Armored Republic LLC v. Diamond Age Corporation ( 2021 )

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Armored Republic LLC, No. CV-20-01366-PHX-DLR 10 Plaintiff, ORDER 11 v. 12 Diamond Age Corporation, 13 Defendant. 14 15 16 Before the Court are the parties’ cross motions for the entry of a protective order, 17 which are fully briefed. (Docs. 39, 40, 43, 44.) Armored Republic LLC’s (“Armored”) 18 motion is granted and Diamond Age Corporation’s (“Diamond”) motion is denied for the 19 reasons explained below.1 20 This case stems from the business relationship between Armored—an Arizona 21 company that manufactures and sells products such as ballistic and body armor—and 22 Diamond—a Delaware company that develops and manufactures certain ballistic 23 protection products. On September 10, 2019, the parties allegedly entered into a marketing 24 and distribution agreement (the “Agreement”), which provided that Armored would act as 25 the exclusive distributor—in most of the world—of certain products developed by 26 Diamond. (Doc. 11 at 2.) Following the breakdown of their business relationship, 27 1 Defendant’s request for oral argument is denied because the issues are adequately briefed and oral argument will not help the Court resolve the motion. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 28 78(b); LRCiv. 7.2(f); Lake at Las Vegas Investors Grp., Inc. v. Pac. Malibu Dev., 933 F.2d 724, 729 (9th Cir. 1991). 1 Armored filed suit against Diamond in Maricopa County Superior Court on May 13, 2020. 2 (Doc. 1-1.) Diamond thereafter removed the action to this Court on July 10, 2020. (Doc. 3 1.) Armored’s operative complaint alleges wrongful termination of contract, breach of 4 contract, and breach of warranty claims. (Doc. 11.) It also seeks injunctive relief and a 5 declaratory judgment finding, inter alia, that the Agreement remains binding on Diamond, 6 that Diamond’s manufacturing costs are unreasonable, and that Armored is entitled to 7 assume control of product manufacturing with Diamond’s cooperation. (Id.) In its answer, 8 Diamond brings counterclaims for breach of contract, violation of the Lanham Act, 9 conversion, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and unjust enrichment, 10 and, in the alternative, seeks a declaratory judgment. (Doc. 18.) 11 On December 12, 2020, Diamond filed a motion for protective order.2 (Doc. 39.) 12 In its motion, Diamond requests a protective order that would wholly prevent Armored 13 from accessing responsive materials to eight of its requests for production,3 arguing that 14 the information sought is irrelevant. In the alternative, Diamond requests that—should the 15 Court conclude that the information Armored seeks is relevant—the Court fashion a 16 remedy allowing Armored to access the information “without [making Diamond] hand[] 17 over [its] trade secrets to a direct competitor.” (Id. at 3.) Specifically, Diamond proposes 18 that the Court direct Armored to re-submit its discovery requests, which Diamond will then 19 answer with responsive non-confidential information; and, should Armored find such 20 answers insufficiently responsive, it can seek in camera review of any withheld 21 information by the Court. (Id. at 16.) In its response, Armored argues that the requests for 22 production objected to by Diamond each seek information relevant to the lawsuit’s claims 23 and defenses and proffers a competing protective order that addresses both parties’ 24 confidentiality concerns while seeking to enable access to the materials necessary to 25 2 The procedural posture of Diamond’s motion is peculiar. Rather than waiting to defensively respond to any future motion to compel discovery filed by Armored, Diamond 26 has proactively filed a motion for protective order seeking relief from providing the responses that it has already refused to give. 27 3 In its motion, Diamond addresses why it seeks to avoid responding to request for production nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 14, and 15. However, Armored suggests that Diamond 28 has also refused to provide responses to five of its interrogatories and an additional nine requests for production. 1 prosecute and defend the litigation. (Doc. 40.) In its reply, Diamond does not address or 2 object to Armored’s proposed protective order and fails to provide suggested alterations or 3 argue how the parties’ interests could be better protected. Instead, it reiterates its prior 4 arguments, ignoring that Armored proposed an alternative solution. The Court will deny 5 Diamond’s motion and grant Armored’s motion. 6 First, the Court will not enter an order adopting either of Diamond’s discovery 7 proposals because the information sought by Armored is relevant. Particularly, Armored 8 has provided the Court with a chart that sets forth how each of its 17 discovery requests 9 are relevant to the lawsuit’s claims or defenses. (Doc. 40 at 19-22.) In its argument to the 10 contrary, Diamond contends the information sought is irrelevant because it concerns the 11 Agreement, which is unenforceable. (Doc. 43 at 16.) In the alternative, it argues that, even 12 if the Agreement is enforceable, the information sought by Armored is nevertheless 13 irrelevant if the Court adopts its own interpretation—disputed by Armored—of certain 14 provisions, such as the cost-plus provision, in the Agreement. But the motion before the 15 Court is not a motion for summary judgment. It would be inappropriate for the Court to 16 make findings regarding the Agreement and its provisions at this juncture. Perhaps 17 recognizing this fact in its reply, Diamond requests that, should it be persuaded to deny 18 Diamond’s motion, the Court stay discovery until it rules on Diamond’s not-yet-filed 19 motion for summary judgment. Diamond contends that, if it were to prevail on its 20 upcoming motion, the need for the release of confidential information will be obviated. 21 Diamond’s cursory and last-minute request for a stay under the circumstances is improper. 22 It has failed to file a motion to stay, cite the stay standard, or to even argue that the factors 23 supporting the issuance of a stay are met here. The Court will deny Diamond’s request for 24 a stay. 25 Second, the Court will grant Armored’s proposed protective order because it is 26 narrowly tailored to protect the parties’ confidential information,4 facilitates access to 27 4 Armored specifically notes that documents at issue contain the private information of its customers and “would provide [] competitors with insight into the methods and 28 processes by which [it] conducts its business and would reveal sensitive sales data.” (Doc. 40 at 11 (quoting DRK Photo v. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., No. CV 12-8093-PCT- 1 materials relevant and necessary to prosecute and defend the case, and because the parties’ 2 interests in preserving their confidential information outweighs the public’s interest in 3 unfettered access to such information. In contrast, the remedy that Diamond seeks cannot 4 be justified by Diamond’s complaints that Armored, a direct competitor, might produce 5 competing products if given access to Diamond’s trade secrets. Rather, “orders forbidding 6 any disclosure of trade secrets or confidential commercial information are rare. More 7 commonly, the trial court will enter a protective order restricting disclosure to counsel.” 8 Fed. Open Mkt. Comm. of Fed. Res. Sys. v. Merrill, 443 U.S. 340, 363 n. 24 (1979). And, 9 even Diamond admits, “[n]ormally, in such situations, a proper remedy would be to have 10 Diamond[] submit its responses stamped ‘Confidential’ or ‘Attorneys’ Eyes Only and 11 prohibit the sharing of such by [Armored’s] counsel with [Armored] with a confidentiality 12 agreement.’” (Doc. 39 at 15.) However, it suggests that such an approach, ultimately 13 espoused by Armored, would be insufficient here because one of the attorneys representing 14 Armored is a cousin of Armored’s principal. (Id.) The Court disagrees. Counsel for 15 Armored have not taken any actions that call into question whether they would respect a 16 confidentiality order issued by the Court. Counsel should be expected to honor court 17 orders, regardless of familial ties to clients. See Schreiber v. Friedman, 15-CV-6861(CBA) 18 (JO), 2017 WL 11508067, at *6 n.4 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 15, 2017) (citation omitted) 19 (“Defendants argue that in light of the family relationship between [Plaintiff and counsel], 20 they are ‘justifiably skeptical that the information will not wind up in the wrong hands.’ [] 21 Defendants have not offered any support for this assertion beyond their speculation, and 22 there is no evidence indicating that the ‘attorney’s eyes only’ restriction will not be 23 respected.”). Accordingly, 24 IT IS ORDERED that Diamond’s motion for protective order (Doc. 39) is 25 DENIED and Armored’s cross motion for protective order (Doc. 40) is GRANTED. 26 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Diamond’s stay request is DENIED. 27 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that a protective order is entered in connection with 28 PGR, 2012 WL 4932659, at *1 (D. Ariz. Oct. 16, 2012)). 1 the prospective production by the parties of documents and other information containing 2 trade secret(s) or other confidential research, development, or commercial information 3 pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1)(G) as follows: 4 I. Scope of Confidential Information 5 A producing party may designate for confidential treatment pursuant to this 6 Protective Order all documents5 and information produced or otherwise disclosed in this 7 action that fall into one or more of the following categories: 8 • Documents or information that the producing party has a reasonable and good-faith 9 belief contain customer/consumer-identifying information. 10 • Documents or information that the producing party has a reasonable and good-faith 11 belief contain a trade secret6 or other confidential research, development, or 12 commercial information pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1)(G). 13 The Court may, upon a showing of good cause, expand the scope of this protective 14 order in the future to encompass additional categories of documents and information that 15 may be designated as Confidential. Documents and information within this scope may be 16 designated by the producing party for confidential treatment pursuant to this Protective 17 Order by affixing a “Confidential” stamp to each page of such documents and information. 18 Such documents and information, as well as any portion thereof, copies, notes, summaries, 19 exhibits, pleadings, memoranda, declarations or affidavits, proprietary information, 20 financial data, information, and documents, deposition transcripts and/or videotapes, and 21 5 A “document” shall mean records provided for inspection or copies delivered in lieu thereof in any form in this matter, including printed matter, electronic media or 22 physical things. A “document” shall mean any designated tangible things or electronically- stored information—including writings, drawings, graphs, charts, photographs, sound 23 recordings, images, and other data or data compilations—stored in any medium from which information can be obtained either directly or, if necessary, after translation by the 24 responding party into a reasonably usable form. 25 6 For purposes of this Protective Order, “trade secret” means information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique or process, that both: 26 (a) derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally 27 known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; and (b) is the subject of efforts that are 28 reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy. 1 any other litigation-related documents (including attorney work product files) that attach 2 or refer to any confidential information (collectively called “Confidential Information”) 3 shall be subject to the provisions of this protective order and shall not be used except as 4 provided in this protective order. By treating documents or information as Confidential 5 Information, no party waives the right to challenge any designation of any document or 6 information as “Confidential.” 7 A party may further designate certain Confidential Information, which is highly 8 sensitive and which the producing party reasonably and in good faith believes may cause 9 significant competitive harm to the producing party if disclosed to any persons other can 10 counsel for the parties, as “Attorneys’ Eyes Only.” Only documents and information that 11 have been designated as Confidential Information may be further designated as Attorneys’ 12 Eyes Only. Documents and information within this scope may be designated by the 13 producing party for confidential treatment pursuant to this protective order by affixing an 14 “Attorneys’ Eyes Only” stamp to each page of such documents and information, in addition 15 to the “Confidential” stamp. Such documents and information, as well as any portion 16 thereof, copies, notes, summaries, exhibits, pleadings, memoranda, declarations or 17 affidavits, proprietary information, financial data, information, and documents, deposition 18 transcripts and/or videotapes, and any other litigation-related documents (including 19 attorney work product files) that attach or refer to any confidential information 20 (collectively called “AEO Information”) shall be subject to the provisions of this protective 21 order and shall not be used except as provided in this protective order. By treating 22 documents or information as AEO Information, no party waives the right to challenge any 23 designation of any document or information as “Attorneys’ Eyes Only.” 24 Any expert witness or third party who is subpoenaed to testify or to produce 25 documents also may designate as “Confidential” or “Attorneys’ Eyes Only” any 26 documents, or portions thereof, that refer to, discuss, or describe Confidential Information 27 or AEO Information by affixing to each page the word “Confidential” and/or “Attorneys’ 28 Eyes Only,” as applicable. A party wishing to designate portions of a transcript as 1 “Confidential” or “Attorneys’ Eyes Only” pursuant to this protective order must request an 2 original or a copy of the transcript within seven days of the completion of the deposition. 3 Within 30 days after receipt of the deposition transcript, a party may designate as 4 confidential those portions of the transcript that contain confidential matters by affixing a 5 stamp conspicuously designating the information as “Confidential” or “Attorneys’ Eyes 6 Only” on those pages of the transcript that the party seeks to protect. All transcripts will 7 be treated as confidential until the expiration of the seven-day period described in this 8 paragraph. A party making any designations shall serve upon all counsel of record a 9 complete copy of the transcript including those portions containing the designations. Any 10 portions of a transcript designated as “Confidential” or “Attorneys’ Eyes Only” shall 11 thereafter be treated as confidential in accordance with this protective order. 12 The failure to designate the information or testimony as “Confidential” or to further 13 designate it as “Attorneys’ Eyes Only” waives any such designation and the material in 14 question is no longer subject to the protection of this protective order, unless the disclosure 15 of such Confidential Information was unintentional or inadvertent as set forth in Section 16 II(C), below. Further, a letter merely describing the materials produced and stating at a 17 deposition that all such documents or all testimony in a deposition is “Confidential” shall 18 not be operative of the protections of this protective order. Once designated “Confidential” 19 pursuant to this protective order, copies of such documents shall be deemed confidential 20 and shall not be used except as provided in this protective order. 21 II. Persons to Whom Confidential Information May be Disclosed 22 A. Authorized Persons for Confidential Information 23 Confidential Information shall not be disclosed or disseminated to any person or 24 entity, with the following exceptions: 25 1. Parties to this litigation; 26 2. Counsel for any of the parties; counsel who has been admitted pro hac vice; 27 lawyers employed by counsel of record who are assisting in the preparation of the case; 28 such counsel’s support staff, legal assistants, and clerical personnel; and such third-party 1 copy staff and forensic electronic data retrieval staff employed by any party; 2 3. The Court and any personnel necessary to facilitate the litigation, including 3 stenographic reporters and clerical and/or other administrative personnel; 4 4. Expert witnesses or consultants retained by any of the parties, regardless of 5 whether they are intended to be testifying or non-testifying experts, or their respective 6 attorneys in connection with this action, and the employees of such experts or consultants 7 who are assisting them; 8 5. Witnesses expected to be deposed or to testify in court or by affidavit in this 9 litigation; 10 6. Any mediator, settlement conference judge, or special master appointed by the 11 Court or agreed to by the parties; 12 7. Persons who are explicitly named on the Confidential Information as the authors 13 or recipients (including those who received a copy thereof); and 14 8. Any other persons with the prior written consent of the party that produced or 15 otherwise disclosed the Confidential Information. 16 B. Authorized Persons for AEO Information 17 AEO Information shall not be disclosed or disseminated to any person or entity, 18 with the following exceptions: 19 1. Outside counsel and in-house counsel for parties to this litigation; such counsel’s 20 support staff, legal assistants, and clerical personnel; and such third-party copy staff and 21 forensic electronic data retrieval staff employed by any Party; 22 2. The Court and any personnel necessary to facilitate the litigation, including 23 stenographic reporters and clerical and/or other administrative personnel; and 24 3. Expert witnesses or consultants retained by any of the parties, regardless of 25 whether they are intended to be testifying or non-testifying experts, or their respective 26 attorneys in connection with this action, and the employees of such experts or consultants 27 who are assisting them; 28 4. Any mediator, settlement conference judge, or special master appointed by the 1 Court or agreed to by the Parties. 2 C. Procedures Regarding Disclosure of Confidential Information 3 Counsel of record for each party to whom Confidential Information is produced or 4 disclosed shall take reasonable steps to ensure that the use and disclosure of such 5 information takes place in accordance with the provisions of this protective order. 6 Confidential Information shall not be made available to any person pursuant to 7 subparagraphs II(A)(3)-(8) or II(B)(3)-(4) unless he or she shall have first read this 8 protective order, agreed to be bound by its terms, and signed an “Agreement to Be Bound 9 by Protective Order.” 10 Any producing party who believes that Confidential Information originally 11 disclosed by it has been used or disclosed other than pursuant to the restrictions of this 12 Protective Order by a party to whom the Confidential Information was disclosed may move 13 the Court for an order for such relief as may be appropriate. 14 D. Procedures Regarding Inadvertent Disclosure of Confidential Information 15 The inadvertent or unintentional disclosure of Confidential Information shall not be 16 deemed a waiver in whole or in part of that party’s claim of confidentiality, either as to the 17 specific materials or information disclosed or as to any other materials or information 18 concerning the same or related subject matter; provided, however, that the disclosing party 19 promptly notifies in writing, within 10 days after discovering such inadvertent or 20 unintentional disclosure, counsel for all parties to whom the materials or information were 21 disclosed that the information is Confidential Information. Such notice shall constitute a 22 designation of the materials or information as Confidential Information under this 23 protective order. 24 III. Uses and Protection of Confidential Information 25 A. Protection Generally 26 Any Confidential Information shall be protected as confidential under the terms of 27 this protective order until such time as: (1) the Court rules on the designation pursuant to a 28 motion by the producing party; or (2) the producing party waives its assertion of 1 confidentiality expressly in writing; or (3), under circumstances in which the producing 2 party is required by the terms of this protective order to file a motion for a protective order, 3 the producing party fails to do so within the time limits set forth herein. At that time, the 4 materials shall cease to be subject to the protections of this protective order and the 5 information may be used in any fashion consistent with other materials obtained through 6 discovery. 7 B. Use of Confidential Information in the Conduct of this Action 8 1. Confidential Information may be used by the parties in good faith solely for the 9 purpose of investigating, prosecuting, or defending this action. 10 2. If a party intends to file any Confidential Information with the Court, such party 11 shall first consult and follow the prescribed procedures set forth in Local Rule 5.6. 12 IV. Removal and Challenge to “Confidential” Designation 13 A recipient of information designated as “Confidential” shall not be obligated to 14 challenge the propriety of such designation at the time the document or information so 15 designated is received, and a failure to do so shall not preclude a subsequent challenge 16 thereto. 17 Any party who believes that any document that has been designated “Confidential” 18 and/or “Attorneys’ Eyes Only” does not contain information permitted to be designated 19 under this protective order as Confidential Information and/or AEO Information, as 20 applicable, may request the producing party to remove the designation from the 21 document(s) by providing the producing party with written notice that it believes the 22 “Confidential” and/or “Attorneys’ Eyes Only” designation is inappropriate (the “Written 23 Notice”). The Written Notice shall identify each document that the recipient believes 24 should not have been designated “Confidential” or “Attorneys’ Eyes Only.” The producing 25 party shall move within 15 days, subject to extension for good cause, after its receipt of the 26 Written Notice for a protective order designating the challenged materials as 27 “Confidential” and/or “Attorneys’ Eyes Only,” after which that information shall no longer 28 be deemed Confidential Information and/or AEO Information and shall not be subject to 1 the terms of this protective order. Prior to the expiration of the 15-day period (subject to 2 extension for good cause) for the producing party to move for a protective order, and in the 3 event that the producing party does move for a protective order in accordance with this 4 paragraph, the challenged information shall remain subject to the terms of this protective 5 order until the 15-day period (subject to extension for good cause) has expired, or, if a 6 motion for a protective order is filed, until the motion is ruled upon by the Court. For 7 purposes of this protective order, the time to “move” does not mean that the motion has to 8 be heard, only that the motion has been filed within the 30-day period. 9 A producing party may waive in writing any provisions of this protective order in 10 regard to any Confidential Information produced by it. 11 If any party is served with a subpoena related to any information designated as 12 “Confidential,” such party shall notify the designating party of the subpoena at least five 13 business days prior to the date for compliance with the subpoena. It shall be the obligation 14 of the designating party to seek relief from the subpoena prior to the due date of 15 compliance. To give the designating party an opportunity to obtain such relief, the party 16 from whom the Confidential Information is sought shall not make the disclosure before the 17 actual due date of compliance set forth in the subpoena. 18 While Confidential Information shall remain under the protection of this protective 19 order until otherwise ordered by the Court, in considering the issue, nothing shall be 20 regarded by the Court as Confidential Information protected hereunder if it is demonstrated 21 that such information either: (1) is in the public domain at the time of disclosure; (2) 22 becomes part of the public domain through no fault of any party or of any third party subject 23 to this Order; (c) is information a party can demonstrate was in its possession at the time 24 of disclosure as a result of a proper and rightfully authorized transmission of such 25 information to the party; or (d) is information a requesting party received at a later date 26 from a third party properly and rightfully in possession of said information. 27 V. Return of Confidential Information 28 Within 60 days after the termination of this litigation, and upon written notice by the producing party to the recipient, the recipient shall choose to either return to the 2 || producing party or destroy all documents or other materials afforded confidential treatment || pursuant to this protective order. Notwithstanding the foregoing, counsel for the parties 4|| may maintain an archival copy of any such materials if they certify to the producing party || that those materials will be maintained in a secure place pursuant to the continuing || obligations of this Order, and counsel may retain any confidential information that has || become a part of attorney work product. VIL. MISCELLANEOUS 9 This Order shall not apply to any document or information which: (1) is within the 10 || public domain; or (2) is lawfully possessed or lawfully acquired by a party or other person 11 || independently of receiving it through disclosure by the producing party in this action. 12 || Nothing contained in this protective order shall affect the rights of any party or witness: 13} (1) to object to producing any Confidential Information on any lawful grounds, other than the grounds that the information contains a trade secret or other confidential research, 15 || development, or commercial information; or (b) to object to the admission into evidence || of any Confidential Information on any lawful grounds, other than the grounds that the 17 || information contains a trade secret or other confidential research, development, or 18 || commercial information. Nor shall this protective order be construed as a waiver by any || producing party of any legally recognized privilege. 20 At no time shall the Confidential Information be disclosed to or used by any person, || corporation, or entity in competition with or against any of the parties, except as is || necessary to defend themselves in the course of this litigation. 23 The Court will retain jurisdiction for purposes of enforcement or mediation of this 24 || protective Order. 25 Dated this 2nd day of February, 2021. 26 - b 4 bla _ 28 Do . Rayes United States District Judge -12-