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USCA1 Opinion
February 9, 1993
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
____________________
No. 92-1625
JAMES FINNERN, M.D.,
Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
SUNDAY RIVER SKIWAY CORPORATION,
d/b/a/ Sunday River Ski Resort,
Defendant, Appellee.
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ERRATA SHEET
____________________
The opinion issued January 29, 1993, should be corrected as
follows:
P. 15, 1. 22 reads in part: "[S]ki resorts are, if not"; it
should read in that pertinent part: "[S]ki resorts are
precisely". The corrected sentence will read: "not have come as
a surprise to Finnern. Ski resorts are precisely".
January 29, 1993
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
____________________
No. 92-1625
JAMES FINNERN, M.D.,
Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
SUNDAY RIVER SKIWAY CORPORATION,
d/b/a/ Sunday River Ski Resort,
Defendant, Appellee.
____________________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MAINE
[Hon. D. Brock Hornby, U.S. District Judge]
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____________________
Before
Cyr, Circuit Judge,
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Bownes, Senior Circuit Judge,
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and Fuste,* District Judge.
______________
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Richard L. O'Meara with whom Peter L. Murray, Murray, Plumb, &
___________________ ________________ ________________
Murray, Alan E. Richman, John J. Coates, and Breit, Best, Richman, &
______ _______________ _______________ ________________________
Bosch were on brief for appellant.
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Keith A. Powers with whom Elizabeth A. Olivier, and Preti,
________________ ______________________ ______
Flaherty, Beliveau & Pachios were on brief for appellee.
____________________________
____________________
____________________
_____________________
*Of the District of Puerto Rico, sitting by designation.
FUSTE, District Judge. Plaintiff, an injured skier,
______________
argues that a ski area operator negligently maintained a tree in
a particular area of a Maine ski slope and that the ski resort
negligently failed to post a warning sign alerting skiers to the
presence of a converging trail. Plaintiff alleges that these
negligent acts proximately caused him to suffer serious injuries
in a skiing accident.
Plaintiff originally brought a five-count negligence
action against the ski resort seeking damages. Two of the five
counts, loss of consortium and emotional distress brought on
behalf of plaintiff's spouse, were voluntarily dismissed. Based
on considerations of state law,1 the district court dismissed
two more counts alleging negligent tree location or placement and
slope arrangement for failure to state a claim on which relief
could be granted. Also, the court denied plaintiff's motion to
amend the tree placement count in order to allege additional
facts. Finally, the district court found the warning-sign count
adjudicable; however, finding no material fact was in dispute,
____________________
1The Maine legislature enacted the Skiers' and Tramway
Passengers' Responsibilities Act, 26 M.R.S.A. 488 (1991),
to limit the liability of Maine's ski area operators. The
statute provides that skiers assume risks while skiing on
the state's slopes and immunizes ski resorts from legal
responsibility for skiing injuries "unless the injury or
death [is] actually caused by the negligent operation or
_________
maintenance of the ski area by the ski area operator, its
___________
agents or employees." Id. (emphasis added). Although the
__
statute itself does not define "operation or maintenance,"
the district court found issues of negligent slope design to
______
be outside the scope of the statute's liability limitation
exception. Finnern v. Sunday River, Civil No. 91-0065-P-H,
_______________________
slip op. at 3 (D. Me. Nov. 28, 1991).
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the court granted summary judgment -- in favor of defendant ski
area operator. Plaintiff appeals the district court's
dismissals, denial of motion to amend, and summary judgment
decision. For reasons explained below, we affirm the district
affirm
court in all relevant respects.
I.
I.
FACTS
FACTS
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James Finnern, M.D.,2 ("Finnern") and his wife, Denise
Finnern, were skiing down an intermediate slope, Dream Maker, at
Sunday River Ski Resort3 ("Sunday River") in Newry, Maine, on
March 1, 1989. The Finnerns had previously skied the Dream Maker
slope during the three days preceding the accident and had just
finished negotiating Dream Maker immediately before the fateful
run. Finnern considered his skiing ability at the time to be
somewhere between high-intermediate and low-expert levels.
As Finnern descended the slope, he allegedly saw three
relatively slow-moving or stopped skiers approximately 100 to 150
feet downslope, who apparently had entered Dream Maker from a
converging beginners' trail, Ridge Run. Since, as Finnern
claims, he was not apprised of the convergence of Dream Maker and
Ridge Run with a sign, and was unaware of the imminence of the
converging slope, he was shocked and surprised by the appearance
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2Federal jurisdiction is appropriate. Finnern is a resident
of Colorado, and Sunday River is a corporation centered and
located in Maine, and the amount in controversy exceeds
$50,000. Thus, diversity jurisdiction is satisfied. 28
U.S.C. 1332.
3Also referred to as Sunday River Skiway Corporation.
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of the Ridge Run skiers. In order not to collide with or startle
the slow-moving skiers below him, Finnern made a conscious
decision to change course. He successfully avoided the other
skiers by at least thirty feet. Finnern, however, while claiming
to be in reasonable control of his movements, came upon an
ordinary mogul that sent him into the air. The loss of control
occasioned by the mogul jump or landing resulted in his losing a
ski and, unfortunately, in his crashing into a tree near the
periphery of the slope. He came to rest after hitting the tree
and gliding a distance down the trail. Finnern sustained severe
injuries.
The tree at issue is located near the tree line and
boundary of the slope, but is a few feet nearer the trail than
the other peripheral trees. Finnern alleges that the proximity
of the tree to the edge of the trail proximately caused his
accident, and represents an issue of negligent maintenance or
operation -- actionable under state law. Finnern also claims
that the lack of a warning sign was a substantial factor leading
to his injuries. Defendant further argues that there was a
diagrammatic sign indicating an upcoming convergence.
Defendant ski area operator contends that the tree is
not unusually positioned and is like many other trees on the
slopes of Maine's many ski areas. Defendant also claims that ski
areas are exposed to very limited liability under 26 M.R.S.A.
488 (1991), and that plaintiff legally assumed certain risks when
he decided to go skiing, one of which was collision with a tree.
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II.
II.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
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The skiing accident led to three separate decisions by
the federal district court. Following the voluntary dismissal of
the two counts touching on Mrs. Finnern's claims of injury, the
district court, on November 5, 1991, dismissed the two tree-
related counts. It dismissed on the ground that state law
exempted ski resorts from liability based on slope design.
However, the court denied defendant's motion to dismiss the
warning-sign count because it raised legitimate, adjudicable
issues, namely negligent operation and maintenance of ski slopes
under 26 M.R.S.A. 488 (1991).
The second facet of this appeal stems from the district
court's February 14, 1992, denial of plaintiff's motion to amend
Count II with additional factual expositions regarding negligent
tree location. Plaintiff argues that the new information would
have prevented the court from dismissing Count II of the
complaint. The third district court decision on appeal is the
April 22, 1992, order granting defendant's motion for summary
judgment on the remaining count pertaining to the lack of a
convergence warning sign. The court found no issue of material
fact in dispute and entered judgment for the ski resort.
We are asked to review these three district court
orders but, before addressing each segment of the appeal in turn,
we discuss the state law limiting ski resort liability and, in
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general terms, the rationale behind the assumption of risk
doctrine underlying Maine's statute.
III.
III.
INHERENT RISKS OF SKIING AND
INHERENT RISKS OF SKIING AND
____________________________
DISMISSAL OF SLOPE DESIGN COUNTS
DISMISSAL OF SLOPE DESIGN COUNTS
________________________________
A. Risks of Alpine Skiing
A. Risks of Alpine Skiing
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Maine, like many other states, has given legislative
notice that downhill snow skiing involves significant risk of
injury.4 Despite acknowledged risks, many people find
irresistible the danger inherent in the sport of skiing, one of
the many human challenges to nature's wrath.
Because skiing is dangerous, and since people enjoy and
engage in the sport in spite of the danger, the legislature of
the state of Maine, like many others, decided to enact a statute
to limit ski area operators' liability and to define the
assumption of risk, general responsibilities, duties, and
liabilities of skiers and ski resorts generally:
It is hereby recognized that skiing as a
recreational sport and the use of passenger
tramways associated therewith may be
hazardous to skiers or passengers, regardless
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4See 26 M.R.S.A. 488 (1991) (Maine's law regarding skier
___
assumption of risk and ski resort liability limitations).
Many states have enacted laws limiting liability of ski area
operators, and defining the duties of operators and skiers.
See, e.g., Alaska Stat. 09.17.060, 09.65.135 (1992)
___ ____
(relative liability of ski resorts and skiers); Colo. Rev.
Stat. 109 (1992) (duties of skiers and penalties); Colo.
Rev. Stat. 112-13 (1992) (limitations on ski area operator
liability for inherent dangers of skiing); Conn. Gen. Stat.
29-212 (1990) (skiers' assumption of risk); Idaho Code
6-1107 (1992) (limitations of liability of ski area
operators); Idaho Code 6-1109 (1992) (liability of
skiers).
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of all feasible safety measures which can be
taken. Therefore, each skier shall have the
sole responsibility for knowing the range of
his own ability to negotiate any slope or ski
trail, and it shall be the duty of each skier
to conduct himself within the limits of his
own ability, to maintain control of his speed
and course at all times while skiing, to heed
all posted warnings, and to refrain from
acting in a manner which may cause or
contribute to the injury of himself or
others. Except as otherwise specifically
provided in this subchapter, each skier who
__________
participates in the sport of skiing shall be
deemed to have assumed the risk of the
___________________________
dangers inherent in the sport and assumed the
________________
legal responsibility for any injury to his
person or property arising out of his
participation in the sport of skiing, unless
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the injury or death was actually caused by
_____________________________________________
the negligent operation or maintenance of the
_____________________________________________
ski area by the ski area operator, its agents
_________________________________
or employees. Except as provided in this
section, the responsibility for collisions by
any skier while actually skiing, with any
person or object, shall be solely that of the
skier or skiers involved in collision and not
that of the ski area operator. This section
shall not prevent the maintenance of an
action against a ski area operator for the
negligent design, construction, operation or
maintenance of a tramway.
Skiers' and Tramway Passengers' Responsibilities, 26 M.R.S.A.
488 (1991) (emphasis added). An understanding of Maine's
statutory effort to limit ski area operator liability in skiing
accidents is essential in our review of the district court orders
on appeal.
B. Dismissal of Two Counts As
B. Dismissal of Two Counts As
__________________________
Design Issues Under Maine Law
Design Issues Under Maine Law
_____________________________
The standard for reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal is
clear: "[a] complaint is to be construed in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff; dismissal is appropriate only if 'it
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appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts
in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.'"
Roeder v. Alpha Indus., Inc., 814 F.2d 22, 25 (1st Cir. 1987)
______________________________
(quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1987)). See also
________________ ________
Miranda v. Ponce Federal Bank, 948 F.2d 41, 43 (1st Cir. 1991);
______________________________
Feinstein v. Resolution Trust Corp., 942 F.2d 34, 37 (1st Cir.
____________________________________
1991); Correa-Mart nez v. Arrillaga-Bel ndez, 903 F.2d 49, 51
______________________________________
(1st Cir. 1990); Dartmouth Review v. Dartmouth College, 889 F.2d
_____________________________________
13, 16 (1st Cir. 1989). If a trial court accepts plaintiff's
facts and can envision no reasonable application of the law that
would entitle plaintiff to relief, the court may rightly dismiss
the case. In our review of the district court's dismissal of
Counts II and III, we must determine whether the facts supportive
to plaintiff, the applicable law, and the interpretation of the
law justly support dismissal.
In the case at hand, defendant Sunday River moved in
the district court to dismiss all three remaining counts of
Finnern's complaint for failure to state a claim. Specifically,
Sunday River argued that Counts II and III of the complaint state
causes of action for slope design negligence and not for
maintenance or operation negligence, a statutorily significant
distinction. See 26 M.R.S.A. 488 (1991).
___
Section 488, Maine's statute entitled Skiers' and
Tramway Passengers' Responsibilities, greatly limits liability of
ski area operators, excepting only liability of ski resorts if
_________ ____
"the injury or death [is] actually caused by [] negligent
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operation or maintenance . . . ." 26 M.R.S.A. 488 (1991)
_________ ___________
(emphasis added). The law not only limits ski resorts'
liability, but the statute also emphasizes that skiers assume a
significant amount of risk in engaging in the inherently risky
sport of skiing.5 Section 488 clearly states that skiers should
know their abilities and the ever-present dangers inherent to
skiing. Id.
___
The law is clear that a Maine ski area operator like
Sunday River may only be held legally liable if its alleged
actions or inactions involved negligent operation or maintenance.
The district court interpreted this statutory provision to
"preclude[] any action for negligent design of the slopes and
trails of a ski area." Finnern v. Sunday River, Civil No. 91-
_______________________
0065-P-H, slip op. at 3 (D. Me. Nov. 28, 1991) (citation
omitted). We agree as a matter of law that design questions do
not fall within the statutory operation-or-maintenance exception.
Our review of the district court's dismissal of Counts II and
III, therefore, must focus on whether the facts as seen in the
light most favorable to plaintiff support an operation-or-
maintenance exception to Maine's bar on liability for ski area
____________________
5Assumption of risk is one of the legal terms of art that is
relatively self-explanatory. Relevant to this case, Prosser
and Keeton note the following on assuming risks: "[T]hose
who participate or sit as spectators at sports and
amusements may be taken to assume the known risks of being
hurt by roller coasters, flying baseballs, hockey pucks,
golf balls, wrestlers, or such things as fireworks
explosions. Cardozo once summarized all this quite neatly:
'The timorous may stay at home.'" W. Page Keeton et al.,
Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts 68, at 485-86 (5th
______________________________________
ed. 1984) (citations omitted).
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operators, or whether the facts as viewed through a plaintiff-
friendly lens allege a nonactionable design fault.
In regard to Counts II and III, the district court did
identify the facts most favorable to plaintiff Finnern. In fact,
the trial court accepted the facts as delineated by Finnern's
complaint, such as the location of the tree, the confluence of
the two slopes, and Finnern's controlled skiing. The district
court, however, found unnecessary a lengthy discussion of the
facts because as a matter of law, the court held that even
accepting plaintiff's factual allegations in Counts II and III,
"[a]llowing the tree in question to be present within the
traveled portion of the Dream Maker trail was obviously a design
decision rather than an aspect of operation or maintenance."
Finnern v. Sunday River, Civil No. 91-0065-P-H, slip op. at 3 (D.
_______________________
Me. Nov. 5, 1991).
We agree as a matter of law that the tree's position as
described by plaintiff's facts, along with the slope's allegedly
defective form and angle, are actually averments implicating ski
area design, and not operation or maintenance.6 Examples of
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6We note this case appears to be unlike a recent decision
from the same district in which the court denied a motion to
dismiss in a context of a set of facts similar to the ones
in this case. See S nchez v. Sunday River Skiway Corp.,
___ ____________________________________
1992 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15616, (D. Me. Sept. 28, 1992). We
compare the two cases without passing any judgment on
S nchez; we have only seen the district court opinion and
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not a page of the trial record.
In S nchez, the ski resort left a tree stump intact
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thirty feet into the skiing area of a slope. On the motion
for dismissal, the district court determined that the relief
asked for could conceivably be granted. The motion for
dismissal was denied since a legitimate argument could be
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negligent operation or maintenance would include placing a snow
blower or other machine in a precarious position on a slope
without proper warning, or failing to notify skiers that a
particular slope had been closed due to poor or dangerous trail
conditions. But tree placement along the periphery of slopes,
trail direction, curvature, and degree of inclination, as well as
myriad other ordinary properties of ski areas, are presumptively
design issues. If tree placement or location along the periphery
of trails were actionable, ski area operators and skiers
themselves might find themselves out in the cold. As a
California appeals court observed in a tree collision case:
The tree itself provided a warning to
plaintiff of the implicit danger of a
collision with it. A fortiori, [the ski
resort] was under no duty to remove it. One
could ask, if there were a duty to remove
trees along the edges of ski runs, "which
trees?" Such a solution, if followed to its
logical conclusion . . . would finally lead
to cutting down every tree on the mountain.
Danieley v. Goldmine Ski Assocs., 218 Cal. App. 3d 111, 122
___________________________________
(1990). Finding the location of the tree in question and the
layout of the surrounding slope to be design issues as a matter
of law, we need not reach an assessment of defendant's negligence
in implementing those decisions. Sunday River cannot be held
liable for such decisions or actions under Maine law.
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made, according to the district court, that maintenance and
operation decisions should have caused the stump's removal
or marking. In this case, however, maintenance purposes
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have not caused a partial removal of the tree, as may have
been the case with the stump scenario in S nchez.
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We affirm the district court's dismissal of Counts II
and III for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be
granted pursuant to Maine law. 26 M.R.S.A. 488 (1991).7
C. Denial of Motion to Amend Count II
C. Denial of Motion to Amend Count II
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A party may amend "as a matter of course" in certain
circumstances, "[o]therwise a party may amend the party's
pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of the
adverse party; and leave shall be freely given when justice so
requires." Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a).
Our standard for reviewing district court decisions
regarding denials of motions to amend is widely known and
applied. Unless we find an abuse of discretion in a trial
____________________
court's decision to deny a motion to amend, we defer to the
district court's superior ability to weigh the potential
amendments against the existing factual record and legal context.
The decision to grant or deny a motion to amend pleadings is
rightly "left to the broad discretion of the district court."
Coyne v. Somerville, 972 F.2d 440, 446 (1st Cir. 1992). However,
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"a district court's denial of a chance to amend may constitute an
abuse of discretion if no sufficient justification appears. See
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Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)." Correa-Mart nez v.
_______________ __________________
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7We recently faced a similar set of issues in Berniger v.
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Meadow Green-Wildcat Corp., 945 F.2d 4 (1st Cir. 1991). In
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that case, inter alia, we upheld the dismissal of a
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plaintiff's claim for injuries sustained in a collision with
a man-made obstruction on the side of a skiing trail. A New
Hampshire statute bars suits against ski area operators for
"inherent risk" accidents in the sport of skiing. See N.H.
___
Rev. Stat. Ann. Ch. 225-A:24.
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Arrillaga-Bel ndez, 903 F.2d 49, 59 (1st Cir. 1990) (citing Foman
__________________ _____
v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)) (emphasis added).
________
Plaintiff Finnern argues that he should have been able
to amend Count II of his complaint to provide additional factual
information. Finnern contends that the information may have
persuaded the district court that as a matter of law the tree
placement issue could reasonably be interpreted as an operation
or maintenance problem and therefore was better left for a trial
on the merits rather than a court-ordered dismissal.8 In
denying plaintiff's motion to amend, the district court
succinctly stated that the "amendments, even if permitted, would
not change the [c]ourt's decision to dismiss Count II." Finnern
_______
v. Sunday River, Civil No. 91-0065-P-H, slip op. at 1 (D. Me.
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Feb. 14, 1992).
The district court's denial of Finnern's motion
indicates that the proposed amendments, in the judgment of the
trial court, provided only additional support for the facts and
arguments already set forth by the pleadings. In other words,
more design information about the placement or location of the
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tree or the form of the slope would still fail to state a
colorable claim under section 488 of the Maine law. As we noted
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8Finnern attempted to cure his complaint by alleging that
the tree at issue was marked with a blue stripe indicating
it was a "land boundary" tree. Finnern suggested that part
of the ski resort's land was leased and the other part owned
by the resort. If the tree with which Finnern collided had
been deliberately left on the slope for the purpose of
providing a boundary marker between two distinct tracts of
land, Finnern argues the tree's placement was an operations
or maintenance concern and not a design matter.
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in Correa-Mart nez, 903 F.2d at 59, "[w]here an amendment would
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be futile or would serve no legitimate purpose, the district
court should not needlessly prolong matters." After examining
the record and relevant law in the case at hand, we find nothing
approaching an abuse of discretion on the part of the district
court in denying the motion to amend. We affirm the denial of
affirm
plaintiff's motion to amend Count II.
IV.
IV.
REVIEW OF THE DISTRICT COURT'S GRANT OF
REVIEW OF THE DISTRICT COURT'S GRANT OF
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SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON COUNT I
SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON COUNT I
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Having addressed the appeal of the dismissal of Counts
II and III and of the denial of the motion to amend Count II, we
lastly review Finnern's appeal of the district court's grant of
summary judgment on the warning-sign count in favor of Sunday
River. Our review of a district court's grant of summary
judgment is plenary. See Griggs-Ryan v. Smith, 904 F.2d 112, 115
___ ____________________
(1st Cir. 1990); Garside v. Osco Drug, Inc., 895 F.2d 46, 48 (1st
__________________________
Cir. 1990), later proceeding Garside v. Osco Drug, Inc., 764 F.
________________ __________________________
Supp. 208 (D. Mass. 1991), rev'd, Garside v. Osco Drug, Inc.,
_____ ____________________________
1992 U.S. App. LEXIS 24370 (1st Cir. 1992). However, because of
the clarity of the disposition in this case, we need not repeat
every detail of the proceedings below, other than the factual and
legal findings crucial to a judgment on this segment of Finnern's
appeal.
The appropriate standards for granting and reviewing
summary judgments are clear. "Summary judgment is appropriate
where 'the pleadings, depositions, answer to interrogatories, and
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admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show
that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.'
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477
________ _________________________
U.S. 317, 323 (1986); Aponte-Santiago v. L pez-Rivera, 957 F.2d
________________________________
40 (1st Cir. 1992)." Garside v. Osco Drug, Inc., 1992 U.S. App.
___________________________
LEXIS 24370, at *1-2 (1st Cir. Sept. 30, 1992).
We, like the district court, find no material fact in
dispute in regard to Count I. In brief, Finnern claims to have
been in control of his skiing on the Dream Maker run. He had
sufficient time to consider in a rational manner his options upon
seeing slow-moving skiers below him.9 In fact, he had at least
100 to 150 feet advance notice of the positions of the Ridge Run
skiers. He made a considered judgment to ski around them so as
not to startle them. Finnern not only succeeded in avoiding the
other skiers, but he also did so by at least thirty feet.
As Maine law dictates, other skiers on the slopes of
the state's ski areas are an inherent risk assumed by skiers. 26
M.R.S.A. 488 (1991). With the facts that we consider material
to a decision on the warning-sign charge of Count I -- even with
the facts as presented by Finnern -- we agree with the district
court's grant of summary judgment for Sunday River. A warning
sign would have afforded Finnern no significant additional notice
of the presence of the Ridge Run skiers, and Sunday River had no
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9The exact position of the Ridge Run skiers is a fact in
dispute; however, it is immaterial to our decision here.
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duty to warn Finnern of each and every inherent danger on the
slopes.
The appearance of the other skiers on Dream Maker
should not have come as a surprise to Finnern. Ski resorts are
precisely social, recreational areas with many downhill skiers.
Maine's liability-limiting statute reflects this fact. We,
therefore, cannot envision a judge or jury who could reasonably
find that Finnern's accident was a result of, or partially caused
by, the lack of a convergence sign on Dream Maker. While it is
unfortunate that Finnern's choice of path around the Ridge Run
skiers led him to collide with a tree, Sunday River is not
legally responsible. We affirm the grant of summary judgment in
affirm
favor of defendant.
V.
V.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
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We agree with the district court that no material fact
is in dispute with respect to Count I, the warning-sign charge.
In addition, we believe the district court correctly granted
defendant's summary judgment motion as to Count I in favor of
defendant Sunday River.
We also find no actionable, negligent behavior on the
part of the ski resort in its operation or maintenance of Dream
Maker. Plaintiff Finnern did not meet his statutory burden of
demonstrating that an action for maintenance or operation
___________ _________
negligence existed as required by relevant law in the state of
Maine. With or without the amendments to the complaint,
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plaintiff makes a slope design argument in Counts II and III
______
according to section 488 and reasonable judicial inferences. Ski
area operators in Maine are simply not liable for the design of
their slopes under state law. We, therefore, affirm the district
affirm
______
court's decisions.
So Ordered.
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Document Info
Docket Number： 92-1625
Filed Date： 2/11/1993
Precedential Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 9/21/2015