient’s identity, as Carondelet asserts, because that was not the legal issue presented by the
    facts before the court. And, even while broadly declaring the patients’ identities protected
    in that case, the court simultaneously acknowledged the purpose of the physician-patient
    privilege and the sort of information the privilege is intended to protect: “The former
    patients are entitled to be left to their privacy secure in the belief that their confidences,
    treatment, and records are protected from disclosure.” 
    Ziegler, 131 Ariz. at 251
    , 640 P.2d
    at 182 (emphasis added).
    ¶13           Thus, the actual holding of Ziegler I is narrower than some of its language
    might suggest, if excerpted and read out of context. Ziegler I stands only for the proposition
    that the physician-patient privilege protects a patient’s identity when its revelation would
    inevitably expose information about the patient’s medical history, condition, or treatment,
    and potentially reveal information the patient had divulged in confidence.2 We therefore
    reject Carondelet’s interpretation of Ziegler I and decline to apply the court’s literal language
    to the decidedly different facts presented here.
    2
    Our interpretation is consistent with the statutory language creating the privilege,
    which prevents questioning a physician in a civil action about “any communication made by
    his patient with reference to any physical or mental disease or disorder . . . or as to any such
    knowledge obtained by personal examination of the patient.” § 12-2235 (emphasis added).
    Self-evidently, a patient’s name, address, and contact information are not “communication[s]
    . . . with reference to any physical or mental disease or disorder.” 
    Id. 7 ¶14
              Our interpretation of Ziegler I is both informed and buttressed by later
    developments in the case. In Ziegler II, a successive special action following the remand
    ordered in Ziegler I, this court ruled the plaintiff was entitled to review and potentially use
    as evidence the charts of twenty-four former patients. There, we held that such charts could
    be used to support her claim of negligent supervision by the hospital, provided the patients’
    identities and privacy were protected. See 
    Ziegler, 134 Ariz. at 393
    , 
    395, 656 P.2d at 1254
    ,
    1256. In the process, we discussed the competing interests at stake and weighed the public
    interest in hospitals adequately supervising members of their medical staffs against the
    privacy interests of individual patients who were not parties to the litigation:
    [M]edical records of other patients who might have had
    unnecessary pacemaker implantations are relevant to the notice
    issue. It is thus readily apparent that a blanket prohibition
    against examination and use against the hospital of such records
    would result in an injustice. We believe that the order of this
    court, set forth above, adequately safeguards the privacy of
    former patients not parties to this litigation and preserves the
    spirit of the physician-patient privilege. At the same time it
    furthers the public interest by insuring that hospitals will more
    scrupulously supervise the members of their medical staffs and
    prevent exposure of future patients to medical incompetence.
    We cannot see how any patient would be inhibited in confiding
    in his doctor when there is no risk of humiliation and
    embarrassment, and no invasion of the patient’s privacy.
    
    Id. at 394,
    656 P.2d at 1255.
    ¶15           In Ziegler II, we also cited and discussed cases from other jurisdictions that had
    addressed similar issues. One of two from which we quoted with approval was Rudnick v.
    Superior Court, 
    523 P.2d 643
    (Cal. 1974). There, the California Supreme Court discussed
    8
    the criteria the trial court should use in determining on remand whether the defendant drug
    manufacturers, who had received certain confidential adverse-drug-reaction reports from
    physicians, could invoke the physician-patient privilege on behalf of the patients in refusing
    to produce the physicians’ reports of their patients’ adverse reactions to the manufacturers’
    
    product. 523 P.2d at 651
    . Anticipating a question it foresaw arising upon remand, the court
    offered this “guidance” to the trial court:
    “The whole purpose of the privilege is to preclude the
    humiliation of the patient that might follow disclosure of his
    ailments.” City & County of S.F. v. Superior Court (1951) 
    37 Cal. 2d 227
    , 232, 
    231 P.2d 26
    , 28. Therefore if the disclosure of
    the patient’s name reveals nothing of any communication
    concerning the patient’s ailments, disclosure of the patient’s
    name does not violate the privilege. If, however, disclosure of
    the patient’s name inevitably in the context of such disclosure
    reveals the confidential information, namely the ailments, then
    such disclosure violates the privilege. Conversely if the
    disclosure reveals the ailments but not the patient’s identity, then
    such disclosure would appear not to violate the privilege.
    
    523 P.2d 643
    , 650 n.13 (citations omitted). Our ruling in Ziegler II reflected our agreement
    with the California court’s analysis in Rudnick, and the supreme court denied review of our
    decision.3
    ¶16           In contrast to the facts in Ziegler, the parties here are not interested in the
    confidential contents of the unnamed patient’s medical records. Instead, because he was an
    eyewitness to events that happened to occur in a hospital room, Mary seeks to discover what
    3
    We are inclined to agree with Mary that the twenty-six-year coexistence of Ziegler I
    and Ziegler II in our jurisprudence supports the conclusion that they do not conflict.
    9
    information he can provide about what he witnessed. At oral argument, Carondelet argued
    that disclosing the witness’s identity would be tantamount to revealing privileged information
    about his medical condition and treatment because the inevitable inquiry into his ability to
    perceive and recall events would necessarily raise questions about his physical or mental
    condition and what medications he may have taken.
    ¶17              In this respect, however, the patient-as-witness is no differently situated than
    any other eyewitness to events that later become the subject of litigation. Should he
    ultimately testify, the parties would be entitled to inquire into any factors or conditions that
    could have affected the witness’s sensory perceptions at the time or his subsequent ability
    to recall what he observed. To the extent such an inquiry might delve into private, sensitive,
    or privileged information that the witness does not want revealed, we would trust the trial
    court to fashion such protections as it deems appropriate under the circumstances of this
    specific case.
    ¶18              In our view, requiring Carondelet to disclose the identity of this witness, under
    the restrictive conditions the respondent judge has imposed, does not run afoul of Ziegler I
    nor violate the protections the physician-patient privilege affords for confidential medical
    communications. Nor does it thwart the purposes behind the privilege. We simply do not
    find plausible Carondelet’s assertion at oral argument that our holding today will discourage
    persons from seeking necessary medical care, from visiting doctors or being admitted to
    hospitals, or from divulging personal information necessary to receive appropriate care in
    10
    those settings. As we observed in Hospital Corporation of America v. Superior Court, 
    157 Ariz. 210
    , 212, 
    755 P.2d 1198
    , 1200 (App. 1988), statutory privileges are strictly construed
    because they “contravene the principle that the public has a right to every person’s evidence.”
    The respondent judge’s order strikes an appropriate balance between Mary’s right to the
    evidence Dudley’s roommate may have, while protecting his privacy and the confidentiality
    of his personal medical information to the fullest extent possible.
    ¶19           Although we accept jurisdiction of this special action, we find no abuse of the
    respondent judge’s discretion, see Ariz. R. P. Spec. Actions 3, and therefore deny relief.
    ____________________________________
    GARYE L. VÁSQUEZ, Judge
    CONCURRING:
    ____________________________________
    PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Presiding Judge
    ____________________________________
    J. WILLIAM BRAMMER, JR., Judge
    11