Lee v. PHH Mortgage ( 2024 )

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Allan Lee, et al., No. CV-24-00057-TUC-SHR 10 Plaintiffs, Order Dismissing First Amended Complaint 11 v. 12 PHH Mortgage, 13 Defendant. 14 15 16 Pending before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a 17 Claim (Doc. 12). The Motion to Dismiss is fully briefed. (Doc. 11-1, 12, 16, 17.) For the 18 reasons set forth below, the Motion to Dismiss is granted and Plaintiffs are given leave to 19 amend certain claims. 20 I. Background1 21 A. The 2007 Loan 22 Plaintiffs are borrowers under two deeds of trust dated January 11, 2007, with both 23 secured by real property located at 8976 South Calle Cielo Grande, Hereford, Arizona, 24 85615. (Doc. 11-1 at 5, 65–68, 50–63.) Lender Homecomings Financial originally 25 financed both loan amounts of $293,600 and $73,400. (Id. at 5.) Defendant, PHH 26 Mortgage, is the current servicer of both loans. (Id. at 3.) 27 28 1 The Court summarizes only the pertinent facts of Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint (“FAC”). (Doc. 11-1.) 1 B. The Assignments 2 On April 6, 2007, the original lender assigned its whole beneficial interest of 3 $293,600 to Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”), as reflected in the 4 recorded deed of trust. (Id. at 127, Ex. I.) Many years later, on July 15, 2015, MERS 5 assigned its whole beneficial interest of $293,600 to Deutsche Bank Trust Company 6 Americas, acting as trustee for Residential Accredit Loans, Inc., Mortgage Asset-Backed 7 Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2007-QS3, as reflected in the recorded deed of trust. (Id. 8 at 128, Ex. I.)2 9 C. The 2016 Loan Modification Agreement 10 On August 11, 2016, Plaintiffs entered a Home Affordable Modification Agreement 11 (“LMA”). (Id. at 6; id. at 79, Ex. C.) Under the relevant terms of the LMA, the “New 12 Principal Balance” of $325,397.95 would include a “Deferred Principal Balance” of 13 $97,619.39, which would be non-interest-bearing principal forbearance. (Id. at 82, Ex. C.) 14 Crucially, “on each of the first, second, and third anniversaries of 1/27/2016, the Lender 15 [Defendant] shall reduce the Deferred Principal Balance . . . in installments equal to one- 16 third of the Deferred Principal Reduction Amount,” being $97,619.39. (Id.) Put another 17 way, one third of the $97,619.39 deferred balance was to be waived on 1/27/2017, 18 1/27/2018, and 1/27/2019. 19 As per the 1099-C form and transaction history attached to the FAC, the total sum 20 of the Deferred Principal Balance, $97,619.39, was deferred on 8/2/2016. (Id. at 89, Ex. 21 D; id. at 101–02, Ex. F.) Thereafter, two thirds of the Deferred Principal Balance was 22 waived on 6/28/2018 ($65,079.60), and the final one third of the Deferred Principal 23 Balance was waived on 3/26/2019 ($32,539.79). (Id. at 102, Ex. F.) Plaintiffs, however, 24 allege “this [waiver] did not happen.” (Id. at 6.) 25 Plaintiffs additionally allege both assignments underlying their loan are defective, 26 and Defendant fabricated a 1099-C, misreported to the credit bureaus, “misapplied 27 28 2 The Court takes judicial notice of the documents included in Plaintiffs’ request for judicial notice. (Doc. 20.) 1 payments,” “charged unauthorized fees,” and “issued 1098 statements [with] errors.” (See 2 Id. at 7–17.) 3 D. Procedural Posture 4 On February 1, 2024, Plaintiffs filed a pro se Complaint. (Doc. 1.) Defendant filed 5 a Motion to Dismiss on February 28, 2024, arguing Plaintiffs fail to state a claim for each 6 respective cause of action. (Doc. 7 at 16.) Plaintiffs then filed a FAC (Doc. 8), which this 7 Court struck for failing to comply with the local rules. (Doc. 9.) Plaintiffs filed a notice 8 of filing an amended pleading and attached a new version of their FAC as an exhibit on 9 March 20, 2024, which the Court accepted as sufficiently compliant with the local rules. 10 (Docs. 11-1, 13.) Defendant filed a second Motion to Dismiss on April 3, 2024 (Doc. 12), 11 to which Plaintiffs responded (Doc. 16). Defendant subsequently replied. (Doc. 17.) 12 II. Legal Standard 13 A. Motion to Dismiss Standard 14 The pleading standard for a motion to dismiss is governed by Rule 8(a), which 15 requires “a complaint to contain ‘a short and plain statement of the claim showing . . . the 16 pleader is entitled to relief.’” Glazer Cap. Mgmt., L.P. v. Forescout Techs., Inc., 63 F.4th 17 747, 763 (9th Cir. 2023) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)). “Dismissal [under Rule 18 12(b)(6)] can be based on the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient 19 facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 20 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988). A complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter, 21 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Glazer Cap. Mgmt., 22 L.P., 63 F.4th at 763 (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). While “[a]ll 23 allegations of material fact are taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to 24 the nonmoving party,” Silvas v. E*Trade Mortg. Corp., 514 F.3d 1001, 1003 (9th Cir. 25 2008), “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 26 conclusory statements, do not suffice,” Plaskett v. Wormuth, 18 F.4th 1072, 1083 (9th Cir. 27 2021) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). However, this Court must “construe pro se filings 28 liberally when evaluating them under [the] Iqbal” motion to dismiss standard. Hebbe v. 1 Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010). 2 B. Judicial Notice 3 “[A] court may consider ‘material which is properly submitted as part of the 4 complaint’ on a motion to dismiss without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion 5 for summary judgment.” Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001) 6 (citation omitted). Further, “a court may take judicial notice of ‘matters of public record.’” 7 Id. at 689 (citation omitted). Thus, the Court may properly consider the exhibits attached 8 to Plaintiffs’ FAC, as well as the deeds of trust, as matters of public record. 9 III. Analysis 10 Plaintiffs not only list 13 claims and a quiet title action but also provide numerous 11 facts in narrative form3 and intermittently distill those facts into discrete claims. As a 12 threshold matter, Plaintiffs fail to relate many of the facts within this narrative to any claim 13 or cognizable legal theory. (See Doc. 11-1 at 6–16.) “[C]onfusing, distracting, ambiguous, 14 and unintelligible pleadings” are subject to dismissal. Schmidt v. Herrmann, 614 F.2d 15 1221, 1224 (9th Cir. 1980); see also Ross v. Elliott, 952 F.2d 1399 (9th Cir. 1992) 16 (dismissing a complaint and noting the “complaint [was] a ‘confused rambling narrative of 17 conclusions and charges many of which are ambiguous, redundant, vague and in some 18 respects unintelligible.’” (citation omitted)). Thus, “[a] complaint having the factual 19 elements of a cause of action scattered throughout the complaint and not organized into a 20 ‘short and plain statement of the claim’ may be dismissed for failure to satisfy Rule 8(a).” 21 Linder v. Drug Enf’t Admin., No. CV1808030PCTDGCDMF, 2018 WL 10732583, at *1 22 (D. Ariz. Sept. 18, 2018) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)); see also id. (“It is not the 23 responsibility of the Court to review a rambling narrative in an attempt to determine the 24 number and nature of a plaintiff’s claims.”). Therefore, the Court will address Plaintiffs’ 25 alleged facts only to the extent they are properly related to cognizable legal theories and 26 3 Most notably, Plaintiffs state facts alleging both assignments are defective and 27 Defendant fabricated a 1099-C, misreported to the credit bureaus, “misapplied payments,” 28 “charged unauthorized fees,” and “issued 1098 statements [with] errors.” (See Doc. 11-1 at 7–17.) 1 organized into short and plain statements but will not attempt to address allegations hidden 2 in a rambling narrative. 3 A. Standing to Challenge Securitization Defects 4 Before reaching Plaintiffs’ claims, the Court addresses Plaintiffs allegations of 5 securitization defects and the accompanying issue of standing. Plaintiffs allege the 6 assignments of their mortgage are “void” because “[t]here is no assignment recorded” for 7 one assignment, the Title Security Agency is not listed on the Note, and a subsequent 8 assignment is signed by a representative of MERS. (Doc 11-1 ¶ 19.) In alleging void 9 assignments, Plaintiffs rely on a “Comptroller’s Handbook: Asset Securitization” 10 publication and Glaski v. Bank of America, 160 Cal. Rptr. 3d 449 (2013), for the 11 proposition “borrowers have standing to challenge void assignments of their loans even 12 though they are not a party to . . . the assignment agreement.” (Doc. 11-1 at 17; Doc. 16 at 13 7–8, Ex. B (citation omitted).) In its Motion under Rule 12(b)(6), Defendant asserts 14 Plaintiffs lack standing to bring any claims challenging securitization defects, relying on 15 In re Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems (MERS) Litigation, CV 10-1547-PHX- 16 JAT, 2012 WL 932625, at *3 (D. Ariz. 2012), for the proposition “third party borrowers” 17 are “unaffected” by an assignment and thus lack standing, and further contend Plaintiffs 18 consented to the assignments by signing the First Position Deed of Trust. (Doc. 12 at 5– 19 6.) 20 As a preliminary matter, both parties rely on non-binding authority to assert 21 standing,4 and Defendant misconstrues In re Mortgage.5 Even so, the Court cannot address 22 23 4 The publication cited by Plaintiffs is a “non-binding secondary source[].” Wendel v. Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am., 472 F. App’x 620, 622 (9th Cir. 2012). Further, 24 Glaski’s proposition that “borrowers have standing to challenge void assignments” remains only persuasive authority. 160 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 461. 25 5 While Defendant asserts In re Mortgage forecloses the question of standing, In re 26 Mortgage’s proposition that “third-party borrowers[] are . . . unaffected by . . .[a]ssignments, and [thus] do not possess standing to assert a claim based on such” pertains 27 to a challenge based on a voidable, not void, assignment—Plaintiffs assert the latter. See 28 2012 WL 932625, at *3 (“Even if an assignment were voidable, an action to declare an assignment void could only be brought by someone who can demonstrate a concrete and 1 standing unless and until Plaintiffs provide a cognizable legal theory. Plaintiffs have not 2 presented a legal basis showing how the alleged facts—(1) “[t]here is no assignment 3 recorded” for one assignment, (2) the Title Security Agency is not listed on the Note, and 4 (3) a subsequent assignment is signed by a representative of MERS—render the 5 assignments void under either state or federal law. (Doc 11-1 ¶ 19.) Thus, Plaintiffs have 6 not tied their allegations of securitization defects to any cognizable legal theory to survive 7 Defendant’s Motion under Rule 12(b)(6), see Balistreri, 901 F.2d at 699, and the Court 8 cannot determine whether Plaintiffs have standing to assert a claim under a non-cognizable 9 legal theory. Plaintiffs are granted leave to amend, discussed below in Section IV., to 10 allege facts identifying the legal theory for the alleged securitization defects.6 11 B. Quiet Title Action Under A.R.S. § 12–1101 12 Plaintiffs bring a quiet title action, apparently based on their claim Defendant 13 “violated [A.R.S. § 33–420]” by “recording false or fraudulent documents that assert an 14 interest in, or a lien . . . against, real property.” (Doc. 11-1 at 17.) Defendant contends 15 Plaintiffs “lack standing to challenge a valid assignment of interest between third parties,” 16 are barred from bringing a quiet title action because Arizona law requires their mortgage 17 to have been wholly paid prior to filing an action, and have “failed to allege . . . it would 18 be inequitable to let the lien of the First Position Deed of Trust stand,” which “is an 19 essential element of a claim to quiet title.” (Doc. 12 at 6 (citations omitted.)) 20 Any person may bring a quiet title action who “ha[s] or claim[s] an interest” in the 21 property, and “against any person or the state when such person or the state claims an estate 22 or interest in the real property which is adverse to the party bringing the action.” A.R.S. 23 § 12-1101. Importantly, “when parties resort to [bringing a suit to quiet title,] their cause 24 must affirmatively present some equities,” and a plaintiff “must not only show . . . the 25 26 particularized injury in fact that is fairly traceable to the challenged assignment.”). 6 While the Court cannot fully analyze standing because Plaintiffs fail to establish a 27 cognizable legal theory, if Plaintiffs reassert the alleged securitization defects, they should 28 also assert their basis for standing. 1 interest they seek to cancel is adverse to theirs, but . . . it would be inequitable to let it 2 stand.” Kennedy v. Morrow, 268 P.2d 326, 329 (Ariz. 1954) (emphasis added). Plaintiffs 3 appear to claim the alleged falsely recorded assignments constitute an adverse property 4 interest. (Doc. 11-1 at 18.) Even if the Court accepts this as true,7 Plaintiffs have not 5 alleged facts showing why “it would be inequitable to let [Defendant’s assignment] stand.” 6 Kennedy, 268 P.2d at 329. As such, Plaintiffs fail to state a claim for quiet title. 7 Even aside from this deficiency, under Arizona law, “if it appears there is an 8 unsatisfied [mortgage] balance . . . , the court will not quiet the title until and unless [the 9 debtor] pays off such mortgage lien.” Farrell v. West, 114 P.2d 910, 911 (Ariz. 1941); see 10 also Daghlan v. TBI Mortg. Co., No. CV-12-01415-PHX-NVW, 2013 WL 179452, at *9 11 (D. Ariz. Jan. 17, 2013) (“Under long established Arizona law, a plaintiff cannot bring a 12 quiet title action under A.R.S. § 12–1101 unless he has paid off his mortgage in full.”). 13 Plaintiffs have not paid off their mortgage, (Doc. 11-1 at 6), so they are barred from 14 bringing a quiet title action. Therefore, Plaintiffs’ quiet title action is dismissed with 15 prejudice. 16 C. Count 1: Breach of Contract 17 Plaintiffs allege Defendant breached the LMA by failing to waive the Deferred 18 Principal Balance of $97,619.39. (Doc. 11-1 at 21.)8 Defendant contends the Deferred 19 Principal Balance was wholly waived and directs the Court to the transaction history. (Doc. 20 21 7 Plaintiffs appear to contend the assignment gives rise to an “adverse” interest, but the Court does not find this compelling. Additionally, this contention has been rejected by 22 other judges in this District. See Bergdale v. Countrywide Bank FSB, No. CV-12-8057- 23 PCT-GMS, 2012 WL 4120482, at *4 (D. Ariz. Sept. 18, 2012) (“[A]ssignments of deeds of trusts[ and] substitutions of beneficiary . . . do not ‘create an interest’ in property such 24 that A.R.S. § 33–420 applies.”). 8 To the extent Plaintiffs claim Defendant breached the LMA by “misapplying 25 payments to the principal, interest[,] and managing escrow” and “charg[ing] unauthorized 26 fees and report[ing]incorrect information to the credit bureaus,” (Doc. 11-1 at 21), without tying such factual allegations to the elements of their breach of contract claim, the Court 27 will not address “factual elements of a cause of action scattered throughout [a] complaint.” 28 Linder, 2018 WL 10732583, at *1. 1 12 at 7–8.) 2 “[T]he elements of a breach-of-contract claim a[re]: (1) the existence of a contract; 3 (2) breach; and (3) resulting damages.” First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Johnson Bank, 372 P.3d 4 292, 297 (Ariz. 2016); see also Graham v. Asbury, 540 P.2d 656, 657 (Ariz. 1975). 5 Plaintiffs’ allegation the Deferred Principal Balance of $97,619.39 was not waived is 6 contradicted by the transaction history attached to Plaintiffs’ FAC, which shows two 7 waiver installments of $65,079.60 on 6/28/2018 and $32,539.79 on 3/26/2019 (totaling 8 $97,619.39). (Doc. 11-1 at 102, Ex. F.) Thus, Plaintiffs are factually mistaken—the 9 Deferred Principal Balance was waived in full, and there was no breach of contract. 10 However, although not asserted by Plaintiffs as a breach of contract, the terms of 11 the LMA noted the Deferred Principal Balance would be waived in three one-third 12 installments on the “first, second, and third anniversaries of 1/27/2016.” (Doc. 11-1 at 82, 13 Ex. C (emphasis added).) Taking Plaintiffs’ allegations as true, Defendant failed to comply 14 with this term because, as discussed above, the Deferred Principal Balance was waived in 15 two installments9 of $65,079.60 and $32,539.79 on 6/28/2018 and 3/26/2019, contrary to 16 the scheduled one-third waiver installments on each of the three anniversary dates. (Id. at 17 102, Ex. F.) While these facts are sufficient to allege a breach of the LMA’s terms, 18 Plaintiffs still fail to allege damages related to this breach. The Deferred Principal Balance 19 was non-interest bearing. (Doc. 11-1 at 82, Ex. C.) Thus, no interest accrued as result of 20 any delay in waiving any portion of the Deferred Principal Balance. Accordingly, the 21 Court dismisses this claim but grants leave to amend for Plaintiff to allege facts to establish 22 damages, if any, arising from the delayed waiver contrary to the LMA’s terms. 23 D. Count 2: Violation of Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 24 Plaintiffs allege Defendant violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 25 (“FDCPA”) by “fail[ing] to properly credit . . . Plaintiff[s’] loan” regarding the Deferred 26 Principal Balance of $97,619.39, which resulted in a misstatement of the “status of [debt]” 27 28 9 The transaction history refers to each of the two waiver installments as a “Deferred Principal adjustment.” (Doc. 11-1 at 102, Ex. F.) 1 and “amount of debt.”10 (Doc. 11-1 at 24.) Defendant contends the loan was properly 2 credited. (Doc. 12 at 9.) 3 Under the FDCPA, “[a] debt collector may not use any false, deceptive, or 4 misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt,” and 5 crucially here, must not engage in “[t]he false representation of . . . the character, amount, 6 or legal status of any debt . . . .” 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(2)(A). “An action to enforce any 7 liability created by [the FDCPA] may be brought . . . within one year from the date on 8 which the violation occurs.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(d); see also Brown v. Transworld Sys., 9 Inc., 73 F.4th 1030, 1036 (9th Cir. 2023) (“[A] violation[] of the FDCPA . . . trigger[s] the 10 FDCPA’s one-year statute of limitations.”). 11 While Plaintiffs point to Defendant’s alleged failure to forgive part of the loan as a 12 “false representation” of the “status of [the] debt” in violation of the FDCPA (Doc. 11-1 at 13 24), the Deferred Principal Balance was wholly waived in two waiver installments dated 14 6/28/2018 and 3/26/2019 according to the transaction history. (Doc. 11-1 at 102, Ex. F.) 15 As such, even if a false representation occurred prior to the waiver, those claims are barred 16 by the one-year statute of limitations. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(d). Further still, to the extent 17 Plaintiffs’ Response to Defendant’s Motion under Rule 12(b)(6) directs the Court to 18 specific transactions dated 8/2/2016, 6/28/2018, and 3/26/2019 (see Doc. 16 at 15), those 19 claims are similarly barred by the one-year statute of limitations. Any alleged false 20 representation by Defendant regarding the status or amount of debt under the LMA would 21 have necessarily preceded the waiver of the Deferred Principal Balance on 3/26/2019 and 22 is therefore time barred. Thus, Plaintiffs’ FDCPA claim is dismissed with prejudice. 23 E. Count 3: Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices 24 Plaintiffs claim Defendant violated section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act 25 (“FTCA”) through exercising “unfair [and] deceptive acts,” namely, where Defendant 26 10 To the extent Plaintiffs claim Defendant “charge[d] unauthorized fees,” (Doc. 11- 27 1 at 24), without tying such factual allegation to the other elements of their FDCPA claim, 28 the Court will not address “factual elements of a cause of action scattered throughout [a] complaint.” Linder, 2018 WL 10732583, at *1. 1 allegedly failed to forgive the whole sum of the Deferred Principal Balance, misapplied 2 payments to the principal and interest, and fabricated the recorded assignments of the deeds 3 of trust. (Doc. 11-1 at 26.) Defendant contends there is no “private right to action” under 4 the FTCA, and even if there were, Plaintiffs’ factual contentions are incorrect and they 5 “lack standing to challenge alleged securitization defects.” (Doc. 12 at 9–10.) 6 The FTCA prohibits “unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting 7 commerce.” 15 U.S.C. § 45(a)(1). However, as noted by Defendant, (Doc. 12 at 9), only 8 the Commission may seek remedies under the FTCA on behalf of affected individuals. See 9 15 U.S.C. § 45(a)(2) (“The Commission is hereby empowered and directed to prevent 10 [specific actors] . . . from using . . . unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting 11 commerce.”). “[T]here is no private right of action under the FTCA.” Diessner v. Mortg. 12 Elec. Registration Sys., 618 F. Supp. 2d 1184, 1191 (D. Ariz. 2009), aff’d sub nom. 13 Diessner v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., 384 F. App’x 609 (9th Cir. 2010). Thus, 14 Plaintiffs’ FTCA claim is dismissed with prejudice. 15 F. Count 4: Violation of Truth in Lending Act 16 Plaintiffs claim Defendant violated the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”) by “fail[ing] 17 to comply with the disclosure requirements” of TILA “before consummating a credit 18 transaction.” (Doc. 11-1 at 28.) Specifically, Plaintiffs claim Defendant failed to ensure 19 “Plaintiffs fully understood what they were getting into by signing the original loan 20 documents” and did not furnish, for either the original 2007 loan or 2016 LMA, “required 21 loan disclosures including the right of recission” or “copies of any disclosures . . . required 22 under [regulation] Z[ of] TILA.” (Doc. 11-1 at 28.) Defendant contends Plaintiffs are time 23 barred from recovering damages under TILA (15 U.S.C. §§ 1635(f) and 1640(e)). (Doc. 24 12 at 10.) 25 A person can bring an action under TILA within the year after the violation occurs. 26 15 U.S.C. § 1640(e).11 Thus, insofar as Plaintiffs allege TILA violations occurred because 27 11 While § 1640(e) carves out an exception for recoupment claims, it does not apply 28 to Plaintiffs’ claim. See Beach v. Ocwen Fed. Bank, 523 U.S. 410, 415, 418 (1998) (explaining recoupment is a “defense arising out of some feature of the transaction upon 1 Defendant failed to comply with disclosure obligations related to the 2007 loan and 2016 2 LMA “before consummating [those] credit transaction[s],” any alleged violations occurred 3 many years before Plaintiffs filed this action. Thus, Plaintiffs’ TILA claim is time barred 4 and dismissed with prejudice. 5 G. Count 5: Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 6 Plaintiffs claim Defendant violated the implied covenant of good faith and fair 7 dealing by “refusing to forgive the $97,619.39” and engaging in a “pattern of abuse.” (Doc. 8 11-1 at 29.) Defendant contends Plaintiffs allege insufficient facts to state a claim. (Doc. 9 12 at 11; Doc. 17 at 7.) A claim for breach of the implied covenant of fair dealing may rest 10 in tort or contract. Wells Fargo Bank v. Ariz. Laborers, Teamsters & Cement Masons Loc. 11 No. 395 Pension Tr. Fund, 38 P.3d 12, 29 (Ariz. 2002). Plaintiffs assert their claim is 12 based in contract. (Doc. 16 at 16.) 13 “Arizona law implies a covenant of good faith and fair dealing in every 14 contract . . . [, which] prohibits a party from doing anything to prevent other parties to the 15 contract from receiving the benefits and entitlements of the agreement.” Wells Fargo Bank, 16 38 P.3d at 28 (citation omitted); see also Rawlings v. Apodaca, 151 Ariz. 149, 153, 726 17 P.2d 565, 569 (1986). There is no breach of the implied covenant when a party abides by 18 a contract’s express terms. See Bike Fashion Corp. v. Kramer, 46 P.3d 431, 434 (Ariz. Ct. 19 App. 2002) (“[A]n implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing cannot directly 20 contradict an express contract term.”); see also Finney v. First Tennessee Bank, No. CV 21 12-1249-PHX-JAT, 2012 WL 3095052, at *2 (D. Ariz. July 30, 2012) (“[A] party cannot 22 be held liable for breaching the covenant of good faith and fair dealing by acting in 23 24 which the plaintiff’s action is grounded,” (citation omitted), and “the effect of the [§ 1640(e)] 1-year limitation provision on damages actions is expressly deflected from 25 recoupment claims”); see also Aetna Fin. Co. v. Pasquali, 626 P.2d 1103, 1105 (Ariz. Ct. 26 App. 1981) (holding recoupment-claim-exception to § 1640(e) one-year statute of limitations inapplicable where the plaintiff’s “claim [wa]s predicated upon a specifically 27 imposed statutory penalty which [wa]s an extrinsic by-product of the loan transaction and 28 [was] not dependent upon [the plaintiff’s or defendant’s] contractual obligations”). 1 accordance with the express terms of the contract.”). 2 Plaintiffs fail to allege Defendant’s conduct “injure[d] the right of [Plaintiff] to 3 receive the benefits of the agreement.” Amadeo, 290 F.3d at 1158. While Plaintiffs state 4 Defendant “refus[ed] to forgive the $97,619.39 when they breached the contract,” as 5 explained, the Deferred Principal Balance was wholly forgiven by Defendant. (Doc. 11-1 6 at 29; id. at 102, Ex. F.) Thus, the facts asserted by Plaintiffs undercut the legal theory of 7 their claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Accordingly, 8 where Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim fails as a matter of law, their breach of implied 9 covenant claim similarly fails. BOKF, NA v. First Am. Title Ins. Co., No. CV-16-02630- 10 PHX-SPL, 2017 WL 11631008, at *4 (D. Ariz. Dec. 11, 2017). 11 Further, while Plaintiffs cite “the payment history, the defective assignments,” a 12 “fabricated 1099-C, the misinformation provided to the credit bureaus, and wrong 1098’s” 13 as a “pattern of abuse” constituting a breach of the implied covenant, (Doc. 11-1 at 29), 14 Plaintiffs fail to allege sufficient facts showing these factual contentions “injure[d] the right 15 of [Plaintiff] to receive the benefits of the agreement.” Amadeo, 290 F.3d at 1158. Thus, 16 Plaintiffs’ claim for a breach of the implied covenant of fair dealing is dismissed without 17 prejudice as to the factual contentions concerning Defendant’s “pattern of abuse.” 18 H. Count 6: Infliction of Emotional Distress 19 Plaintiffs claim “to suffer emotional distress,” namely, depression and 20 hospitalization, resulting from the allegedly incorrect status of their debt and Defendant’s 21 failure “to forgive the $97,619.39 and refusal to provide a complete payment history.” 22 (Doc. 11-1 at 30.) Defendant contends Plaintiffs’ factual contentions “cannot form the 23 basis [of an infliction of emotional distress claim] for which relief can be granted.” (Doc. 24 12 at 12.) Plaintiffs do not state whether their claim for infliction of emotional distress is 25 based on a theory of intent (“IIED”) or negligence (“NIED”). Regardless, the claim fails 26 as a matter of law under both theories because Plaintiffs do not allege sufficient facts to 27 establish a claim under either theory. 28 The elements of an IIED claim in Arizona are as follows: “first, the conduct by the 1 defendant must be ‘extreme’ and ‘outrageous’; second, the defendant must either intend to 2 cause emotional distress or recklessly disregard the near certainty . . . such distress will 3 result from his conduct; and third, severe emotional distress must indeed occur as a result 4 of defendant's conduct.” Ford v. Revlon, Inc., 734 P.2d 580, 585 (Ariz. 1987) (emphasis 5 omitted). Plaintiffs’ IIED claim fails because they have not alleged Defendant’s conduct 6 was “extreme and outrageous.” See id. (“[T]he conduct [must] ha[ve] been so outrageous 7 in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and 8 to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community . . . .” (citation 9 omitted); see also Kassa v. BP W. Coast Prod., LLC, No. C-08-02725 RMW, 2008 WL 10 3494677, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 12, 2008) (“‘[C]ivilized community’ tolerates run-of-the- 11 mill breaches of contract; such conduct is not sufficiently ‘extreme and outrageous’ for a 12 claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress.”); Dougherty v. Bank of Am., N.A., 13 No. 215CV01226TLNCKD, 2018 WL 1573312, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 30, 2018) 14 (“Defendant’s sale of Plaintiffs’ mortgage to another lender after the alleged modification 15 agreement . . . does not constitute extreme and outrageous conduct.”). 16 Similarly, Plaintiffs have not alleged facts to meet the elements of an NIED claim. 17 “Negligent infliction of emotional distress requires . . . the plaintiff witness an injury to a 18 closely related person, suffer mental anguish that manifests itself as a physical injury, and 19 be within the zone of danger so as to be subject to an unreasonable risk of bodily harm 20 created by the defendant.” Guerra v. State, 348 P.3d 423, 426 (2015); see also Keck v. 21 Jackson, 593 P.2d 668, 669 (Ariz. 1979) (“[T]he shock or mental anguish of the plaintiff 22 [claiming NIED] must be manifested as a physical injury.”). Thus, Plaintiffs’ NIED claim 23 fails because they have not alleged to have “witness[ed] an injury to a closely related 24 person, suffer[ed] . . . a physical injury,” or been “within the zone of danger . . . [and] 25 subject[ed] to an unreasonable risk of bodily harm” caused by Defendant.” Guerra, 348 26 P.3d at 426. Further, granting leave to amend would be futile where the underlying 27 contractual dispute and accompanying claims bear no resemblance to a claim requiring 28 physical injury. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ infliction of emotional distress claim is dismissed 1 with prejudice. 2 I. Count 7: Violation of Fair Credit Reporting Act 3 Plaintiffs claim Defendant violated the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) by “not 4 correctly report[ing] statement data to the credit bureaus.” (Doc. 11-1 at 31.) Defendant 5 contends Plaintiffs fails to allege facts showing they complied with the statutory notice 6 requirement under the FCRA or that Defendant violated the FCRA. (Doc. 12 at 13.) 7 Under the FCRA: 8 Before the expiration of the 5-business-day period beginning on the date on which a consumer reporting agency receives notice of a dispute from any 9 consumer . . . , the agency shall provide notification of the dispute to any 10 person who provided any item of information in dispute . . . . 11 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(2)(A) (emphasis added). Only after this procedure does the misreporting 12 person have an obligation to correct the “accuracy of any information provided by [the 13 consumer] to a consumer reporting agency.” See 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b)(1). Further: 14 A person shall not furnish information relating to a consumer to any consumer reporting agency if . . . the person has been notified by the 15 consumer, at the address specified by the person for such notices, that 16 specific information is inaccurate; and . . . the information is, in fact, inaccurate. 17 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(a)(B). Plaintiffs do not allege they gave notice to the credit bureau or 18 Defendant regarding the alleged misreported information, and Defendant had no duty to 19 correct or stop reporting the alleged misinformation absent sufficient notice. Thus, 20 Plaintiffs’ FCRA claim is dismissed without prejudice and Plaintiffs may amend their 21 complaint as to this claim if they can allege they gave the requisite notice. 22 J. Count 8: Violation of 12 CFR 1024 Regulation X 23 Plaintiffs cite § 1024.40, the “continuity of contact” provision of the Real Estate 24 Settlement Procedures Act (discussed below in Section K.), alleging Defendant violated 25 § 1024.40 by failing to provide both “a complete payment history” and “copies of all 26 original loan documents,” as well as by failing to “explain why the [Deferred Principal 27 Balance was not] forgiven[].” (Doc. 11-1 at 33.) Defendant appears to assert the factual 28 allegations Plaintiffs allege do not rise to a violation of § 1024.40, and as such, contends 1 Plaintiffs allege insufficient facts to state a claim. (Doc. 12 at 14.) 2 First, Plaintiffs contend Defendant’s failure to provide “copies of all original loan 3 documents” and to explain why the Deferred Principal Balance was not forgiven violate 4 § 1024.40. (Doc. 11-1 at 33.) Neither of these factual contentions state a cognizable claim 5 under § 1024.40 because this RESPA provision does not obligate a servicer to furnish “all 6 original loan documents” or provide an explanation for a disputed transaction. See 7 generally 12 C.F.R. § 1024.40. 8 Second, Plaintiffs contend Defendant further violated § 1024.40 by failing to 9 provide “a complete payment history.” (Doc. 11-1 at 32.) Section 1024.40 does instruct a 10 servicer to “maintain policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure . . . servicer 11 personnel . . . . [r]etrieve, in a timely manner . . . [a] complete record of the borrower’s 12 payment history.” § 1024.40(b)(2)(i). While Plaintiffs claim “Defendant . . . has not been 13 able to provide a complete payment history,” their allegation fails to state facts showing 14 Defendant’s “policies and procedures” were “[un]reasonably designed” regarding timely 15 retrieval of a “borrower’s payment history.” § 1024.40. Nor do Plaintiffs allege facts 16 showing Plaintiffs requested Defendant provide a complete payment history, and on what 17 date, to determine whether Defendants failed to act in a “timely manner.” Id. Thus, 18 Plaintiffs have not alleged sufficient facts to establish Defendant failed to timely retrieve 19 Plaintiffs’ complete payment history, and their Regulation X claim is dismissed without 20 prejudice. The Court does not view this claim as futile because it can envision some set of 21 facts Plaintiffs could allege to support it. Therefore, if Plaintiffs choose to amend their 22 complaint and include this claim in the amended complaint, they must allege facts showing 23 how Defendant’s policies were unreasonably designed and how Defendant failed to act in 24 a timely manner. 25 K. Count 9: Violation of Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act 26 Plaintiffs claim Defendant violated the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act 27 (“RESPA”) by “fail[ing] to respond” to “Plaintiffs mailed qualified written request,” which 28 Plaintiffs cite as exhibit G of the FAC. (Doc. 11-1 at 34.) Defendant contends Plaintiffs 1 did not comply with the “qualified written request” requirement of RESPA and also fail to 2 allege actual damages as statutorily required. (Doc. 12 at 14–15.) 3 RESPA “provides an action for damages against mortgage-loan servicers who fail 4 to respond to certain types of inquiries from borrowers.” Medrano v. Flagstar Bank, FSB, 5 704 F.3d 661, 663 (9th Cir. 2012). The mortgage-loan servicer’s “duty to respond,” 6 however, is only triggered by a “qualified written request.” Id. at 665. According to the 7 regulatory scheme promulgated under RESPA, “[a] qualified written request that asserts 8 an error relating to the servicing of a mortgage loan is a notice of error for purposes of this 9 section, and a servicer must comply with all requirements applicable to a notice of error 10 with respect to such qualified written request.” 12 C.F.R. § 1024.35(a). “Qualified written 11 request means a written correspondence from the borrower to the servicer that includes, or 12 otherwise enables the servicer to identify, the name and account of the borrower,” and 13 additionally, “either: (1) States the reasons the borrower believes the account is in error; or 14 (2) Provides sufficient detail to the servicer regarding information relating to the servicing 15 of the mortgage loan sought by the borrower.” § 1024.31. 16 Plaintiffs refer to exhibit G as their qualified written request sent to Defendant. 17 (Doc. 11-1 at 34.) However, exhibit G is not a “qualified written request” because it 18 contains no identifiable information concerning Plaintiffs “name and account” and further 19 fails to state “the reasons the borrower believes the account is in error.” § 1024.31. While 20 Plaintiffs allude to other letters sent to and ignored by Defendant, no further facts are 21 alleged to establish such letters were “qualified written requests” to trigger Defendant’s 22 duty under RESPA. (Doc. 11-1 at 35.) Because Plaintiffs fail to allege facts establishing 23 a qualified written request was sent to Defendant and where the cited exhibit contravenes 24 such a factual finding, the Court will dismiss their RESPA claim. However, because it is 25 not impossible to imagine Plaintiffs did in fact send a qualified written request, the Court 26 will dismiss this claim without prejudice.12 27 12 While Defendant additionally contends 12 U.S.C. § 2605(f) “requires a party to 28 plead the actual damage caused from a violation of [RESPA]” and “Plaintiffs have not and cannot allege actual damage[s],” (Doc. 12 at 15), § 2605(f) does not obligate a borrower to 1 L. Count 10: Harmed by Predatory Loans 2 Plaintiffs claim Defendant violated the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s 3 (“CFPB”) Mortgage Guidelines by way of its “predatory” loan. (Doc. 11-1 at 36.) 4 Plaintiffs contend the loan is predatory because they “will [not] be able to pay [it] off . . . 5 even if they follow the [terms].” (Id. at 37.) Those terms include a “balloon provision” 6 which they claim makes “it a predatory high cost home loan and not a ‘qualified 7 mortgage.’” (Id. at 38.) Defendant asserts Plaintiffs cannot rely upon the CFPB’s 8 Mortgage Guidelines to establish a cognizable legal theory. (Doc. 12 at 15.) 9 While Plaintiffs quote the CFPB’s Mortgage Guidelines, which are a “non-binding 10 secondary source[],” Wendel, 472 F. App’x at 622, they appear to also be invoking 15 11 U.S.C. § 1639c. Section 1639c contains analogous language to the Mortgage Guidelines. 12 Compare 15 U.S.C. § 1639c(a)(1) (“[N]o creditor may make a residential mortgage loan 13 unless the creditor makes a reasonable and good faith determination based on verified and 14 documented information that, at the time the loan is consummated, the consumer has a 15 reasonable ability to repay the loan, according to its terms”), with (Doc. 11-1 at 36 (“[A] 16 lender ‘shall not make a mortgage loan unless the creditor makes a reasonable and good 17 faith determination at or before consummation that the consumer will have a reasonable 18 ability to repay the loan according to its terms.’” (quoting CFPB Mortgage Servicing 19 Guidelines)).) 20 Section 1639c is a provision of TILA, discussed above in section F., and any claims 21 brought under this section are subject to TILA’s statute of limitations. See § 1640(e) (“Any 22 action under this section with respect to any violation of section . . . 1639c of this title may 23 be brought . . . before the end of the 3-year period beginning on the date of the occurrence 24 expressly identify their damages, but instead, only instructs the sum of damages that is 25 recoverable. See § 2605(f)(1)(A)-(B). Thus, Plaintiffs’ failure to expressly indicate the 26 sum of their damages as a result of the alleged RESPA violation is not a bar to recovery. The lack of actual damages is also not a bar to recovery, where a borrower may recover 27 “any additional damages, as the court may allow, in the case of a pattern or practice of 28 noncompliance with the requirements of this section, in an amount not to exceed $2,000.” Id. § 2605(f)(1)(B). 1 of the violation.”).13 Far more than three years have passed since Plaintiffs entered the 2 2007 loan and 2016 LMA. Thus, Plaintiffs’ § 1639c claim—to the extent it was raised— 3 is dismissed as time barred. Because leave to amend would be futile, i.e. no set of facts 4 could render the complaint timely filed, the Court will dismiss this claim with prejudice. 5 M. Count 11: Slander of Title 6 Plaintiffs claim slander of title by alleging Defendant fabricated “deeds of trust and 7 assignments” and reported these fabricated documents as “false information” to credit 8 bureaus. (Doc. 11-1 at 39.) Defendant contends “Plaintiffs lack standing to challenge 9 alleged securitization defects and any documents that derive from them” and further fail to 10 allege facts sufficient to satisfy “the elements of a slander of title claim.” (Doc. 12 at 16.) 11 “Slander of title requires proof of ‘the uttering and publication of the slanderous 12 words by the defendant, the falsity of the words, malice and special damages.’” SWC 13 Baseline & Crismon Invs., L.L.C. v. Augusta Ranch Ltd. P'ship, 265 P.3d 1070, 1086 (Ariz. 14 App. 2011) (citation omitted). A showing of “malice” requires a defendant to have acted 15 “from improper motives or without reasonable belief in the efficacy of the claim.” Barnett 16 v. Hitching Post Lodge, Inc., 421 P.2d 507, 512 (Ariz. 1966). 17 Plaintiffs allege Defendant acted with “malic[e] because [Defendant] had no 18 intention of forgiving” the Deferred Principal Balance. (Doc. 11-1 at 38.) This factual 19 contention is contradicted by the transaction history, which records the Deferred Principal 20 Balance as having been swiftly deferred on 8/2/2016—one week after the LMA was signed 21 by Plaintiffs (7/25/2016)—and thereafter wholly forgiven through two waiver installments 22 on 6/28/2018 and 3/26/2019. (Doc. 11-1 at 86, Ex. C; id. at 101–02, Ex. F.) Thus, the 23 record indicates Defendant intended to forgive, and did so forgive, the Deferred Principal 24 Balance, with nothing in the complaint supporting the contrary. Thus, Plaintiffs fail to 25 allege facts showing malice. See Buchanan v. Ghandi, No. CV-22-01482-PHX-SMB, 26 2024 WL 1240192, at *5 (D. Ariz. Mar. 22, 2024), reconsideration denied, No. CV-22- 27 13 Plaintiffs’ claim under § 1639c also fails to satisfy the recoupment exception to 28 TILA’s one-year statute of limitations discussed above in footnote 10. 1 01482-PHX-SMB, 2024 WL 2153519 (D. Ariz. May 14, 2024) (“[B]lanket, unsupported 2 and conclusory allegation[s] of ill-will [are] nowhere close to meeting the ‘malice’ element 3 to make a claim for slander of title.”). Nor have Plaintiffs alleged facts to show special 4 damages. They claim to have “suffered a loss of $97,619.39 and [to have been damaged] 5 by making payments to a loan with an incorrect principal balance.” (Doc. 11-1 at 39.) 6 Their own factual assertions undercut this claim because the $97,619.39 was deferred from 7 the principal balance and thereafter wholly waived. (Doc. 11-1 at 39; id. at 101–02, Ex. 8 F.) Thus, based on the transaction history, there is no set of facts by which Plaintiffs could 9 succeed on this claim. Accordingly, leave to amend would be futile for this claim, and 10 Plaintiffs’ slander of title claim is dismissed with prejudice. 11 N. Count 12: Fraudulent Misrepresentation 12 The gravamen of Plaintiffs’ fraudulent misrepresentation claim is the allegation 13 Defendant falsely “stated part of the loan would be forgiven,” namely, the Deferred 14 Principal Balance, and falsely stated “the loan modification would be refinanced” 15 thereafter. (Doc. 11-1 at 41.)14 Defendant contends Plaintiffs fail to allege “who 16 represented [the LMA would be refinanced] or when,” and further, the express terms of the 17 LMA state Defendant had “no obligation to refinance.” (Doc. 12 at 17 (citation omitted).) 18 To successfully claim fraudulent misrepresentation, Plaintiffs must allege sufficient 19 facts to support the following elements: “(1) A representation; (2) its falsity; (3) its 20 materiality; (4) the speaker’s knowledge of its falsity or ignorance of its truth; (5) his intent 21 that it should be acted upon by the person and in the manner reasonably contemplated,” 22 and “(6) the hearer’s ignorance of its falsity; (7) his reliance on its truth; (8) his right to 23 rely thereon; (9) his consequent and proximate injury.” Carrel v. Lux, 420 P.2d 564, 568 24 (Ariz. 1966) (emphasis added); see also Frank Lloyd Wright Found. v. Kroeter, 697 F. 25 Supp. 2d 1118, 1125 (D. Ariz. 2010). 26 14 To the extent Plaintiffs claim their signatures were forged, (Doc. 11-1 at 40), 27 without tying this factual allegation to the elements of their fraudulent misrepresentation 28 claim, the Court will not address “factual elements of a cause of action scattered throughout [a] complaint.” Linder, 2018 WL 10732583, at *1. 1 First, Defendant’s representation regarding the waiver of the Deferred Principal 2 Balance was not false—the $97,619.39 total sum was waived according to the transaction 3 history. (Doc. 11-1 at 102, Ex. F.) Second, while Plaintiffs also allege Defendant 4 misrepresented “the loan modification would be refinanced,” the LMA states in all-caps as 5 a preface to its terms the “loan servicer has no obligation to refinance this loan or make 6 you a new loan on the maturity date.” (Doc. 11-1 at 41, 80.) Thus, while Plaintiffs assert 7 they “were told if they signed the [LMA] part of the loan would be forgiven allowing them 8 to refinance the loan before the balloon date,” (Doc. 11-1 at 41), the express terms of the 9 LMA put Plaintiffs on notice of the fact Defendant had “no [contractual] obligation to 10 refinance t[he] loan . . . .” (Id. at 80.) As such, Plaintiffs were not and could not be ignorant 11 of the falsity of any alleged misrepresentation of refinancing options under the LMA. Since 12 neither factual allegation asserted by Plaintiffs satisfies the elements for fraudulent 13 misrepresentation and no set of facts would support this claim, their claim for fraudulent 14 misrepresentation is dismissed with prejudice. 15 O. Count 13: Unjust Enrichment 16 Plaintiffs claim “Defendant was unjustly enriched by refusing to forgive the 17 $97,619.39,” i.e. the Deferred Principal Balance subject to waiver. (Doc. 11-1 at 43.) 18 Defendant asserts “[t]here is no factual basis to support Plaintiffs’ allegation” because the 19 Deferred Principal Balance was waived. (See Doc. 12 at 17–18.) 20 “A person who has been unjustly enriched at the expense of another is required to 21 make restitution to the other.” Murdock-Bryant Const., Inc. v. Pearson, 703 P.2d 1197, 22 1202 (1985) (citation omitted). Thus, an unjust enrichment claim will succeed “whenever 23 the court finds . . . the defendant, upon the circumstances of the case, is obliged by the ties 24 of natural justice and equity to make compensation for benefits received.” State v. Arizona 25 Pension Plan., 739 P.2d 1373, 1375 (Ariz. 1987) (citation and internal quotation marks 26 omitted). 27 Ultimately, Defendant was not “unjustly enriched at the expense of” Plaintiffs, 28 Murdock-Bryant Const., Inc., 703 P.2d at 1202, because the Deferred Principal Balance 1 was waived in full according to the transaction history. (Doc. 11-1 at 102, Ex. F.) Further, 2 while Plaintiffs “believe . . . they will uncover additional amounts of unjust enrichment” 3 upon discovery, (Doc. 11-1 at 43) (emphasis added), such an allegation is insufficient and 4 unsupported by any facts. There is no set of facts sufficient to support Plaintiffs’ theory 5 based on the information provided, so granting leave to amend for this claim would be 6 futile. Thus, Plaintiffs unjust enrichment claim is dismissed with prejudice and without 7 leave to amend. 8 IV. Leave to Amend 9 “[I]n dismissing for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), ‘a district court 10 should grant leave to amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it 11 determines . . . the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” 12 Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 13 494, 497 (9th Cir.1995)); see also Krainski v. Nevada ex rel. Bd. of Regents of Nevada Sys. 14 of Higher Educ., 616 F.3d 963, 972 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Dismissal without leave to amend is 15 improper unless it is clear . . . the complaint could not be saved by any amendment.” 16 (citation omitted)). 17 As more fully detailed throughout this Order, Plaintiffs are given leave to amend 18 the following claims: their allegation of securitization defects, breach of contract claim as 19 to Defendant’s failure to comply with the dates of waiver, breach of the implied covenant 20 of good faith and fair dealing claim as to Defendant’s “pattern of abuse,” FCRA Claim, 21 Regulation X Claim, and RESPA Claim (Counts 1, 5, and 7–9 of Plaintiffs’ FAC). 22 V. Conclusion 23 IT IS ORDERED Defendant's Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 12) is GRANTED. 24 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED Plaintiffs' Quiet Title Action, FDCPA Claim, FTCA 25 Claim, TILA Claim, Infliction of Emotional Distress Claim, Harmed by Predatory Loans 26 Claim, Slander of Title Claim, Fraudulent Misrepresentation Claim, and Unjust 27 Enrichment Claim (Counts 2–4, 6, and 10–13 of Plaintiffs' FAC) are DISMISSED with 28 prejudice. 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED Plaintiffs’ allegation of securitization defects, 2|| Breach of Contract Claim as to Defendant's failure to comply with the dates of waiver, || Breach of Implied Covenant of Fair Dealing Claim as to Defendant's "pattern of abuse," FCRA Claim, Regulation X Claim, and RESPA Claim (Counts 1, 5, and 7—9 of □□□□□□□□□□□ 5 || FAC) are DISMISSED without prejudice and with leave to amend. 6 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED Plaintiffs may file a Second Amended Complaint || no later than Monday, October 21, 2024. If Plaintiffs choose to do so, they must organize 8 || their facts into short and plain statements (not narrative form) and must limit their □□ complaint to the following claims: Breach of Contract Claim as to Defendant's failure to 10 || comply with the dates of waiver, Breach of Implied Covenant of Fair Dealing Claim as to 11 || Defendant's "pattern of abuse," FCRA Claim, Regulation X Claim, and RESPA Claim || (Counts 1, 5, and 7—9 of Plaintiffs' FAC). 13 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED Defendant's first Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 7) is 14|| DENIED as moot. 15 Dated this 30th day of September, 2024. 16 □ 18 Honorable Scott H, Rash 19 “_/ United States District Judge 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 -22-