Continental Construction Co. v. Nabors , 2015 Ark. App. LEXIS 74 ( 2015 )

Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 60ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION II
No.CV-14-453
Opinion Delivered February 4, 2015
CONTINENTAL CONSTRUCTION
COMPANY and TRAVELERS APPEAL FROM THE ARKANSAS
INDEMNITY COMPANY WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
APPELLANTS COMMISSION
[ No. F903914]
V.
RONNIE J. NABORS
APPELLEE AFFIRMED
LARRY D. VAUGHT, Judge
Appellants Continental Construction Company (Continental) and Travelers Indemnity
Company (Travelers) appeal from an opinion of the Arkansas Workers’ Compensation
Commission awarding appellee Ronnie Nabors benefits for an injury he sustained during his
employment with Continental. The Commission affirmed and adopted the administrative law
judge’s decision that Nabors sustained a compensable injury when he slipped on the ice on the
morning of March 2, 2009, while walking from the main gate of the construction site to his
employer’s work trailer prior to clocking in. On appeal, appellants argue that substantial evidence
does not support the Commission’s finding that Nabors was performing employment services
when he was injured. Specifically, appellants argue that the going-and-coming rule precludes
recovery because Nabors was injured while walking to Continental’s work trailer to clock in for
the day. We affirm because substantial evidence supports the Commission’s finding that Nabors
Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 60had already engaged in employment activity by donning his personal protective equipment and
swiping an access card to obtain entry to the job site.
On and before March 2, 2009, Nabors worked full-time as an iron worker for
Continental, assisting in the construction of a power plant near Blytheville, Arkansas.
Continental was one of several subcontractors involved in the project. The site was controlled
by the general contractor, Zachary and Dynegy Construction (Zachary), which erected a fence
surrounding the job site and controlled entry and exit of all workers through one main gate. In
order to enter the gate, Zachary required all workers to don their personal protective equipment
and swipe an access card.
Nabors and other employees who were not from the area resided at the Royal Inn in
Blytheville, approximately a thirty-minute drive from the construction site. They were paid a per
diem in addition to their hourly wages to cover the added expenses associated with living away
from home. In order to receive their per diem, employees were required to appear at
Continental’s work trailer on the job site at 7:00 a.m., even if work was cancelled that day.
On the evening of March 1, 2009, Nabors’s supervisor told Nabors that, due to
forecasted inclement weather, there may be emergency work that had to be done at the site the
next morning and that he should report to work. On March 2, Nabors awoke around 5:00 a.m.
and observed a significant amount of snow on the ground. He did not see his supervisor’s truck
parked outside, leading him to believe that the supervisor had already gone into work. He called
his supervisor to see if work had been cancelled but got no response. Nabors drove to the job
site and parked outside the front gate. In order to enter the gate, Nabors donned his personal
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Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 60protective equipment and swiped his access card. He then walked to his employer’s work trailer,
located approximately 200 yards from the main gate. When Nabors was approximately fifty feet
from the work trailer, he slipped on the ice, injuring his lower back. The fall took place between
6:30 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. Nabors then proceeded to the work trailer, signed in, and learned that
work had been canceled for the day.
Nabors filed a claim for compensation for his injury with the Commission. By agreement
of the parties, the primary issue to be determined was compensability. After a hearing, the ALJ
issued an opinion finding that Nabors had suffered a compensable injury and awarded him
benefits. Continental and Travelers appealed to the Commission. The Commission affirmed and
adopted the ALJ’s opinion. Continental and Travelers filed a timely notice of appeal.
In reviewing decisions from the Commission, we view the evidence and all reasonable
inferences deducible therefrom in the light most favorable to the Commission’s findings, and
we affirm if the decision is supported by substantial evidence. Parker v. Comcast Cable Corp., 100
Ark. App. 400, 404, 269 S.W.3d 391, 394 (2007); Jones v. Xtreme Pizza, 97 Ark. App. 206, 245
S.W.3d 670 (2006). Substantial evidence is relevant evidence which a reasonable mind might
accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Id., 269 S.W.3d 391; Mays v. Alumnitec, Inc., 76 Ark.
App. 274, 64 S.W.3d 772 (2001).
In order for an accidental injury to be compensable, it must arise out of and in the course
of employment. Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-102(4)(A)(i) (Supp. 2007). A compensable injury does
not include an injury incurred at a time when employment services were not being performed.
Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-102(4)(B)(iii). An employee is performing employment services when he
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Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 60or she is doing something that is generally required by his or her employer. Dairy Farmers of Am.,
Inc. v. Coker, 98 Ark. App. 400, 255 S.W.3d 905 (2007). We use the same test to determine
whether an employee is performing employment services as we do when determining whether
an employee is acting within the course and scope of employment. Pifer v. Single Source Transp.,
347 Ark. 851, 857, 69 S.W.3d 1, 4 (2002). The test is whether the injury occurred within the time
and space boundaries of the employment, when the employee was carrying out the employer’s
purpose or advancing the employer’s interest, directly or indirectly. Id., 69 S.W.3d at 4.
Appellants contend that Nabors was not performing employment services at the time of
the injury because he was on his way to the job trailer to clock in for the day when he fell. The
going-and-coming rule ordinarily precludes compensation to an employee while he is traveling
between his home and his job because employees who have fixed hours and places of work are
generally not considered to be in the course of their employment while traveling to and from
work. Wright v. Ben M. Hogan Co., 250 Ark. 960, 468 S.W.2d 233 (1971); Parker v. Comcast Cable
Corp., 100 Ark. App. 400, 405, 269 S.W.3d 391, 395 (2007). Prior to Act 796 of 1993, the
premises exception to the going-and-coming rule provided that, although an employee at the
time of injury had not reached the place where his job duties were discharged, his injury was
sustained within the course and scope of his employment if the employee was injured while on
the employer’s premises or on nearby property either under the employer’s control or so situated
as to be regarded as actually or constructively a part of the employer’s premises. Hightower v.
Newark Pub. Sch. Sys., 57 Ark. App. 159, 163, 943 S.W.2d 608, 610 (1997). In Hightower, however,
we held that the statutory requirement of the 1993 Act that an employee must be performing
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Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 60employment services at the time of the injury eliminated the premises exception to the going-
and-coming rule. Hightower, 57 Ark. App. at 164, 943 S.W.2d at 610. In order to determine
whether an injured employee was performing employment services, we must analyze whether
the injury occurred within the time and space boundaries of the employment when the employee
was carrying out the employer’s purpose or advancing the employer’s interest, directly or
indirectly. Pifer, 347 Ark. at 857, 69 S.W.3d at 4.
In Caffey v. Sanyo Manufacturing Corporation., 85 Ark. App. 342, 346, 154 S.W.3d 274,
277–78 (2004), we held that an employee who had presented a security badge at two guard
shacks and entered the manufacturing plant, but who had not yet clocked in when she slipped
and fell in the hallway, was performing employment services because her employer required her
go through those obstacles before getting to her work station. Like Caffey, this case goes beyond
the situation in which an employee is injured while walking to or from his vehicle in the parking
lot before or after work. Nabors had already taken affirmative steps (or gone through obstacles,
as the Caffey court put it) to satisfy the general contractor’s safety and security requirements to
enter the job site. Nabors was clearly advancing his employer’s interests when he complied with
the general contractor’s rules regarding access to the job site. Complying with the regulations
permitted him to access the site to perform work for Continental and allowed Continental to
work in harmony with its direct employer, Zachary. As in Caffey, Nabors was not paid until he
clocked in each day, meaning that Continental did not compensate him for his time spent
donning safety gear and swiping his access card at the gate. However, in Caffey we held that
whether payment is provided for a specific activity is not determinative of whether that activity
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Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 60qualifies as employment services. The key, again, is whether the activity benefited the employer.
We hold that there was substantial evidence to support the Commission’s finding that Nabors
was injured while engaged in conduct that benefited Continental, making his injury compensable.
We also reject appellants’ argument that Nabors was not engaged in employment services
because his real motivation for going to Continental’s work trailer that day was to receive his per
diem. All workers are, on some level, motivated by the desire to be paid for their work.
However, an employee’s subjective motivations in performing an action are not determinative;
the issue is whether his actions advanced the employer’s interest, directly or indirectly. Pifer, 347
Ark. at 857, 69 S.W.3d at 4. We have already determined that there was substantial evidence to
support the Commission’s finding that Nabors’s actions in donning his personal protective
equipment and swiping his access card at the front gate advanced Continental’s interests.
Affirmed.
WHITEAKER and HOOFMAN, JJ., agree.
Spicer Rudstrom, PLLC, by: Bradford J. Spicer and Catherine Corless, for appellants.
Orr Willhite, PLC, by: M. Scott Willhite, for appellee.
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