Davis v. Holder, Jr. ( 2015 )


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  •           United States Court of Appeals
    For the First Circuit
    No. 14-2198
    RADCLIFFE DAVIS,
    Petitioner,
    v.
    LORETTA E. LYNCH,*
    ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
    Respondent.
    PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER OF
    THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
    Before
    Torruella, Lynch, and Lipez,
    Circuit Judges.
    Joshua Daley Paulin and Law Offices of Joshua Daley Paulin, on
    brief for petitioner.
    Monica Antoun, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration
    Litigation, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Benjamin C.
    Mizer, Acting Assistant Attorney General, and Shelley R. Goad,
    Assistant Director, on brief for respondent.
    September 21, 2015
    *
    Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2), Attorney General
    Loretta E. Lynch is substituted for former Attorney General Eric H.
    Holder, Jr. as respondent.
    TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.                     Petitioner Radcliffe Davis
    petitions    this    court     to   review       a    decision       of    the    Board    of
    Immigration Appeals ("BIA") affirming an Immigration Judge's ("IJ")
    decision that Davis did not enter into his marriage to Nadine
    Woodley Davis ("Woodley") in good faith, but rather for the sole
    purpose of circumventing immigration laws.                     He also contends that
    the BIA erred when it refused to remand the proceedings to the IJ
    given his recent marriage to another United States citizen.                               For
    the reasons that follow, we deny the petition.
    I.   Background & Procedural History
    We recount the facts as Davis testified to them before
    the agency, except where otherwise noted.                     Davis is a forty-five-
    year-old native and citizen of Jamaica who legally entered the
    United    States    on   a   visitor      visa       on    December       19,    2007.     On
    October 21, 2008, he adjusted his status to that of a conditional
    permanent resident based on his marriage to Woodley, a United
    States citizen, on April 19, 2007.                        This status terminated on
    October     21,    2010,     when   the     United          States    Citizenship         and
    Immigration Services ("USCIS") denied Davis's request for a waiver
    of the requirement that he file a joint petition with Woodley to
    remove the conditional status.            According to the USCIS, Davis, who
    had since divorced Woodley, failed to submit evidence "to establish
    that [his] marriage to Nadine Davis was in good faith and not
    -2-
    entered into for the sole purpose of circumventing immigration
    laws."1
    Given this waiver denial, the Department of Homeland
    Security ("DHS") initiated removal proceedings by filing a Notice
    to Appear with the Immigration Court on March 20, 2012.           The Notice
    charged Davis with removability under 
    8 U.S.C. § 1227
    (a)(1)(D)(i)
    -- removability due to the termination of a conditional permanent
    resident    status.     Davis   conceded     removability   but   requested
    termination of proceedings, adjustment of status, and a review of
    the waiver application.       In the event all of that was denied, he
    also sought voluntary departure.
    A.   The Immigration Judge Proceedings
    A hearing was held before an Immigration Judge ("IJ") on
    May 22, 2013, during which Davis was the only witness.                    He
    testified   that   he   was   born   in    Kingston,   Jamaica,   had   never
    1
    Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, an alien who marries
    a United States citizen is entitled to petition for permanent
    residency on a conditional basis. 
    8 U.S.C. §§ 1151
    (b)(2)(A)(i),
    1154(a)(1)(A)(i), (ii), 1186a(a)(1).    Within ninety days of the
    second anniversary of the conditional admission, the couple may
    jointly petition for the removal of the condition.              
    Id.
    § 1186a(c)(1)(A). If, however, the couple has divorced within this
    two-year time frame, the alien spouse must apply for a "hardship
    waiver" to remove the conditional nature of his or her admission.
    Id. § 1186a(c)(4). Such a waiver may be granted if "the qualifying
    marriage was entered into in good faith by the alien spouse, but
    the qualifying marriage has been terminated (other than through the
    death of the spouse) and the alien was not at fault in failing to
    meet the [joint filing] requirements." Id. § 1186a(c)(4)(B); see
    also Jing Lin v. Holder, 
    759 F.3d 110
    , 111 (1st Cir. 2014).
    -3-
    previously been married, and had two children -- a son and a
    daughter -- of whom he had custody.
    According to Davis, he met Woodley in August 2006 at a
    club in Kingston while Woodley was on a three-week vacation.   Even
    though they met the Friday before the Monday Woodley was scheduled
    to leave Jamaica, the two saw each other again before Woodley left.
    They also continued to stay in touch; Davis testified that they
    spoke by phone three or four times per day and emailed "very
    frequently."   He later testified that the two emailed with each
    other every day.
    Davis then began discussing his and Woodley's visits with
    each other.    He testified that he came to the United States to
    visit her, but could not remember exactly when.   He first thought
    it might have been 2006, but then corrected the date to 2007,
    though he could not specify the exact dates.   Davis did, however,
    remember that Woodley visited him in Jamaica for two weeks at the
    end of 2006.   During this visit, Woodley stayed at Davis's house,
    met his family, and developed a romantic relationship with Davis.
    Davis added that Woodley made one other weekend trip to Jamaica but
    could not recall exactly when this occurred.
    Following this exchange, Davis was once again asked when
    he flew to the United States to see Woodley, but he still could not
    remember the date.   Davis's counsel requested permission to use
    Davis's passport to refresh Davis's recollection as to when he
    -4-
    visited the United States because Davis was "giving the wrong
    dates," but DHS objected.       It based this objection on two grounds:
    that the question had already been asked and answered; and that DHS
    had not had the opportunity to inspect the passport.                   The IJ
    sustained   the   objection     on   both   grounds,   noting   that   "[a]ny
    document that was going to be used during the proceedings should
    have been submitted to the Court."
    Without the passport to assist him, Davis stated that he
    first came to the United States in 2006 to visit a friend on Long
    Island, New York.    When directed to focus on his first visit with
    Woodley, Davis testified that he visited her for two weeks, stayed
    at her house, met her extended family, and continued to cultivate
    a romantic relationship.        Davis then proceeded to discuss a second
    two-week visit with Woodley over Thanksgiving, during which he
    stayed   with   Woodley   and    celebrated   Thanksgiving      at   Woodley's
    uncle's house.
    Davis testified that his next trip to the United States
    was on April 7, 2007, on a two-week visitor visa.         Davis once again
    stayed with Woodley. During this trip, Woodley raised the topic of
    marriage.   Davis testified that he had wanted to bring up the topic
    as well but did not know how, so he was happy that Woodley did it
    first.   The two married on April 19, 2007.            A few days later --
    Davis could not recall the exact date -- Davis returned to Jamaica.
    Though Woodley did not go with him, the two stayed in "stronger
    -5-
    contact" and spoke on the phone and emailed regularly.                According
    to Davis, Woodley called him at 4:30 p.m. every day.
    Davis could not recall whether Woodley visited him in
    Jamaica after their marriage, but he did remember that the next
    time he visited Woodley was on December 19, 2007.                 In preparation
    for   the    trip,    Davis    visited   the   United    States    Consulate    on
    November 16, 2007, and November 26, 2007, to obtain visitor visas
    for himself and his children.            He could not remember what he told
    the Consulate, though documents showed that he listed Nadine
    Woodley as his contact and declared himself to be single.
    Davis testified that his initial plan was only to visit
    Woodley, but Woodley wanted him to stay.             According to Davis, he
    initially rejected this request because his children were in school
    in Jamaica, he had a good job in Jamaica, and he had a house in
    Jamaica, but Woodley was persistent.            Davis eventually acquiesced
    and called his employer, explaining that he had to quit his job
    because Woodley needed his help and wanted him to stay.
    Accordingly, Davis and his children remained in the
    United      States,   living    with     Woodley   and   her   daughter    at    a
    Dorchester, Massachusetts, address.            Davis explained that Woodley
    worked and was the sole provider while he stayed home and took care
    -6-
    of the family and the house.2         According to Davis, he was happy
    that they were all living together.
    The    relationship     apparently     soon     deteriorated.    One
    October -- Davis could not remember the year -- Davis and Woodley
    attended an interview on Davis's request for residency during which
    Davis told the interviewer that his relationship with Woodley was
    "good, but we had problems and were trying to fix them."                   Davis
    admitted, however, that their problems were actually a "little
    severe."   Elaborating, Davis testified that Woodley was "rude" and
    that they had their differences.              For example, he described an
    incident where Davis's son -- at the urging of Davis's daughter and
    Woodley's daughter -- bought $200 worth of toys with Woodley's
    credit card and the two disagreed over how to handle the situation.
    Despite these problems, Davis testified that at no point
    did he ever think about terminating the relationship; to the
    contrary, Davis suggested that he and Woodley attend counseling.
    According to Davis, he and Woodley attended two sessions with their
    pastor, but the sessions were unsuccessful.              Woodley moved out in
    December 2008, and their divorce became final on February 15, 2011.
    Davis also testified about his and Woodley's tax filings.
    He explained that, for the 2007 taxable year, Woodley used a
    professional     tax   preparer,   and   he    was   not    involved   in their
    2
    Davis later completed a certification course and obtained a job
    at the Boston Park Plaza Hotel in mid-2008.
    -7-
    discussions; still, Davis did not dispute that Woodley filed as
    head of household and not as a married individual.   As for the 2008
    taxes, Davis explained that he filed as a married but separated
    individual and that he filed his own taxes because he had started
    working in August 2008 and he was no longer living with Woodley by
    the end of 2008.
    In addition to Davis's testimony, a number of documents
    were introduced.   First, he provided three letters: (1) an undated
    and unsworn letter from Woodley describing Davis as "very loving
    and good to me and my children" and asking that she and Davis be
    given "a chance to be with each other"; (2) an unsworn letter from
    Woodley's elder daughter3 stating that Davis "is a good husband to
    my mother" but also noting that Davis "made a big mistake not
    thinking" and would "never do anything like that again"; and (3) an
    unsworn letter from one of Woodley's coworkers and friends stating
    that "[e]ver since Nadine met [Davis] she has been the happiest
    woman I've ever known" and asking that her "dear friend [have] a
    chance to live the life most women dream of."   Davis also submitted
    (1) his marriage certificate; (2) his divorce certificate; (3) a
    Tufts Health Plan for Woodley, Davis, and two others; (4) copies of
    credit and debit cards listing both Woodley and Davis as account
    holders; (5) a letter from Verizon listing both Woodley and Davis
    3
    Although the record is not entirely clear, it appears that
    Woodley has a second daughter who did not live with Woodley.
    -8-
    as subscribers and confirming a change to a calling plan as of
    September 16, 2008; (6) Woodley's driver's license, listing a
    residence in Dorchester, Massachusetts, as the address on the front
    but a residence in Roxbury, Massachusetts, as an alternate address
    on the back; and (7) several undated photographs with unidentified
    individuals.
    Meanwhile, DHS submitted documents showing that Woodley
    tried on two occasions -- once on January 12, 2009, and once on
    February 10, 2009 -- to withdraw the visa petitions she filed on
    Davis's behalf. It also introduced an undated letter from Woodley.
    All three documents refer to Davis mistreating Woodley and marrying
    her only in order to obtain a green card.    The letter, for example,
    stated that the "marriage is not legit" and that Davis had a
    "girlfriend in Jamaica."   Davis objected to these documents on the
    ground that they were not notarized and thus were not properly
    authenticated.     The IJ ruled that it would "admit them into
    evidence over that objection" but would "entertain the objection as
    to evidentiary weight, the same as [it] will consider for the
    documents   [Davis]   submitted   from   individuals,   likewise,   not
    notarized."    Outside of this objection, Davis had no response to
    the documents and could not otherwise explain them.
    After receiving this evidence, the IJ issued its oral
    decision not to grant Davis's application.      According to the IJ,
    Davis had "not met his burden of establishing that [he] was not at
    -9-
    fault for not meeting the requirements of a joint petition."
    Specifically, it found that there was little evidence to show any
    commitment to the marital relationship. The IJ based this decision
    on a number of factors: (1) that there was no evidence that Davis
    and Woodley commingled financial assets and liabilities; (2) that
    there was no concrete evidence of cohabitation after Davis moved to
    the United States; (3) that the letters submitted by Davis were not
    notarized and that the writers were not presented for in-court
    testimony and cross-examination; (4) that the photographs provided
    by Davis were undated and the people depicted in the photographs
    were unidentified; (5) that Davis never explained why Woodley's
    driver's license contained two addresses or why the alternate
    Roxbury address appeared on Woodley's earning statements; (6) that
    Davis provided no proof to corroborate his testimony that he and
    Woodley spoke three or four times a day and emailed daily; (7) that
    Davis provided no proof -- such as photographs or airline tickets
    -- that Woodley visited him in Jamaica or vice versa; (8) that
    Davis provided no letters from anyone who attended the respondent's
    wedding, from neighbors who knew the couple, or from the children
    who lived with Woodley and Davis; (9) that Davis provided no proof
    of his and Woodley's counseling sessions with their pastor; (10)
    that Davis provided no evidence to corroborate his testimony of a
    joint bank account at Citizens Bank; and (11) that Davis was unable
    to recall when he visited Woodley in the United States and gave
    -10-
    inconsistent testimony, specifically his inconsistent testimony
    regarding a Thanksgiving visit.
    Given all of this, as well as DHS's evidence that Davis
    told the Consulate in Jamaica that he was not married and that
    Woodley had twice attempted to withdraw the visa petition -- none
    of which Davis was able to explain -- the IJ had "serious doubts
    about the credibility of [Davis's] testimony" and believed that
    "the evidence point[ed] to a marriage entered into for the sole
    purpose of circumventing Immigration laws."          Accordingly, the IJ
    denied Davis's waiver petition and ordered him removable.            The IJ
    also denied Davis's request for voluntary departure, explaining
    that his attempt to enter into a sham marriage "bars him from
    establishing the required good moral character for post-hearing
    voluntary departure," and that, even if the IJ did have discretion
    to grant voluntary departure, it would not do so because Davis had
    "not offered any evidence of favorable equities."
    B.   The BIA Proceedings
    Davis appealed the IJ's denial of his waiver to the BIA
    on   June 18,   2013.4   As   part   of   his   appeal,   Davis   submitted
    additional evidence, such as: (1) checking account statements from
    Citizens Bank for Woodley and Davis dating from September 5, 2008,
    through January 6, 2009; (2) a print-out of Davis's email account
    4
    Davis did not appeal the IJ's denial of his request for
    voluntary departure.
    -11-
    inbox showing messages to Woodley from October 9, 2006, through
    December 17, 2007; (3) a housing rental application for a Roxbury,
    Massachusetts, address completed by Woodley and Davis and signed on
    March 24, 2008; (4) a checklist for an interview conducted on
    August 15, 2008, in connection with the rental application; and (5)
    a   one-year   lease   agreement   signed   by   Woodley   and   Davis   on
    August 15, 2008.
    On July 22, 2014, while his appeal was still pending,
    Davis filed a motion to remand.       He based this motion on a visa
    petition filed on his behalf by Marie Bryan Davis ("Bryan"), whom
    Davis had married on June 28, 2013.         In support of the motion,
    Davis attached an affidavit by Bryan describing her and Davis's
    relationship and courtship.        Bryan -- a native of Jamaica who
    became a United States citizen on November 30, 2009 -- explained
    how she first met Davis when they lived in the same neighborhood in
    Jamaica but that they "never really spoke much." This changed when
    she visited Jamaica in December 2009 and the two renewed their
    acquaintance.    Following this visit, the two spoke by phone "every
    now and then" and Davis would ask about Bryan's sick husband.
    After Bryan's husband's death in July 2010, Davis offered to attend
    the funeral but Bryan asked him not to.      Davis agreed, and instead
    visited Bryan in Atlanta in October 2010 for his birthday.           This
    was the beginning of their romantic relationship, which continued
    with Bryan visiting Davis in Boston in March 2011 for her birthday,
    -12-
    Davis visiting Bryan again in the summer of 2011, and Davis and his
    children spending Christmas with Bryan and her family in Atlanta in
    2011.   In 2012, the two began discussing marriage.                        After debating
    when to get married and where to live, they agreed on Boston and
    wed on June 28, 2013.             According to Bryan, she and Davis married
    because they love each other.
    In    addition      to     this   affidavit,          Davis   submitted       the
    following documents: (1) an I-130 visa petition filed by Bryan; (2)
    Bryan's naturalization certificate; (3) Bryan and Davis's marriage
    certificate; (4) Bryan's husband's death certificate; (5) Davis's
    divorce certificate from Woodley; and (6) notices regarding the
    processing of their visa petition.
    The BIA dismissed Davis's appeal on October 25, 2014.
    After briefly recounting the facts and the IJ's decision, the BIA
    adopted and affirmed the decision of the IJ.                         The BIA based this
    conclusion        on    the     fact    that       Davis    "submitted       very    little
    documentary evidence of the bona fide nature of his marriage, and
    his testimony was vague and, at times, confused and inconsistent."
    The BIA specifically refuted Davis's attempt to argue that his
    testimony was not inconsistent, pointing to his testimony about
    when    he   and       Woodley    visited      each        other    (specifically         over
    Thanksgiving),         his    "long     pauses      during     this    portion      of     the
    testimony"    which       the    IJ    "may    make    inferences from,"            and    his
    inability     "to       explain        why    he    apparently        told    immigration
    -13-
    authorities, when he applied for a visitor visa in November of
    2007, that he was single, when he married [Woodley] on April 19,
    2007."
    The   BIA   also     noted    that    Davis      "submitted    minimal
    corroborative evidence to support his claim" even though there was
    "other    documentary        evidence    that    should      have   been   readily
    available," and it rejected Davis's argument that the IJ unfairly
    weighed the evidence and disregarded his testimony.                  According to
    the BIA, the IJ "considered all the evidence of record and found it
    insufficient to meet [Davis's] burden of proof." It added that the
    IJ was "permitted to make reasonable inferences among the plausible
    possibilities and explanations for discrepancies in the record and
    . . . did so here."
    As for the newly submitted evidence, the BIA refused to
    consider it, explaining that the BIA "does not review evidence
    first presented on appeal" and that Davis failed to show "that any
    of this evidence was not available at the time of his hearing."
    Even putting the procedural issue aside, the BIA concluded that
    "given the serious problems with his testimony and evidence before
    the [IJ]," Davis failed to show "that the evidence is material to
    his application and [would] likely change the outcome of his case."
    Finally, the BIA turned to Davis's motion to remand.                It
    noted    that   the   visa    petition    had    not   yet   been   approved   but
    acknowledged that the BIA could still grant a remand in the
    -14-
    exercise of its discretion.         In this case, however, the BIA
    declined to do so because "clear and convincing evidence should be
    presented indicating a strong likelihood that the marriage is bona
    fide" and Davis failed to provide such evidence.         The BIA pointed
    out that Davis submitted the visa petition, a statement from Bryan,
    the marriage certificate, and a few other official documents, but
    nothing that would "provide clear and convincing evidence of the
    likelihood    of   the   bona   fides    of   the   marriage,"   such   as
    "documentation showing co-mingled assets, cohabitation, and other
    indicia of a bona fide marriage."
    Accordingly, the BIA dismissed Davis's appeal of the IJ's
    decision and denied his motion for remand due to his new visa
    petition.    This timely petition for review followed.
    II.   Discussion
    A.   The Denial of Davis's Waiver Petition
    Davis argues that both the IJ and the BIA erred in
    denying his waiver petition.       His argument appears to take two
    forms: first, that the IJ violated Davis's due process rights when
    it refused to allow Davis's counsel to use Davis's passport to
    refresh his recollection but allowed DHS to introduce the three
    unsworn statements from Woodley; and second, that he presented
    sufficient evidence to establish a bona fide marriage to Woodley.
    We address -- and reject -- each in turn.
    -15-
    "Where the BIA adopts the IJ's opinion and discusses some
    of the bases for the IJ's decision," we have authority to review
    both opinions.      Jing Lin v. Holder, 
    759 F.3d 110
    , 112 (1st Cir.
    2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).            We review the factual
    findings    under   the   "quite    deferential"      substantial       evidence
    standard.   
    Id.
     (quoting Kinisu v. Holder, 
    721 F.3d 29
    , 34 (1st Cir.
    2013)).    This means that we will uphold the decisions if they are
    "supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on
    the record considered as a whole," Acevedo-Aguilar v. Mukasey, 
    517 F.3d 8
    , 9 (1st Cir. 2008) (quoting Carcamo-Recinos v. Ashcroft, 
    389 F.3d 253
    , 256 (1st Cir. 2004)), and will only disturb the findings
    where "the record evidence would compel a reasonable factfinder to
    reach a contrary determination."            Jing Lin, 759 F.3d at 112
    (quoting Kinisu, 721 F.3d at 34).          Conclusions of law, meanwhile,
    are reviewed "de novo but with some deference to the agency's
    founded    interpretation    of    statutes    and    regulations       that   it
    administers." McKenzie-Francisco v. Holder, 
    662 F.3d 584
    , 586 (1st
    Cir. 2011).
    Davis first argues that his due process rights were
    violated.     An    immigration    petitioner's      right   to   due    process
    entails, at its core, "the right to notice of the nature of the
    charges and a meaningful opportunity to be heard."            Choeum v. INS,
    
    129 F.3d 29
    , 38 (1st Cir. 1997).            In other words, an alien is
    entitled to a fundamentally fair proceeding where the alien "must
    -16-
    have a meaningful opportunity to present evidence and be heard by
    an impartial judge." Muñoz-Monsalve v. Mukasey, 
    551 F.3d 1
    , 6 (1st
    Cir. 2008); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(4)(B).      The right to
    present evidence is not unlimited, however, and "[a]n immigration
    judge, like other judicial officers, possesses broad (though not
    uncabined) discretion over the conduct of trial proceedings."
    Sharari v. Gonzáles, 
    407 F.3d 467
    , 476 (1st Cir. 2005) (quoting
    Aguilar-Solís v. INS, 
    168 F.3d 565
    , 568 (1st Cir. 1999)).      This
    necessarily includes the admission or exclusion of evidence. Thus,
    to prove a violation of an alien's due process rights, the alien
    must show that the admission or exclusion was an abuse of the IJ's
    discretion and that the alien was prejudiced as a result.   
    Id.
    Here, we find no due process violation with the IJ's
    refusal to allow Davis's counsel to use the passport.         After
    Davis's conflicting and inconsistent testimony, Davis's counsel
    sought to use the passport to refresh Davis's recollection.       DHS
    objected and the IJ sustained the objection for two separate
    reasons.5    We fail to see how either ruling was an abuse of
    discretion or how it meaningfully prevented Davis from presenting
    evidence to support his position since Davis did not seek to
    introduce the passport into evidence. See Muñoz-Monsalve, 
    551 F.3d 5
     Notably, Davis's counsel never offered to show the passport to
    DHS to attempt to overcome the second objection.
    -17-
    at 6 (explaining that due process requires that an alien have "a
    meaningful opportunity to present evidence").
    Moreover, the IJ's decision did not prejudice Davis. The
    IJ   based   its   decision    in   part    on   the   fact   that   Davis     gave
    inconsistent testimony and was not able to recall key visits with
    Woodley -- dates that, in the IJ's view, should have been readily
    known by Davis if they actually occurred as he described.                    Thus,
    regardless of what dates Davis testified to after reviewing the
    passport, the IJ's view as to Davis's credibility would not likely
    have changed.      The IJ's decision, therefore, did not deprive Davis
    of a fair trial.     See Sharari, 
    407 F.3d at 476
     (explaining that an
    alien must be prejudiced for the exclusion of evidence to be a due
    process violation).
    Similarly,   we   reject      Davis's     argument   that   his    due
    process rights were violated because the IJ admitted a letter from
    Woodley stating that the marriage was a fraud and two documents
    showing that Woodley twice attempted to withdraw the visa petitions
    even though they were unsworn and had not been previously submitted
    to the IJ and Davis.      Davis never objected to the fact that they
    had not been previously submitted to the IJ or that he had not had
    a chance to review them, and thus any argument that this violated
    his due process rights is not properly before us.                 See Olujoke v.
    Gonzáles, 
    411 F.3d 16
    , 22-23 (1st Cir. 2005); Chan v. Ashcroft, 
    93 F. App'x 247
    , 252-53 (1st Cir. 2004); Mendes v. INS, 
    197 F.3d 6
    , 12
    -18-
    (1st Cir.     1999)   ("This   Court   has   long   acknowledged   that the
    doctrine of administrative exhaustion bars issues 'raised for the
    first time in a petition for review.'" (quoting Bernal-Vallejo v.
    INS, 
    195 F.3d 56
    , 64 (1st Cir. 1999))).
    As for the fact that the letters were unsworn, and thus
    unauthenticated, the IJ did not abuse its discretion in admitting
    them.   The Federal Rules of Evidence do not apply to immigration
    proceedings, so any authentication and hearsay requirements are
    less rigid.    See Yongo v. INS, 
    355 F.3d 27
    , 30 (1st Cir. 2004); see
    also Sharari, 
    407 F.3d at 476
     (finding that an immigration judge
    possesses broad discretion over trial proceedings, including the
    admission of evidence).        While "[h]ighly unreliable hearsay might
    raise due process problems," 
    id.,
     there is nothing to suggest that
    that is the case here.     Indeed, the IJ specifically noted that it
    would take into account the fact they were not notarized or
    authenticated when it decided how much "evidentiary weight" to give
    the document.     This decision is consistent with the IJ's stated
    treatment of the unsworn and undated letters submitted by Davis in
    support of his petition, so we fail to see how this treatment was
    fundamentally unfair to Davis.          Thus, there is no due process
    violation.
    Having rejected Davis's due process allegations, we can
    turn to the real heart of his argument: that his waiver should have
    been granted because his marriage to Woodley was bona fide.             His
    -19-
    challenge, however, essentially boils down to a disagreement with
    how the IJ and the BIA weighed the competing evidence, and we find
    ample   support   in   the     record     to    support   the   IJ    and    the   BIA
    determinations that Davis's marriage to Woodley was not contracted
    in good faith.
    Davis was the only witness to testify at the hearing, and
    though neither the IJ nor the BIA made a formal adverse credibility
    determination,    there      is    substantial      evidence    to     support     the
    conclusion     that    there      were    "serious    doubts"        about   Davis's
    credibility.    For example, Davis was unable to accurately describe
    his and Woodley's visits to each other both before and after they
    were married.     Davis testified that he and Woodley visited each
    other multiple times between when he first met her in Jamaica in
    August 2006 and when they were wed in April 2007, but he was unable
    to pinpoint when or where those trips took place.                    And though he
    did testify about a Thanksgiving trip prior to his marriage, this
    trip could not have occurred consistent with his testimony, since
    he also testified that he did not visit Woodley in the United
    States until the April 2007 trip when they wed.
    Even more damning, however, is the fact that Davis was
    unable to explain to the IJ why he told the Consulate in November
    2007 that he was single and visiting Nadine Woodley despite being
    married to Woodley for seven months at the time.                See Chanthou Hem
    v. Mukasey, 
    514 F.3d 67
    , 69 (1st Cir. 2008) ("In evaluating the
    -20-
    agency's credibility determination, we consider whether the reasons
    given by the IJ are specific and cogent and based on omissions and
    discrepancies in the record that were not adequately explained by
    the alien.").
    Given these inconsistencies, it is not surprising that
    the IJ and the BIA concluded that the lack of corroborating
    evidence cast further doubt on Davis's credibility -- especially
    since there were no other witnesses to testify about Davis and
    Woodley's relationship and such documentation should have been
    readily available to Davis.   See Kheireddine v. Gonzáles, 
    427 F.3d 80
    , 88 (1st Cir. 2005) ("Nothing in Matter of S-M-J-[, 
    21 I. & N. Dec. 722
     (BIA 1997),] precluded the IJ from deeming already not
    credible petitioners even less credible when they failed to back up
    their claims with information reasonably available."); Matter of Y-
    B-, 
    21 I. & N. Dec. 1136
    , 1139 (BIA 1998) ("[T]he weaker an alien's
    testimony, the greater the need for corroborative evidence."). For
    example, Davis testified that he spoke and emailed with Woodley
    every day prior to their marriage and that their communications
    increased after their marriage, yet he failed to provide any
    telephone or email records to the IJ.   Similarly, Davis failed to
    provide any evidence of commingled accounts.      Though Davis did
    provide copies of credit cards, debit cards, and health insurance
    cards issued in both his and Woodley's names, he submitted no bank
    statements or receipts to suggest that the cards were actually used
    -21-
    or that Davis and Woodley's finances were actually joined.     And
    while Davis claimed that he sought counseling due to his somewhat
    "severe" marital troubles, there is no evidence that he and Woodley
    actually met with a pastor; to the contrary, the evidence suggested
    that Davis and Woodley attended an interview with immigration
    services and described their relationship as "good."   All of this
    evidence (or lack thereof) is relevant to the bona fides of Davis's
    marriage, and the IJ and the BIA were correct to consider it.6
    Compare McKenzie-Francisco, 
    662 F.3d at
    587 n.2 (noting that a
    6
    Though Davis did provide additional documentation in his appeal
    before the BIA, the BIA refused to accept it, explaining that "the
    Board does not review evidence first presented on appeal," that
    Davis had "not shown that any of this evidence was not available at
    the time of his hearing," and that Davis failed to show that the
    "evidence is material to his application and will likely change the
    outcome of his case." Davis does not challenge this ruling in his
    petition, and thus it is waived. Ouk v. Keisler, 
    505 F.3d 63
    , 66
    n.3 (1st Cir. 2007) ("Because [petitioner] did not raise the issue
    in his opening brief . . . it is deemed waived."). Still, we note
    that the BIA did not abuse its discretion in rejecting these
    additional documents. See Olujoke, 411 F.3d at 23 (explaining that
    a BIA decision to reopen proceedings and consider new evidence is
    discretionary). None of the evidence Davis ultimately produced was
    unavailable at the time of Davis's initial hearing, and even if it
    were, it would not "compel a reasonable factfinder to make a
    contrary determination." Acevedo-Aguilar, 
    517 F.3d at 9
     (quoting
    Stroni v. González, 
    454 F.3d 82
    , 87 (1st Cir. 2006)). The newly
    provided checking account statements, for example, only show the
    last three months of the marriage and thus say nothing about the
    preceding seventeen months of marriage. And while Davis ultimately
    provided a copy of his email inbox showing some communications
    between Davis and Woodley, the frequency of the communications is
    nowhere near the daily communication to which Davis testified.
    Moreover, the newly provided leasing documents show that both Davis
    and Woodley signed the lease, but there is no evidence that both of
    them actually lived there together. Thus, even if these documents
    were considered, there still existed substantial evidence to
    conclude the marriage was not entered into in good faith.
    -22-
    joint membership card was "of little moment" since it could be
    procured by unrelated individuals), with Cho v. Gonzáles, 
    404 F.3d 96
    , 103 (1st Cir. 2005) (finding a bona fide marriage where
    petitioner "introduced evidence that, after the marriage, she and
    her husband jointly enrolled in a health insurance policy, filed
    tax   returns,      opened   bank    accounts,   entered   into       automobile
    financing agreements, and secured a credit card" and also provided
    "extensive counseling records").
    Davis's testimony was vague, at times inconsistent, and
    contained no corroboration through objective and easy-to-obtain
    documentation. Accordingly, after thoroughly reviewing the record,
    we "conscientiously find that the evidence supporting [the IJ and
    the BIA's] decision is substantial, when viewed in the light that
    the record     in    its   entirety furnishes,     including    the     body   of
    evidence opposed to the [IJ and the BIA's] view."          Cho, 404 F.3d at
    104 (quoting Mukamusoni v. Ashcroft, 
    390 F.3d 110
    , 119 (1st Cir.
    2004)).     We thus see nothing to compel a contrary determination.
    See Jing Lin, 759 F.3d at 112 (explaining that the court will only
    disturb the IJ's and the BIA's findings where "the record evidence
    would     compel    a   reasonable    factfinder   to   reach     a    contrary
    determination" (quoting Kinisu, 721 F.3d at 34)).
    -23-
    B.    The BIA's Denial of Davis's Motion to Remand
    Davis also challenges the BIA's decision denying his
    request to remand his case to the IJ due to his subsequent marriage
    to Bryan.     Motions to remand are properly treated as motions to
    reopen, and, though generally disfavored, are reviewed for abuse of
    discretion.    Falae v. Gonzáles, 
    411 F.3d 11
    , 14 (1st Cir. 2005).
    "At a bare minimum, the movant must make a showing of prima facie
    eligibility for the relief that he seeks."    
    Id.
        Where, like here,
    the motion is premised on a marriage occurring during removal
    proceedings, the BIA has determined it will grant the motion only
    if:
    (1) the motion is timely filed;
    (2) the motion is not numerically barred by
    the regulations;
    (3) the motion is not barred by Matter of
    Shaar, 
    21 I. & N. Dec. 541
     (BIA 1996), or on
    any other procedural grounds;
    (4) the motion presents clear and convincing
    evidence indicating a strong likelihood that
    the [applicant's] marriage is bona fide; and
    (5) [DHS] either does not oppose the motion or
    bases its opposition solely on Matter of
    Arthur, [
    20 I. & N. Dec. 475
     (BIA 1992)].
    Matter of Velarde-Pacheco, 
    23 I. & N. Dec. 253
    , 256 (BIA 2002),
    overruled in part by Matter of Avetisyan, 
    25 I. & N. Dec. 688
     (BIA
    2012) (overruling Matter of Velarde-Pacheco to the extent it held
    that a motion to reopen may be denied solely on DHS opposition).
    -24-
    Here, the BIA denied the motion to remand due to the
    fourth consideration -- the BIA's determination that there was a
    "lack of evidence of the bona fides of [Davis's] new marriage." We
    find no abuse of discretion with this decision.            In support of his
    motion for remand, Davis provided an I-130 visa petition filed by
    Bryan, notices regarding the processing of that petition, Bryan's
    naturalization certificate, and numerous marriage- and divorce-
    related documents.
    While these documents establish that Davis and Bryan are
    technically married, they do nothing to establish that the marriage
    was entered into in good faith.      As with his petition before the IJ
    regarding   his   marriage   to    Woodley,   there   is    no   evidence    of
    commingled assets, no evidence of cohabitation, no evidence of
    joint accounts, and no children born to the marriage.            See 8 C.F.R.
    204.2(a)(iii)(B)     (explaining    that   the   types     of    documents    a
    petitioner may submit to establish that a marriage was entered into
    in good faith include documentation showing joint ownership of
    property; a lease showing joint tenancy of a common residence;
    documentation showing commingling of financial resources; birth
    certificates of children born to the petitioner and beneficiary;
    and affidavits of third parties having knowledge of the bona fides
    of the marital relationship).          And while Bryan did submit an
    affidavit, the affidavit was self-serving and only described her
    intentions and beliefs regarding the marriage; it said nothing
    -25-
    about Davis's motivations for marrying Bryan, which are what matter
    in these proceedings.      Cf. Cho, 404 F.3d at 102 ("The relevant
    legal   standard   is,   again,   whether   [petitioner]   intended   to
    establish a life with her spouse at the time she married him."
    (emphasis added)); Matter of Velarde-Pacheco, 23 I. & N. Dec. at
    256 (referring to an affidavit by Velarde-Pacheco himself).
    In sum, Davis provided less evidence that his marriage to
    Bryan was in good faith than he did to support his failed petition
    before the IJ regarding his marriage to Woodley.      Given that there
    was substantial evidence to support the BIA's conclusion that the
    marriage to Woodley was not entered into in good faith, we cannot
    say that the BIA abused its discretion in denying the motion to
    remand after concluding that there was not clear and convincing
    evidence that Davis's marriage to Bryan was in good faith.7
    III.   Conclusion
    After thoroughly reviewing the record, we are convinced
    that Davis was afforded a fundamentally fair proceeding during
    which substantial evidence was presented for the IJ and the BIA to
    7
    In his brief, Davis also argues that the BIA erred when it noted
    that Davis failed to file the adjustment of status package because
    such a filing was not required. Whether the I-130 petition Davis
    filed was sufficient to satisfy 
    8 C.F.R. § 1003.2
    (c)'s requirement
    that a "motion to reopen proceedings for the purpose of submitting
    an application for relief must be accompanied by the appropriate
    application for relief and all supporting documentation" is a
    question we need not reach since the BIA's statement was made in a
    footnote and was clearly not the basis for its denial of Davis's
    motion to remand.
    -26-
    conclude that Davis's marriage to Woodley was not entered into in
    good faith.   We likewise find no abuse of discretion in the BIA's
    decision to deny Davis's motion to reopen due to his subsequent
    marriage to Bryan.
    Petition Denied.
    -27-