United States v. Deppe , 509 F.3d 54 ( 2007 )

509 F.3d 54 (2007)

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,
v.
Michael R. DEPPE, Defendant, Appellant.

No. 07-1048.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Submitted November 6, 2007. Decided December 11, 2007.

Arza Feldman, Steven A. Feldman, and Feldman and Feldman on brief for appellant.

Adam J. Bookbinder, Assistant United States Attorney, and Michael J. Sullivan, United States Attorney, on brief for appellee.

Before BOUDIN, Chief Judge, SELYA and STAHL, Senior Circuit Judges.

SELYA, Senior Circuit Judge.

The circus impresario, P.T. Barnum, is famously reputed to have said that "there's a sucker born every minute." That droll commentary on the human condition, whether or not fairly attributed to Barnum,^[1] appears to be as insightful in cyber-commerce as in face-to-face business transactions. This conclusion is borne out by the case at hand, which involves an Internet fraud.

In the appeal proper, we are asked to consider allegations of instructional and sentencing error. The overarching themes are those of chicanery and greed. Thoroughly assured by a careful canvass of the record, we affirm the judgment below.

I. BACKGROUND

Beginning in March of 2003, defendant-appellant Michael R. Deppe commenced a series of transactions in which he offered Rolex watches over the Internet in exchange for funds wire-transferred directly to his bank account. By December of 2003, he had engaged in twenty-seven such transactions and had snared roughly $115,000 in payments. But there was a catch: not a single customer had received a watch.

An investigation uncovered the following scenario. Upon receipt of wire-transferred funds in the stipulated amount, the appellant would ship a package. The customer would receive tracking information for the shipment. In fact, however, the package would deliberately be sent to an incorrect address within the customer's zip code. This artifice worked because the tracking information only indicated to the customer that a package had been sent to his zip code; it did not reveal the intended destination with any greater specificity. When and if the package caught up with the customer, it invariably proved to contain only crumpled newspaper or worthless baseball cards.

By March of 2004, the Rolex scheme had been laid waste, and a state prosecutor had charged the appellant with nineteen counts of larceny. He was not detained, though, on the condition that he no longer conduct business through the instrumentality of a computer.

The fall of 2004 saw the appellant contravene the state court bail order. He teamed up with William Englehart and entered a new line of business. Their fledgling firm, called Aceprosports, aspired to sell sports merchandise through well-known Internet intermediaries like eBay and PayPal.

Initially, each sale went off without a hitch, and Aceprosports garnered "power seller" honors from eBay. In early 2005 — some two weeks before the Super Bowl — the dénouement began. At that juncture, the company started selling nonexistent tickets to the game. The Super Bowl scheme netted nearly $263,000 for tickets that the partners never possessed. While Englehart made a few refunds, the vast majority of customers lost their deposits.

On February 23, 2005, a federal grand jury indicted the appellant on eight counts of wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1343, and two counts of mail fraud, id. § 1341, all related to the Rolex swindle. Exactly five weeks later, the grand jury handed up a superseding indictment that added four counts of wire fraud and two counts of mail fraud growing out of the Super Bowl scheme.

The appellant initially maintained his total innocence. Then, on March 6, 2006, he pleaded guilty to the ten counts that implicated the Rolex fraud. The six Super Bowl counts remained pending.

A seven-day jury trial ensued. The trial evidence featured finger-pointing by the two erstwhile partners. The government's theory of the case was that the appellant had falsely assured Englehart that he (the appellant) had found a legitimate source of Super Bowl tickets and had bilked Englehart out of the money paid by prospective purchasers. For his part, the appellant sought to erase this portrait of Englehart as "the perfect dupe." He asserted that Englehart helped with many of the sales himself, controlled the company's bank account and cash flow, and forged receipts to make it appear that the appellant had siphoned off the proceeds of the scheme.

The government dropped one of the six remaining counts mid-trial. As to the rest, the jury apparently accepted the government's version of the relevant events; on May 2, 2006, it convicted the appellant on each of the five submitted counts.

The conceded counts and the tried counts were grouped for purposes of sentencing. Without objection, the district court fixed the appellant's adjusted offense level at 27. The court then declined to grant the appellant a two-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, see USSG § 3E1.1(a); placed him in criminal history category I; arrived at a guideline sentencing range (GSR) of 70-87 months; and imposed a mid-range 78-month incarcerative term. The court also fined the appellant, levied a special assessment, ordered restitution in the amount of $520,375.84, and set a period of supervised release. This timely appeal followed.

II. DISCUSSION

We begin our substantive analysis with the appellant's claim of instructional error. We then proceed to consider his twin claims of sentencing error.

A. Jury Instructions.

The appellant's complaint about the jury instructions has its genesis in an original instruction given to the jury after both sides had rested and counsel had delivered their summations. The court stated:

The defendant contends that another person was responsible for any wrongful acts that may have occurred in this case. The fact that someone else may have had the requisite intent to commit mail or wire fraud does not, by itself, constitute a defense or an excuse for Mr. Deppe. However, you may consider evidence of the intent and conduct of other parties to the extent that such evidence bears on the issue of whether Mr. Deppe himself had the requisite intent and committed the crimes charged.

The appellant seasonably objected to this instruction, asserting that whatever the indictment might say, the government had presented its case as one in which Englehart had been duped, yet the instruction invited the jurors to convict even if they found that Englehart had co-engineered the fraud. Deeming this objection well-taken, the district court gave the following supplementary instruction before the start of deliberations:

The indictment charges . . . a scheme to defraud, both in the form of mail fraud and wire fraud, and it charges it in a particular way, and the way it charges it is that Mr. Deppe is criminally culpable, and no other person is criminally culpable, and that is what you are to decide, whether the government has proved beyond a reasonable doubt the particular scheme charged in the indictment.

Thus instructed, the jury retired to deliberate.

Shortly thereafter, the jurors requested clarification of the supplementary instruction. The court brought them back into the courtroom, candidly acknowledged that its supplementary instruction might have been "a little bit looser" than it should have been, and bade the jurors to focus on whether the government had proven the fraudulent scheme substantially as charged in the relevant counts of the indictment. It repeated no fewer than five times words to the effect that "the Government must prove that there was a scheme to defraud, substantially as charged in the indictment." Relatedly, the court reminded the jurors of the burden of proof.

At this point, a juror asked a somewhat garbled question anent the district court's earlier instruction:

It sounds to me as though if Mr. Deppe isn't completely solely responsible, that there's no one else culpable then — then we decide that he's guilty. If we decide that — that someone was in on this with him, then he's not guilty?

By way of response, the court reiterated that the jury should focus on whether or not the scheme charged in the indictment had been proved. In search of certitude, the court repeated that admonition at least three times after the juror interposed his query. The court refused to editorialize about the scheme or otherwise to elaborate on the jury's duty. Despite requests by both sides, the court also declined to reduce any of its supplementary instructions to writing.

Thus instructed, the jury repaired to the jury room and resumed its deliberations. It returned with a guilty verdict on all five of the pending counts.

The appellant's challenge to these instructions is quixotic. His brief makes no claim that any of the instructions were incorrect as a matter of law. Rather, he asserts that the instructions must have confused the jury, as evidenced by one juror's expression of puzzlement (expressed in the question quoted above).

Objections to allegedly confusing jury instructions, when preserved for appeal, engender review for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Nascimento, 491 F.3d 25, 33-34 (1st Cir.2007). If such objections have not been preserved, plain-error review applies. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 30(d), 52(b); see also United States v. Vega Molina, 407 F.3d 511, 529 (1st Cir.2005). In this instance, the record is murky as to whether the claim of instructional error was or was not preserved.

The relevant facts are as follows. When the district court held a sidebar conference to discuss its further instructions, the appellant injected himself into the conversation, bypassing his counsel and explaining how he thought the instructions should be worded. The court then asked defense counsel whether the appellant's objection was counsel's objection. Counsel equivocated; he disavowed the objection but then enigmatically observed that, whatever he (counsel) happened to think, "it's [Deppe's] life."

In the end, we find it unnecessary to resolve whether the claim of institutional error was preserved for appellate review. Instead we assume, favorably to the appellant, that it was. On that assumption, we proceed to assay the challenged instructions for abuse of discretion. We discern none.

The most pertinent consideration is that none of the instructions harmed or prejudiced the appellant in any way. In point of fact, the only problematic instruction given to the jury — the district court's first supplementary instruction — favored the appellant.^[2] We explain briefly.

The district court at that point instructed the jury that the indictment required proof that the appellant "is criminally culpable, and no other person is criminally culpable." But the government's burden was not so onerous: the indictment itself included charges of aiding and abetting and left ample room for scenarios in which the appellant and one or more collaborators could be held criminally responsible. When the putative error in a criminal jury instruction is such that it tends to narrow the indictment or to elevate the government's burden of proof, the defendant cannot be heard to complain about prejudice. See United States v. Lizardo, 445 F.3d 73, 86 (1st Cir.2006).

Viewed against this backdrop, the somewhat inarticulate question posed by the inquisitive juror fails to supply any meaningful evidence of prejudicial jury confusion. The appellant asks us to interpret this question as an indication that all the jurors believed that, if they found that no one else was guilty of the fraud, they could convict the appellant on that basis alone. This is too much of a stretch: the question was ambiguous and, in all events, reflected only the tentative thought processes of one juror. It would be pure speculation to infer a mistaken view of the law from an ambiguous question posed by a single juror. Cf. Ayers v. Belmontes, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 469, 479, 166 L.Ed.2d 334 (2006) (holding that individual juror questions regarding instructions, susceptible of differing interpretations, did not justify grant of habeas relief).

Here, moreover, the query was interposed before the court completed its instructions. Even if some modicum of juror confusion persisted at that preliminary stage — an assumption that we view as dubious — there is no reason to think that the district court's subsequent clarification did not dispel it. See Howard D. Jury, Inc. v. R & G Sloane Mfg. Co., 666 F.2d 1348, 1351 (10th Cir.1981) (explaining that the critical question is "whether the confusion in the jurors' minds was eliminated before the verdicts were returned, not whether the jurors were confused prior to that time"). This clarification, which took the form of several plainly worded repetitions of the correct rule of law, was more than adequate to eliminate any vestige of confusion that previously might have crept into the case. See, e.g., United States v. Nishnianidze, 342 F.3d 6, 16 (1st Cir.2003); United States v. Murray, 618 F.2d 892, 904 (2d Cir.1980); see also Bollenbach v. United States, 326 U.S. 607, 612, 66 S.Ct. 402, 90 L.Ed. 350 (1946) (Frankfurter, J.) ("Particularly in a criminal trial, the judge's last word is apt to be the decisive word.").

In sum, we adhere to the sensible principle that a "jury instruction cannot be read in a vacuum, but, rather, must be taken in light of the charge as a whole." Ellis v. United States, 313 F.3d 636, 645 (1st Cir.2002). Applying that rule, we find little or no evidence of jury confusion here. We are, moreover, confident that any possible risk of confusion was abated by the lower court's curative instructions. We therefore detect no abuse of discretion in the instructions as a whole.

B. Acceptance of Responsibility.

We turn next to the appellant's primary claim of sentencing error: his entreaty that the district court improvidently refused to shrink his offense level for acceptance of responsibility. We discern no error.

Under the applicable guideline, USSG § 3E1.1(a), a defendant may receive a two-level downward adjustment if he seasonably accepts responsibility for the crime(s) of conviction. The burden of proving that he accepted responsibility rests squarely with the defendant. See United States v. Franky-Ortiz, 230 F.3d 405, 408 (1st Cir.2000); United States v. Royer, 895 F.2d 28, 29-30 (1st Cir.1990).

Acceptance of responsibility entails more than merely mouthing the vocabulary of contrition. Pleading guilty in advance of trial and truthfully disclosing the details of all relevant conduct usually will constitute substantial evidence that a defendant has accepted responsibility. See USSG § 3E1.1, cmt. (n. 3). But not every pretrial guilty plea guarantees the defendant the two-level reduction. See, e.g., United States v. McLaughlin, 378 F.3d 35, 38-39 (1st Cir.2004); Royer, 895 F.2d at 30.

When a defendant proceeds to trial and puts the government to its proof, a credit for acceptance of responsibility normally will not be available. See, e.g., United States v. Sánchez-Berríos, 424 F.3d 65, 79 (1st Cir.2005); United States v. Rosario-Peralta, 199 F.3d 552, 570 (1st Cir. 1999). Even so, proceeding to trial does no more than create a rebuttable presumption of non-availability. A defendant in that position still may receive credit for acceptance of responsibility in "rare situations." USSG § 3E1.1, cmt. (n. 2); see, e.g., United States v. Kowal, 2007 WL 2903194, at *9 (N.D.Iowa 2007) [No. 06-CR-133] (allowing downward adjustment where defendant stipulated to facts and proceeded to trial solely to test applicability of statute to his conduct).

The standard of review for acceptance-of-responsibility determinations is familiar. Recognizing the special difficulty of discerning, on a cold record, whether a defendant's expressions of remorse were in earnest, we review a sentencing court's judgments about acceptance of responsibility for clear error. See United States v. Dethlefs, 123 F.3d 39, 43 (1st Cir.1997); Royer, 895 F.2d at 29; see also USSG § 3E1.1, cmt. (n. 5) (explaining that "the determination of the sentencing judge is entitled to great deference on review"). We nonetheless maintain plenary review over related legal questions, including the interpretation of the scope that a sentencing guideline affords. See, e.g., United States v. Talladino, 38 F.3d 1255, 1263 (1st Cir.1994).

In this case, we confront the hybrid situation in which a defendant has admitted guilt in advance of trial as to some of the counts in a multi-count indictment, yet proceeded to trial on other counts.^[3] The appellant argues, in effect, that the district court gave too short shrift to the fact that he had pleaded to several of the charges and erroneously applied what amounted to a conclusive presumption that the reduction should not be awarded. Several of our sister circuits have held that acceptance of responsibility is an all or nothing proposition and that a rebuttable presumption of non-availability (that is, a presumption subject to the "rare situation" exception) applies where a defendant pleads guilty to some but not all of the crimes charged in a multi-count indictment. See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 242 F.3d 1028, 1034 (11th Cir.2001); United States v. Chambers, 195 F.3d 274, 277-79 (6th Cir.1999); United States v. Ginn, 87 F.3d 367, 371 (9th Cir.1996); United States v. Kleinebreil, 966 F.2d 945, 954 (5th Cir. 1992); United States v. McDowell, 888 F.2d 285, 293 (3d Cir.1989). But see United States v. Wattree, 431 F.3d 618, 622 (8th Cir.2005) ("To the extent the Third Circuit [in McDowell] adopts a per se rule that grouping overrides all other circumstances, this court does not follow the Third Circuit."). This court has not answered the question — and, as we explain below, we have no occasion to do so today.

The fact of the matter is that the district court — contrary to the appellant's implication — did not automatically deny an acceptance-of-responsibility credit on account of his decision to go to trial on some of the charged counts. Rather, in its statements at the disposition hearing, the court referred repeatedly to an application note, which provides in pertinent part:

In determining whether a defendant qualifies [for an acceptance of responsibility reduction], appropriate considerations include . . . truthfully admitting the conduct comprising the offense(s) of conviction, and truthfully admitting or not falsely denying any additional relevant conduct.

USSG § 3E1.1, cmt. (n. 1(a)). The court concluded:

The defendant did not truthfully admit the conduct of the offensive conviction and did not truthfully admit and has falsely denied other relevant conduct. . . .

* * *

He has sought to shift blame to others, and otherwise engaged in-engaged in denials and other conduct suggesting that he had not accepted responsibility. . . .

* * *

I don't think [the two-level reduction is] appropriate under the circumstances, so that objection is overruled.

These comments evince a particularized consideration of the appellant's actions at the trial. That focus is thoroughly incompatible with the appellant's suggestion that the court made a rote rejection of his request for an acceptance-of-responsibility adjustment merely because he had pleaded to fewer than all of the charged counts.

In denying a section 3E1.1(a) discount, the district court need not articulate a tight matrix of factual findings, in light of which its denial seems all but ineluctable. See United States v. Saxena, 229 F.3d 1, 10 (1st Cir.2000). Here, the court made pellucid its conclusion that the appellant's downplaying of his role in the Super Bowl ticket fraud and his attempts to shift the blame to Englehart were antithetic to a finding that he had accepted responsibility for his criminality. No more was exigible; given the district court's findings, this was surely not one of the "rare situations" that would have warranted special largesse.

C. Reasonableness of the Sentence.

In a parting shot, the appellant tries to impugn the length of his 78-month sentence. For this limited purpose, he concedes the correctness of the district court's guideline computations and acknowledges that the sentence falls within the compass of the GSR. He nonetheless claims that factors to which the court attached insufficient weight dictated a more benign result. This argument is wide of the mark.

In the aftermath of the Supreme Court's landmark decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 261, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), we review durational challenges to criminal sentences for reasonableness. That standard governs regardless of whether the sentence imposed falls within or without the confines of the GSR. United States v. Jiménez-Beltre, 440 F.3d 514, 517 (1st Cir. 2006) (en banc). Withal, the challenger's burden is particularly heavy where, as here, he strives to brand as unreasonable a within-the-range sentence. See United States v. Smith, 445 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 2006); cf. Rita v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 2456, 2463-68, 168 L.Ed.2d 203 (2007) (discussing the presumption of reasonableness that attaches to within-the-range sentences). In the last analysis, this standard of review is fairly deferential. As long as we discern "a plausible explanation" for the sentence and a "defensible overall result," we will not second-guess the district court's informed judgment. Jiménez-Beltre, 440 F.3d at 519.

In the instant case, the appellant posits that, in considering the sentencing factors enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a),^[4] the district court undervalued four relevant factors: the appellant's lack of a prior criminal record, his youth (twenty-one years old at the time of the Rolex fraud), the non-violent nature of the crimes of conviction, and his psychological frailties (specifically, an obsessive-compulsive disorder and a gambling addiction). This argument comprises more cry than wool.

The record makes manifest that the district court was well aware of each of these factors when it pronounced sentence. Indeed, three of them — the absence of a criminal record, the character of the offenses, and the appellant's addictive behavior — were explicitly mentioned by the court during its statement of reasons for configuring the sentence. The court also spoke about the appellant's failure to accept full responsibility, the need for deterrence, and the unfortunate hallmarks of the appellant's crimes (cynicism, brazenness, greed, and deliberateness). It is readily apparent that the court elected to focus on certain important aspects of the offenses of conviction and to give less weight to other allegedly mitigating factors. So viewed, the court's weighing of the relevant factors entailed a choice of emphasis, not a sin of omission. That is not a basis for a founded claim of sentencing error. See United States v. Dixon, 449 F.3d 194, 205 (1st Cir.2006) ("While a sentencing court must consider all of the applicable section 3553(a) factors, it is not required to address those factors, one by one, in some sort of rote incantation when explicating its sentencing decision.").

The short of it is that the sentencing court provided a logical explanation for the 78-month sentence and — given the nature of the crimes committed and the characteristics of the criminal — that sentence represents a sensible punishment. That is all that an appellate court can expect. See Jiménez-Beltre, 440 F.3d at 519; see also United States v. Turbides-Leonardo, 468 F.3d 34, 40 (1st Cir.2006) (explaining that a sentencing court's explanation of the sentence need not "be precise to the point of pedantry").

III. CONCLUSION

We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above, we find the appellant's conviction and sentence to be unimpugnable.

Affirmed.

NOTES

[1] Although this statement was attributed to Barnum in the Fort Wayne Weekly Sentinel of January 17, 1894, Barnum is said to have doubted that he had uttered these precise words. He conceded, however, that he may have said: "The people like to be humbugged."

[2] This is the instruction that the district court itself, on reflection, fretted had "set some sort of land speed record . . . in confusing a jury."

[3] For purposes of this analysis, we ignore the count that the government voluntarily dismissed, as a defendant need not plead guilty to charges the government itself has relinquished in order to receive the basic reduction for acceptance of responsibility. See United States v. Perez-Franco, 873 F.2d 455, 459 (1st Cir.1989).

[4] These factors include:

(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the sentence imposed (A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct; (C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and . . . (6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records . . .; and (7) the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).