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USCA1 Opinion
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
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No. 92-2381
ERNEST L. KING, SR., ET AL.,
Plaintiffs, Appellants,
v.
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, ET AL.,
Defendants, Appellees.
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APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MAINE
[Hon. Morton A. Brody, U.S. District Judge]
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Before
Breyer, Chief Judge,
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Friedman,* Senior Circuit Judge,
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and Stahl, Circuit Judge.
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James F. Freeley, III with whom James F. Freeley, Jr. and Freeley
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& Freeley were on brief for appellants.
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George S. Isaacson with whom Peter D. Lowe, Brann & Isaacson,
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Charles A. Harvey, Jr., Christopher D. Byrne, Verrill & Dana, Peter J.
______________________ ____________________ ______________ ________
Rubin, Diane S. Lukac, and Bernstein, Shur, Sawyer & Nelson were on
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brief for appellees.
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July 7, 1993
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*Of the Federal Circuit, sitting by designation.
FRIEDMAN, Senior Circuit Judge. The issue in this case, on
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appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
Maine, 806 F. Supp. 1030 (D. Me. 1992), is whether the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) , 7
U.S.C. 136-136y (1988), preempts state tort law claims based
upon the alleged failure of the manufacturers of herbicides to
provide adequate warning language on the products' labels, which
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved in accordance
with FIFRA's requirements. The district court held that FIFRA
preempts those state law claims. We affirm.
I
The plaintiffs, King and Higgins (and their wives)
filed this diversity tort damage suit against four manufacturers
of chemical herbicides. Their second amended complaint alleged
that, as part of their duties as employees of the State of Maine,
King and Higgins were engaged in the "seasonal spraying of
chemical herbicides"; that "[d]uring the chemical spraying
operations [they] performed," King and Higgins "were exposed to
significant amounts" of specified "chemical products"
manufactured by the defendants; and that, "as the direct result
of their exposure to the herbicides," King and Higgins have
suffered various ailments.
The complaint contained two counts. Count I charged
the defendants with negligence because they "failed to warn the
Plaintiffs . . . of the harm and danger of exposure to the
chemical products listed above, failed to advise them how to
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safely use the products and failed to warn them of the long term,
permanent physical injuries which would follow said exposure."
Count II alleged strict liability and tort theories, based upon
the defendants having "placed into the stream of commerce
unreasonably dangerous and defective chemical products, rendered
unreasonably dangerous by the absence of an adequate warning to
the ultimate consumers and users thereof of the short term and
long term permanent physical injuries resulting from exposure
thereto." At oral argument, the plaintiffs admitted that the
sole basis of their complaint was the defendants' failure to
provide adequate warnings.
The parties stipulated that the labels on all the
herbicides involved had been submitted to and approved by the
EPA, as FIFRA required.
The district court granted the defendants' motion
for summary judgment, holding that FIFRA preempted the
plaintiffs' claims. 806 F. Supp. at 1037. The court, following
the preemption standards the Supreme Court applied in Cipollone
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v. Liggett Group, Inc., 112 S. Ct. 2608, 2617 (1992), held:
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Because the language of FIFRA
mandates the preemption of the
establishment or enforcement
or any common law duty that
would impose a labeling
requirement inconsistent with
those established by the Act,
or the EPA's regulations,
Plaintiffs' common law failure
to warn claims are preempted
as a matter of law.
806 F. Supp. at 1037.
II
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A. FIFRA provides a detailed scheme for regulating
the content of an herbicide's label. All herbicides sold in the
United States must be registered for use by the EPA. 7 U.S.C.
136a(a). The EPA has promulgated comprehensive labeling
requirements governing the scope, content, wording and format of
herbicide labeling. 40 C.F.R. 156 (1992). The manufacturer
itself designs and formulates the content of the label, and must
file with the EPA a statement which includes "the name of the
pesticide," "a complete copy of the labeling of the pesticide, a
statement of all claims to be made for it and any directions for
its use," and "a full description of the tests made and the
results thereof upon which the claims are based." 7 U.S.C.
136a(c)(1)(B)-(D).
Section 136v provides in pertinent part:
(a) In general. A State may
regulate the sale or use of
any federally registered
pesticide or device in the
State, but only if and to the
extent the regulation does not
permit any sale or use
prohibited by this subchapter.
(b) Uniformity. Such State
shall not impose or continue
in effect any requirements for
labeling or packaging in
addition to or different from
those required under this
subchapter.
Id. 136v.
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B. Cipollone recently summarized the standards
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governing preemption analysis:
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The purpose of Congress is the
ultimate touchstone of pre-
emption analysis.
Congress' intent may be
explicitly stated in the
statute's language or
implicitly contained in its
structure and purpose. In the
absence of an express
congressional command, state
law is pre-empted if that law
actually conflicts with
federal law, or if federal law
so thoroughly occupies a
legislative field as to make
reasonable the inference that
Congress left no room for the
States to supplement it.
Cipollone, 112 S. Ct. at 2617 (citations and internal quotations
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omitted).
Cipollone involved similar preemption provisions of
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the federal statutes governing cigarette labelling and
advertising. The suit concerned a woman who died of lung cancer
after smoking for many years. It was a state tort law diversity
suit against the cigarette manufacturers, charging them with
responsibility for her death because, among other things, "they
failed to warn consumers about the hazards of smoking." Id. at
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2613. The defendants contended that the Federal Cigarette
Labelling and Advertising Act (1965 Act), Pub. L. No. 89-92, 79
Stat. 282 (1965) (codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. 1331-1340
(1988)), and its successor, the Public Health Cigarette Smoking
Act of 1969 (1969 Act), Pub. L. No. 91-222, 84 Stat. 87 (1969)
(codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. 1331-1340), preempted the
claims. Those Acts required health warnings on cigarette
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packaging, but barred the requirement of such warnings in
cigarette advertising.
Section 5 of the 1965 Act, captioned "Preemption,"
provided in relevant part:
(b) No statement relating to
smoking and health shall be
required in the advertising of
any cigarettes the packages of
which are labeled in
conformity with the provisions
of this Act.
Federal Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act, quoted in
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Cipollone, 112 S. Ct. at 2616.
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The Court held that this provision "only pre-empted
state and federal rulemaking bodies from mandating particular
cautionary statements and did not pre-empt state law damages
actions." Cipollone, 112 S. Ct. at 2619 (footnote omitted).
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This provision was changed by the 1969 Act to read:
(b) No requirement or
prohibition based on smoking
and health shall be imposed
under State law with respect
to the advertising or
promotion of any cigarettes
the packages of which are
labeled in conformity with the
provisions of this Act.
Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969, quoted in Cipollone,
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112 S. Ct. at 2616. See also 15 U.S.C. 1334(b) (1988).
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The Court held that this provision preempted the
plaintiff's state law tort claims based on the defendants'
failure to warn of the hazards of cigarette smoking. The Court
stated that "[t]he phrase '[n]o requirement or prohibition'
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sweeps broadly and suggests no distinction between positive
enactments and common law; to the contrary, those words easily
encompass obligations that take the form of common law rules."
Cipollone, 112 S. Ct. at 2620. It, therefore, "reject[ed]
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petitioner's argument that the phrase 'requirement or
prohibition' limits the 1969 Act's pre-emptive scope to positive
enactments by legislatures and agencies." Id. The Court held
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that "insofar as claims under either failure to warn theory
require a showing that respondents' post-1969 advertising or
promotions should have included additional, or more clearly
stated, warnings, those claims are pre-empted. The Act does not,
however, pre-empt petitioner's claims that rely solely on
respondents' testing or research practices or other actions
unrelated to advertising or promotion." Id. at 2621-22.
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Only four Justices joined in the portion of the
opinion that held that the 1969 Act preempted the failure to warn
tort claims. In his opinion concurring in the judgment in part
and dissenting in part (in which Justice Thomas joined), however,
Justice Scalia stated that he "agree[d]" with the following
statements in the plurality opinion: "that 'the language of the
[1969] Act plainly reaches beyond [positive] enactments,'; that
the general tort-law duties petitioner invokes against the
cigarette companies can, as a general matter, impose
'requirement[s] or prohibition[s]' within the meaning of 5(b)
of the 1969 Act; and that the phrase 'State law' as used in that
provision embraces state common law." Id. at 2634 (citations
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omitted). Justice Scalia also referred to the plurality
opinion's "correct disposition of petitioner's post-1969 failure
to warn claims." Id. at 2637. Justice Scalia's partial
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disagreement with the plurality was that he would have held that
the failure to warn claims under the 1965 Act and all of the
claims under the 1969 Act were preempted. Id. at 2632.
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In these circumstances, the holding in the plurality
opinion that the 1969 Act preempted the plaintiff's failure-to-
warn claim fairly can be said to constitute the view of the Court
because six members of the Court concurred in that conclusion.
See Shaw v. Dow Brands, Inc., No. 92-2323, 1993 WL 166324, at *6
___ ________________________
n.4 (7th Cir. May 18, 1993).
The Supreme Court itself has indicated that
Cipollone applies to FIFRA preemption determinations. In the
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Papas v. Upjohn Co. and Arkansas-Platte cases discussed below,
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the Court vacated two courts of appeals judgments that FIFRA
impliedly preempted state law failure-to-warn claims and remanded
for those courts to reconsider their decisions in light of
Cipollone.
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B. We hold that, in light of Cipollone, FIFRA
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preempts the plaintiffs' state law tort claims based on the
defendants' alleged failure to provide adequate warnings about
the health hazards of the herbicides they manufactured and sold.
The warnings on the labels of the herbicides King
and Higgins used in spraying were approved by the EPA, as FIFRA
required. If the plaintiffs could recover on their state law
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claims that, despite this labeling, the defendants had failed to
provide adequate warning, those additional warnings necessarily
would be "in addition to or different from those required under
this subchapter." 7 U.S.C. 136v(b). The question, therefore,
is whether state law liability based upon such defective warning
would constitute the "impos[ition]" by the state of "any
requirements for labeling or packaging" under section 136v(b).
Id.
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Cipollone held that the words in the 1969 cigarette
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statute "'[n]o requirement or prohibition' . . . easily
encompass[ed] obligations that take the form of common law
rules." Cipollone, 112 S. Ct. at 2620. The FIFRA language
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prohibiting the states from "impos[ing] or continu[ing] in effect
any requirements," 7 U.S.C. 136v(b), is virtually
indistinguishable from the state-imposed "requirement" language
that Cipollone held preempted the state common law tort claims
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based on inadequate warning. FIFRA's language, too, preempts the
state law lack-of-warning claims involved in this case.
The plaintiffs contend that the reference in section
136v(b) to "Such State" means the state described in subsection
(a), namely, a state that has "regulate[d] the sale or use of any
federally registered pesticide." From this, they conclude that
the prescription provision of subsection (b) covers only state
regulation, but not state common law claims. Subsection (a),
however, is a grant of authority to the states to regulate the
"sale or use" of pesticides, not a limitation upon the preemptive
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effect of subsection (b). The word "Such" in subsection (b) does
not limit to state regulation the state "requirements for
labeling or packaging" which that section preempts.
The legislative history of the 1972 amendments to
FIFRA, which added section 136v to the statute, supports our
conclusion. The Senate Committee Report on the provision stated
that section 136v(b) "preempts any State or local government
labeling or packaging requirements differing from such
requirements under the Act." S. Rep. No. 92-970, 92d Cong., 2d
Sess. (1972), reprinted in 1972 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4092, 4128. See
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also S. Rep. No. 92-838, 92d Cong., 2d Sess. 30 (1972), reprinted
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in 1972 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3993, 4021 (the provision "preempts any
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State labeling or packaging requirements differing from such
requirements under the Act"). The House Committee Report stated:
"[i]n dividing the responsibility between the States and the
Federal Government for the management of an effective pesticide
program, the Committee has adopted language which is intended to
completely preempt State authority in regard to labeling and
packaging." H.R. Rep. No. 92-511, 92d Cong., 1st Sess. 16
(1971).
Our conclusion accords with the decisions of the
three courts of appeals that, since Cipollone, have decided the
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question.
In Papas v. Upjohn Co., 926 F.2d 1019 (11th Cir.
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1991), the court held that FIFRA impliedly preempted state common
law claims based upon inadequate labeling. On petition for
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certiorari, the Supreme Court vacated the court of appeals'
judgment and remanded the case for further consideration in light
of Cipollone. Papas, 112 S. Ct. 3020 (1992). On remand the
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court of appeals concluded that "FIFRA expressly preempts state
common law actions against manufacturers of EPA-registered
pesticides to the extent that such actions are predicated on
claims of inadequate labeling or packaging." Papas, 985 F.2d
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516, 520 (11th Cir. 1993). The court stated:
Section 136v(b) pre-empts
those of the Papases' state
law claims which constitute
"requirements for labeling or
packaging in addition to or
different from" the labelling
and packaging requirements
imposed under FIFRA.
Cipollone convinces us that
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the term "requirements" in
section 136v(b) "sweeps
broadly and suggests no
distinction between positive
enactments and the common
law." Cipollone, at ___, 112
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S.Ct. at 2620. Common law
damages awards are one form of
state regulation and, as such,
are "requirements" within the
meaning of section 136v. To
the extent that state law
actions for damages depend
upon a showing that a
pesticide manufacturer's
"labeling or packaging" failed
to meet a standard "in
addition to or different from"
FIFRA requirements, section
136v pre-empts the claims.
Id. at 518 (citation omitted).
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In Arkansas-Platte & Gulf Partnership v. Van Waters
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& Rogers, Inc., 959 F.2d 158 (10th Cir. 1992), the court also
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held that "state tort actions based on labeling and alleged
failure to warn are impliedly preempted by FIFRA as a matter of
law." Id. at 164. On petition for certiorari the Supreme Court
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vacated the judgment of the court of appeals and remanded for
that court to reconsider the case in light of Cipollone.
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Arkansas-Platte, 113 S. Ct. 314 (1992). On remand the court
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"ADHERE[D] to the opinion previously announced." Arkansas-
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Platte, 981 F.2d 1177, 1179 (10th Cir. 1993), petition for cert.
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filed, 61 U.S.L.W. 3789 (U.S. May 10, 1993) (No. 92-1784). The
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Court stated:
[T]he common law duty is no
less a "requirement" in the
preemption scheme than a state
statute imposing the same
burden. . . . [T]he common
law duty to warn is subjected
to the same federal preemptive
constraints as a state
statute. . . . To the extent
that state tort claims in this
case require a showing that
defendants' labeling and
packaging should have included
additional, different, or
alternatively stated warnings
from those required under
FIFRA, they would be expressly
preempted.
Id.
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In Shaw, 1993 WL 166324, the Seventh Circuit held
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that FIFRA preempted a state law claim based on failure-to-warn
of the dangers of a chemical stain remover. The court stated:
In order to succeed in the
wake of Cipollone, then, Shaw
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would have to show that
FIFRA's pre-emption language
is less sweeping than the
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language of the 1969 Cigarette
Act. Yet we can discern no
significant distinction at
all--FIFRA says that "[s]uch
State shall not impose * * *
any requirements for labeling
or packaging in addition to or
different from those required
* * *," while the cigarette
law says "[n]o requirement[s]
or prohibition[s] * * *
imposed under State law" shall
be permitted. Both seem
equally emphatic: "[n]o
requirements or prohibitions"
is just another way of saying
a "[s]tate shall not impose
* * * any requirements." Not
even the most dedicated hair-
splitter could distinguish
these statements. If common
law actions cannot survive
under the 1969 cigarette law,
then common law actions for
labeling and packaging defects
cannot survive under FIFRA.
Id. at *6.
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C. The plaintiffs rely on Ferebee v. Chevron
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Chemical Co., 736 F.2d 1529 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S.
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1062 (1984). There, the plaintiff became ill and died as a
result of his exposure to an herbicide he sprayed. In affirming
a jury verdict for the plaintiff, the court held that FIFRA did
not preempt the plaintiff's state law tort claims based upon the
inadequacy of the warning labels on the herbicide. The court
reasoned that "Chevron can comply with both federal and state law
by continuing to use the EPA-approved label and by simultaneously
paying damages to successful tort plaintiffs such as Mr.
Ferebee." Id. at 1541.
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In deciding Ferebee, the District of Columbia
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Circuit did not have the benefit of the Supreme Court's
subsequent analysis and ruling in Cipollone. It is impossible to
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predict whether, in light of Cipollone and the other courts of
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appeals' decisions discussed above, the District of Columbia
Circuit would continue to follow Ferebee. In any event, for the
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reasons set forth in this opinion, we do not find Ferebee
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persuasive.
Affirmed.
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Document Info
Docket Number： 92-2381
Filed Date： 7/7/1993
Precedential Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 9/21/2015