Sir Jeffery McNeil-lewis v. State of Arkansas , 2023 Ark. 54 ( 2023 )

Cite as 2023 Ark. 54SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
No. CR-22-433
Opinion Delivered: March 30, 2023
SIR JEFFERY MCNEIL-LEWIS
APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE CRITTENDEN
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
V. [NO. 18CR-21-104]
STATE OF ARKANSAS HONORABLE RANDY F.
APPELLEE PHILHOURS, JUDGE
AFFIRMED.
RHONDA K. WOOD, Associate Justice
Criminal defendants have the right to confront witnesses against them. McNeil-
Lewis contends the circuit court erred by admitting (i) two 911 calls reporting a shooting
and (ii) a dash cam video containing statements from an eyewitness. The speakers on the
calls and the eyewitness were not present at trial and were unavailable for him to cross-
examine. We conclude the 911 calls were properly admitted as nontestimonial statements
and conclude any error from the admission of the dash cam video was harmless. The
additional issues on appeal were not preserved for our review. We affirm.
I. Factual Background
Sir Jeffery McNeil-Lewis was charged with first-degree murder, first-degree battery,
eight counts of terroristic threatening, and firearm enhancements for each charge. These
charges followed a shooting in West Memphis, Arkansas. He was tried on the charges.
Testimony from the jury trial showed that the shooting victims—Jarvis Moore and Stacy
Abram—had been doing electrical work in a vacant house. They had taken their lunch
break on the front porch when two men started shooting at them from across the street.
Moore suffered a gunshot wound to the head and died a short time later at the hospital.
Abram suffered a gunshot wound to his arm but survived. Abram later identified McNeil-
Lewis as one of the shooters.
The police apprehended McNeil-Lewis at the scene; additional evidence connected
him with the shooting. Police recovered guns from a house across the street owned by
McNeil-Lewis’s sister. Witnesses had seen McNeil-Lewis leaving this house. These guns
matched the shell casings found at the crime scene and the bullet recovered from Jarvis
Moore’s head. Gunshot residue was found on McNeil-Lewis’s hands.
Along with this evidence, the State presented evidence from witnesses absent from
trial: two 911 calls and a video from a police dash camera. The video showed statements
from Aaliyah Perry, an eyewitness. But Perry never appeared at trial because the State failed
to serve her with the subpoena. The defense argued the evidence violated McNeil-Lewis’s
right to confrontation and that the statements were inadmissible hearsay. The court
nevertheless admitted the video.
Lillian Blazin, patrolwoman at the West Memphis Police Department, testified about
the events surrounding the video. Officer Blazin arrived at the crime scene a few minutes
after she had been dispatched. Officer Blazin started “asking questions because there was a
rather large crowd,” and encountered Aaliyah Perry, who told Blazin that she’d seen “the
whole thing.” Officer Blazin said Perry appeared shaken: “She was terrified. She was
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absolute [sic] petrified. She was shaking.” Officer Blazin then took Perry to her patrol car,
and their conversation continued while Perry sat in the back seat.
Perry told Officer Blazin that “there was one fat man and one skinny guy that had
done the shooting.” Officer Blazin told Perry that she would need to go to the station to
give a statement, got more background information from Perry, and then closed the door
to the patrol car. A few seconds later, Perry quickly knocked on the patrol car window as
the police were clearing people from the crime scene. According to Officer Blazin’s
testimony at trial, Perry identified McNeil-Lewis as the shooter. This is the part of the
exchange between Perry and Officer Blazin from the patrol car:
BLAZIN: I’m going to run here real quick and see if they’ve got something.
Okay. What’s your name, baby?
PERRY: Aaliyah Perry.
BLAZIN: Okay. Phone number and address, one in Arkansas.
PERRY: Oh, my gosh.
BLAZIN: All right. What’s your name?
PERRY: Aaliyah Perry.
BLAZIN: Aaliyah Perry, Aaliyah Perry. What’s your birthday?
PERRY: May 30, 2002.
BLAZIN: 5/30/02, 5/30/02. All right. Baby, I’m going to place you in our - -
you’re not in trouble. You’re good. Just breath. [sic] Okay. Try and
think of anything and everything. Okay. All right. Yeah, she will.
She’s going to have to give a statement.
[Ed. note: Perry quickly knocks on patrol-car door]
PERRY: I think that’s him.
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BLAZIN: Huh?
PERRY: I think that’s him.
BLAZIN: Who?
PERRY: The guy.
BLAZIN: Which ones?
PERRY: Oh, man. It is him. The big dude.
SPEAKER: [Indiscernible.]
PERRY: It is him.
SPEAKER: The one the detective is with?
PERRY: It is him. It’s the big dude.
BLAZIN: Which one? Which one?
PERRY: Both of them.
BLAZIN: That my partners are talking to[]?
PERRY: Yes.
BLAZIN: 5944, my witness is saying that the big one was probably involved.
PERRY: No, he was. They ran into this house.
BLAZIN: Ok. I gotcha, baby. Don’t get her out of the car. She can stay in
there. What have you got, McPhearson? Oh, I thought you were
McPhearson. What do you need, sir? I thought that was Nick. It’s
Cap. He said he’s okay.
Was it both of them?
PERRY: Yes.
BLAZIN: Which one?
PERRY: The one in the white. Wait, I want to make sure. I think the one
with the white shirt [indiscernible]. I know it was a small dude. I
know it was that big guy because they both right here.
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BLAZIN: Okay. So it was the big one and then which one?
PERRY: I don’t know. Because I know [indiscernible] the one in the white
shirt.
BLAZIN: You think it was the one in the white shirt?
PERRY: White shirt and they both had guns.
Officer Blazin relayed this information to the other officers, who arrested both McNeil-
Lewis and the alleged accomplice.
The jury ultimately returned a guilty verdict on all counts. The case then went to a
sentencing hearing. Neither side presented witnesses, but both gave closing arguments. The
jury sentenced McNeil-Lewis to life imprisonment plus fifteen years. Several weeks later,
McNeil-Lewis filed a motion for a mistrial alleging a juror had failed to disclose being related
to someone in law enforcement. The circuit court never ruled on the motion, which was
deemed denied. McNeil-Lewis now appeals from the convictions and this deemed-denied
motion.
II. Law and Analysis
A. Confrontation Clause and Hearsay
McNeil-Lewis challenges the admission of the 911 calls and admission of the dash
cam video. He argues all were inadmissible hearsay and violated his right to confront
witnesses against him. As to the 911 recordings, we hold that the hearsay argument wasn’t
preserved and that the recordings were admissible under the Confrontation Clause as
nontestimonial statements. As to the dash cam video, we conclude its admission was harmless
error.
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Hearsay statements are admissible against a defendant in a criminal trial when two
conditions are met. First, the statement must fall under a hearsay exception; second, the
statement cannot violate the defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses
against him. Seely v. State, 373 Ark. 141, 145, 282 S.W.3d 778, 782 (2008). We review the
constitutional question about the Confrontation Clause de novo. Id.The Confrontation Clause analysis begins with the United States Supreme Court’s
decision in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004). There, the Court held “testimonial”
hearsay was inadmissible in criminal cases except when the witness was unavailable and
when the declarant had a prior opportunity for cross-examination. Id. at 68. The Court “left
for another day” what evidence counted as testimonial, but concluded it included “at a
minimum . . . prior testimony at a preliminary hearing, before a grand jury, or at a former
trial; and to police interrogation.” Id.The Court clarified the definition of “testimonial” in Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S.
813 (2006). That case consolidated two appeals—Davis itself and Hammon v. Indiana. Davis
asked whether a 911 call counted as testimonial; Hammon asked the same question about a
victim’s affidavit signed shortly after police responded to a domestic-violence call. Id. 817–
21. To resolve these questions, the Court created a “primary purpose” test to distinguish
between nontestimonial and testimonial statements:
Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under
circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is
to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.
They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is
no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to
establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.
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Id. at 822.
Applying this test, the Court concluded the 911 call in Davis was nontestimonial
because the declarant was describing “events as they were actually happening, rather than
describing past events”; because questions from 911 dispatch were intended to “resolve [a]
present emergency”; and because the encounter took place in an informal setting when the
declarant was giving “frantic answers . . . over the phone in an environment that was not
tranquil or . . . safe.” Id. at 827. In Hammon, on the other hand, the Court concluded the
affidavit was testimonial because, when the statement was obtained, the declarant told the
police that “things were fine . . . and there was no immediate threat to her person.” Id. at
830. The police, at that time, were not trying to find out “what is happening, but rather
what happened.” Id.
1. 911 calls
As to these 911 calls, we first hold that McNeil-Lewis failed to preserve his argument
that the circuit court abused its discretion when it admitted this evidence as an exception to
hearsay. Below, defense counsel objected only on the Confrontation Clause, relevance, and
that the evidence was substantially more prejudicial than probative. “An appellant may not
change the grounds for his argument on appeal and is instead limited to the scope and nature
of the objections presented at trial.” Stover v. State, 2017 Ark. 66, at 5, 511 S.W.3d 333,
335. We address only his Confrontation Clause argument asking whether the 911 calls were
testimonial or nontestimonial.
These calls are sufficiently like the facts in Davis. The statements described events as
they were happening. In the first call, the declarant frantically asks the 911 dispatcher to
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send an ambulance because a man had been shot and was lying on the ground. In the second
call, the declarant repeated the same information about a man having been shot and that
shots were being fired. These statements reported a shooting injury and described present
events. We affirm the circuit court’s ruling that these statements were nontestimonial
because, when viewed objectively, their primary purpose was to seek police assistance for
an ongoing emergency.
2. Dash cam video
As to the dash cam recording, even if the video had been improperly admitted, we
still have no basis to reverse and remand for a new trial.1 The erroneous admission of hearsay
does not justify reversal when the error was harmless. Proctor v. State, 349 Ark. 648, 668, 79
S.W.3d 370, 383 (2002). Confrontation Clause violations also receive harmless-error
analysis. Roston v. State, 362 Ark. 408, 410, 208 S.W.3d 759, 760 (2005) (citing Delaware v.
Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673 (1986)). That analysis includes several factors: (i) whether the
statement was important to the prosecution’s case; (ii) whether the statement was
cumulative; (iii) whether other testimony corroborated or contradicted the statement; (iv)
whether cross-examination was otherwise extensive; and (v) whether the prosecution’s case
was strong overall. Id. Applying those factors here, we conclude the admission of the dash
cam video was harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 681(noting conviction should not be set aside if constitutional error is harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt).
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See, e.g., Lewis v. State, 2023 Ark. 12, at 18 (affirming based on harmless error after
assuming the evidence had been improperly admitted).
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First, while the statement was important to the prosecution’s case as it involved an
identification of the defendant, the statement was cumulative to other eyewitness testimony.
Stacy Abram, one of the victims, also identified McNeil-Lewis both by a photo-
identification lineup shortly after the shooting and then at trial. Second, Perry’s identification
was relayed through Officer Blazin’s testimony; that is, one reason the jury knew that Perry
had identified McNeil-Lewis was through Officer Blazin’s subsequent elaboration at trial.
And Officer Blazin was subject to cross-examination by the defense. This examination
included questions about the relation of the patrol car to the crime scene; whether the
windows were tinted; whether the crowd could have obstructed Perry’s view; and other
questions meant to test the accuracy of Perry’s identification.
Third, the court permitted the defense wide latitude to introduce evidence of Perry’s
later inability to make an identification. And finally, the State’s case included other physical
evidence of McNeil-Lewis’s guilt, like the gunshot residue on his hands and the expert
testimony connecting the guns found at his sister’s house with the bullets and shell casings
found at the scene and in the deceased victim’s body. For these reasons, any error was
harmless.
B. Procedurally Defaulted Arguments
McNeil-Lewis’s final two arguments were not preserved for our review. The first
involved the prosecutor’s argument to the jury during the sentencing hearing. McNeil-
Lewis argues the statement improperly appealed to the jury’s passions and that we should
review the argument even though defense counsel failed to object. But we have rejected
these types of arguments before, noting that to preserve an argument for appeal regarding
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closing statements, defense counsel must make a contemporaneous objection. E.g., Buckley
v. State, 349 Ark. 53, 68–70, 76 S.W.3d 825, 834–35 (2002).
The next issue involves the circuit court’s denial of a posttrial motion about juror
misconduct. The motion argued a juror failed to disclose being the child of the former
Crittenden County Sheriff, even though asked about relation to law enforcement in the
juror questionnaire and during voir dire. The motion noted that defense counsel discovered
this possible relation “after the jury found the defendant guilty while waiting for a sentencing
decision.” Defense counsel is required to raise an issue of jury misconduct at the first
opportunity. Hendrix v. State, 298 Ark. 568, 569, 768 S.W.2d 546, 547 (1989). The first
opportunity would have been while waiting for sentencing. Yet counsel waited until fifteen
days after the trial to file the motion. A motion for a new trial based on juror misconduct
should contain a statement that the defense did not know about the misconduct until after
trial. Owens v. State, 300 Ark. 73, 78, 777 S.W.2d 205, 207–08 (1989). Because counsel
failed to raise the allegation during the trial proceedings, we do not consider the merits.
III. Rule 4-3(a)
In compliance with Arkansas Supreme Court Rule 4-3(a), the record has been
examined for all objections, motions, and requests made by either party that the circuit court
decided adversely to the appellant. No prejudicial error has been found.
Affirmed.
Lassiter & Cassinelli, by: Michael Kiel Kaiser, for appellant.
Tim Griffin, Att’y Gen., by: Rachel Kemp, Sr. Ass’t Att’y Gen.; and Michael Zangari,
Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.
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