United States v. Parcels of Property ( 1993 )


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    United States Court of Appeals
    United States Court of Appeals
    For the First Circuit
    For the First Circuit
    ____________________

    No. 92-1776

    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

    Plaintiff, Appellee,

    v.

    PARCELS OF PROPERTY, WITH BUILDING APPURTENANCES
    AND IMPROVEMENTS LOCATED AT 255 BROADWAY, HANOVER,

    Defendant, Appellee,

    ____________________

    CLAIRE J. SOULE,

    Claimant, Appellant.
    ____________________

    APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

    FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

    [Hon. Douglas P. Woodlock, U.S. District Judge]
    ___________________
    ____________________

    Before

    Selya and Stahl, Circuit Judges,
    ______________
    and Fuste,* District Judge.
    ______________
    ____________________

    Richard J. Inglis, with whom Richard A. Gargiulo and Gargiulo,
    __________________ ____________________ _________
    Rudnick & Gargiulo, were on brief for appellant.
    __________________
    Laurie J. Sartorio, Assistant United States Attorney with whom A.
    ___________________ __
    John Pappalardo, United States Attorney was on brief for appellee.
    _______________
    ____________________

    November 24, 1993
    ____________________

    *Of the District Court of Puerto Rico, sitting by designation.



















    STAHL, Circuit Judge. In this appeal, claimant
    _____________

    Claire Soule seeks costs and attorneys' fees incurred in

    recovering $2450 in cash which was seized in a drug raid on

    her home. We affirm the denial of costs and fees, though we

    do so on grounds different from those relied upon by the

    district court.

    I.
    I.
    __

    FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PRIOR PROCEEDINGS1
    FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PRIOR PROCEEDINGS
    ________________________________________

    During July of 1988, United States Drug Enforcement

    Administration (DEA) agents received information that 1500

    pounds of marijuana were to be delivered to Jeffrey Soule at

    255 Broadway in Hanover, Massachusetts. A local police check

    revealed that a John Jeffrey Soule resided in nearby Carver,

    Massachusetts, but that his mother lived at 255 Broadway in

    Hanover.

    On the evening of July 23, 1988, after local police

    and DEA agents observed the delivery of marijuana to 255

    Broadway, search warrants were obtained for the premises. At

    4:30 a.m. the following morning, local and federal officials

    executed the warrants. The search revealed, inter alia: (1)
    _____ ____

    approximately 1600 pounds of marijuana in a barn adjacent to

    the house; (2) $874,510 in cash found in a box in a closet on

    the first floor of the house; (3) 461.8 grams of cocaine,


    ____________________

    1. For a more detailed version of the factual background in
    this case, see United States v. 255 Broadway, 795 F. Supp.
    ___ _____________ ____________
    1225 (D. Mass. 1992).

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    along with $5310 in cash in a basement safe; (4) $26,500 in

    cash found in a gym bag beside the bed in which John Jeffrey

    Soule was sleeping; (5) $3171 in cash found in a leather

    travel bag on top of a hutch in the dining room; and (6) a

    disputed amount of cash between $2450 and $4490 contained in

    five envelopes found inside the dining room hutch. Only this

    last item is at issue in this appeal.

    On April 17, 1989, John Jeffrey Soule pleaded

    guilty to charges of conspiracy to possess marijuana and

    possession of marijuana with intent to distribute. On May

    25, 1989, less than one month later, the government filed a

    complaint for forfeiture in rem of, inter alia, the cash
    _____ ____

    proceeds found in the search of Claire Soule's home.2 On

    June 1, 1989, at the government's request, the district court

    issued a warrant and monition for, inter alia, all of the
    _____ ____




    ____________________

    2. 21 U.S.C. 881(a)(6) states that the following shall be
    subject to forfeiture:

    All moneys, negotiable instruments, securities
    or other things of value furnished or intended to
    be furnished by any person in exchange for a
    controlled substance in violation of this
    subchapter, all proceeds traceable to such an
    exchange, and all moneys, negotiable instruments,
    and securities used or intended to be used to
    facilitate any violation of this subchapter, except
    that no property shall be forfeited under this
    paragraph, to the extent of the interest of an
    owner, by reason of any act or omission established
    by that owner to have been committed or omitted
    without knowledge or consent of that owner.


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    seized cash.3 Claire Soule responded on June 14, 1989, by

    filing a notice of claim for the money found in the envelopes

    in the dining room hutch. On September 6, 1989, a default

    judgment of forfeiture was entered against the lots of

    $874,510, $26,500 and $5310.4 On February 13, 1991, the

    district court held a hearing at which the government was

    asked to show probable cause for the forfeiture of the money

    found in the five envelopes inside the hutch. At the

    conclusion of the hearing, the district court found that the

    government had failed to show probable cause for forfeiture

    of that money, and awarded $2450 to Claire Soule. The

    government moved immediately for a certificate of reasonable

    cause pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 2465, so as not to be liable

    for costs.5 Claire Soule opposed the motion for a


    ____________________

    3. 21 U.S.C. 881(b) provides, in relevant part, that
    "[a]ny property subject to forfeiture to the United States
    under this subchapter may be seized by the Attorney General
    upon process issued pursuant to the Supplemental Rules for
    Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims." The warrant and
    monition in this case was issued pursuant to these
    Supplemental Rules. See, e.g., United States v.
    ___ ____ _______________
    Approximately Two Thousand, Five Hundred Thirty-Eight Point
    _____________________________________________________________
    Eighty-Five Shares of Stock, 988 F.2d 1281, 1283-84 (1st Cir.
    ___________________________
    1993).

    4. Though the appellate record is not entirely clear, the
    $3171 found in the leather bag appears to have been subject
    to administrative, rather than judicial, forfeiture.

    5. 28 U.S.C. 2465 provides:

    Upon the entry of judgment for the claimant in
    any proceeding to condemn or forfeit property
    seized under any Act of Congress, such property
    shall be returned forthwith to the claimant or his

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    certificate of reasonable cause and sought attorneys' fees

    under the Equal Access to Justice Act (hereinafter EAJA), 28

    U.S.C. 2412,6 for expenses incurred in recovering the

    $2450. The district court granted the government's request

    for the certificate of reasonable cause and denied claimant's

    request for attorneys' fees.

    II.
    II.
    ___

    DISCUSSION
    DISCUSSION
    __________

    We begin by noting that "we are free to affirm a

    district court's decision on any ground supported in the

    record even if the issue was not pleaded, tried or otherwise

    referred to in the proceedings below." De Casenave v. United
    ___________ ______

    States, 991 F.2d 11, 12 n.2 (1st Cir. 1993) (citations and
    ______

    internal quotations omitted). In this case, although the

    district court misapplied the statutory burden-shifting

    scheme applicable to federal forfeiture actions, we

    nonetheless affirm its denial of costs and attorneys' fees.



    ____________________

    agent; but if it appears that there was reasonable
    cause for the seizure, the court shall cause a
    proper certificate thereof to be entered and the
    claimant shall not, in such case, be entitled to
    costs, nor shall the person who made the seizure,
    nor the prosecutor, be liable to suit or judgment
    on account of such suit or prosecution.

    6. 28 U.S.C. 2412(d)(1)(A) provides, in relevant part,
    that "a court shall award to a prevailing party other than
    the United States fees and other expenses . . . unless the
    court finds that the position of the United States was
    substantially justified or that special circumstances make an
    award unjust."

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    A. The Statutory Scheme: Probable Cause to Institute
    A. The Statutory Scheme: Probable Cause to Institute
    _____________________________________________________________
    Forfeiture Proceedings
    Forfeiture Proceedings
    ______________________

    In a forfeiture action brought under 21 U.S.C.

    881, the allocation of the parties' burdens is provided by 19

    U.S.C. 1615. See 21 U.S.C. 881(d); United States v. 1933
    ___ _____________ ____

    Commonwealth Ave., 913 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 1990). Section
    _________________

    1615 states, in relevant part, that the "the burden of proof

    shall be upon the defendant: Provided, That probable cause
    ________

    shall be first shown for the institution of such suit or
    ___ ___ ___________ __ ____ ____ __

    action, to be judged by the court" (second emphasis
    ______

    supplied).

    In other words, under section 1615, the government

    has a preliminary burden to show that it had probable cause

    to institute the forfeiture proceeding. See, e.g., United
    _____________ ___ ____ ______

    States v. 1988 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, 983 F.2d 670, 675
    ______ _______________________________

    (5th Cir. 1993) (affirming district court's finding that

    government had "probable cause to institute a forfeiture
    __ _________

    action") (emphasis supplied); United States v. One Hundred
    ______________ ___________

    Forty-Nine Thousand Four Hundred Forty-Two and 43/100
    _____________________________________________________________

    Dollars, 965 F.2d 868, 876 (10th Cir. 1992) ("In forfeiture
    _______

    proceedings, the government bears the initial burden to show

    probable cause for the institution of the forfeiture
    ___ ________________

    action.") (emphasis supplied); United States v. 526 Liscum
    _____________ __________

    Drive, 866 F.2d 213, 216 (6th Cir. 1989) ("[O]nce the
    _____

    government has met its burden of showing probable cause to
    __

    institute the forfeiture action, the burden then shifts to
    _________


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    the claimant . . . .") (emphasis supplied); United States v.
    _____________

    One 1976 Ford F-150 Pick-Up, 769 F.2d 525, 526 (8th Cir.
    _____________________________

    1985) ("[T]he government has the initial burden of showing

    probable cause for the institution of the forfeiture suit.")
    ___ ___ ___________

    (citations and internal quotations omitted and emphasis

    supplied). Once the government has made this showing, the

    burden then shifts to the claimant to show by a preponderance

    of the evidence that the property at issue is not subject to

    forfeiture. See, e.g., United States v. 18 Oakwood St., 958
    ___ ____ ______________ ______________

    F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 1992).

    Here, the district court did not assess whether the

    government had probable cause to institute the proceedings.
    __ _________

    Rather, it improperly focused its inquiry on whether probable

    cause existed on the date of the probable cause hearing

    itself, and concluded that no probable cause existed at that

    time. See United States v. 255 Broadway, 795 F. Supp. 1225,
    ___ _____________ ____________

    1231-32 (D. Mass. 1992). The record before us makes clear,

    however, that on May 25, 1989, the date of the institution of
    ___________

    forfeiture proceedings, the government had probable cause to

    believe that the funds at issue were forfeitable.

    B. The Existence of Probable Cause in this Case
    B. The Existence of Probable Cause in this Case
    ________________________________________________

    "Probable cause to forfeit requires only a

    ``reasonable ground for belief of guilt[,] supported by less

    than prima facie proof but more than mere suspicion' that the

    property is subject to forfeiture." United States v. 28
    ______________ __



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    Emery St., 914 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 1990) (quoting United
    __________ ______

    States v. $250,000 in United States Currency, 808 F.2d 895,
    ______ ___________________________________

    897 (1st Cir. 1987)). In other words, the government has a

    "relatively light burden of showing probable cause" to

    believe that the subject property is forfeitable. United
    ______

    States v. Plat 20, Lot 17, Great Harbor Neck, 960 F.2d 200,
    ______ ___________________________________

    205 (1st Cir. 1992) (hereinafter Great Harbor Neck).
    ____________________

    Moreover, "[b]ecause there are so many variables in the

    probable cause equation, probable cause findings are not

    invariably bound by precedent." United States v. Maguire,
    _____________ _______

    918 F.2d 254, 258 (1st Cir. 1990) (citations and internal

    quotations omitted), cert. denied, 111 S. Ct. 1421, 2861
    _____ ______

    (1991). Rather, in each case, we must consider "the totality

    of the circumstances to evaluate the government's

    demonstration" of probable cause. Id. In doing so, "we
    ___

    review each piece of evidence only to determine whether it is

    probative, not whether it establishes probable cause standing

    alone." United States v. $67,220.00 in United States
    ______________ ______________________________

    Currency, 957 F.2d 280, 285 (6th Cir. 1992).
    ________

    In addition, we note that in order to show probable

    cause to forfeit in this particular case, the government was

    not required to show that the money at issue was traceable to

    the very contraband found on the night of the search.

    Rather, the district court held, and Claire Soule does not

    dispute on appeal, that the money at issue would be



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    forfeitable if found to be the proceeds of any of John
    ___

    Jeffrey Soule's drug transactions. See, e.g., 1933
    ___ ____ ____

    Commonwealth Ave., 913 F.2d at 3 (stating that the government
    _________________

    is not "require[d to] link[] the property to a particular

    transaction").

    Finally, while we accept the district court's

    underlying factual findings unless they are clearly

    erroneous, Maguire, 918 F.2d at 257, we note that "[t]he
    _______

    existence of probable cause is a question of law, and as

    such, is subject to plenary review." United States v. One
    _____________ ___

    1986 Chevrolet Van, 927 F.2d 39, 42 (1st Cir. 1991). Cf.
    __________________ ___

    United States v. Holder, 990 F.2d 1327, 1328 (D.C. Cir. 1993)
    _____________ ______

    ("We review de novo the district court's legal conclusion
    __ ____

    that probable cause supported the arrest, but we examine the

    court's findings of fact only for clear error."); United
    ______

    States v. Greene, 783 F.2d 1364, 13 (9th Cir.) ("The ultimate
    ______ ______

    conclusion of presence or absence of probable cause is a

    mixed question of law and fact. The underlying facts as

    found by the district court are to be accepted unless clearly

    erroneous. The court's ultimate conclusion, however, is

    reviewed de novo.") (citations omitted), cert. denied, 476
    __ ____ _____ ______

    U.S. 1185 (1986).

    Applying these standards, we find the record

    replete with probative evidence which supports a finding

    that, on May 25, 1989, the government had probable cause to



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    institute forfeiture proceedings against the money at issue.



    During the search of 255 Broadway, Claire Soule was

    questioned by a DEA agent about the source of the cash at

    issue in this appeal. While the district court did not

    determine precisely what Claire Soule's answers were that

    night, it nonetheless did find those answers to be

    "inconsistent, indeed suspicious." This finding is fully

    supported by the record.7 Moreover, there were 1600 pounds


    ____________________

    7. Agent Lively of the DEA testified as follows with regard
    to Claire Soule's answers:

    I had a concern as to what this money [in the
    envelopes] was and I wanted to talk to Mrs. Soule
    concerning what it was. She agreed to talk to us
    about the money. And myself and Agent Hayes--
    Lieutenant Hayes--talked with her. Lieutenant
    Hayes began the conversation with her by asking her
    about what the money was. And she said it was
    money that was for a pool, which was fairly obvious
    from the notation on the envelope. She was asked
    how much money it was and she responded it was
    about $10,000. She was asked what the source of the
    monies were. And her first response was it was
    money from an inheritance. And I believe I asked
    her who was the inheritance from, what was the
    source of the inheritance, which person. Her words
    were, in effect, what difference does it that make?
    And I told her, I said, "I'm trying to determine if
    this is your money or this is somebody else's money
    or where this money came from. If you can tell me
    what the source of the inheritance is or if you
    have some probate document that shows you receiving
    this kind of money, you know, help me out." She
    said, "Well, I got the money in cash." And my
    response was you usually don't get that kind of
    money from an estate in cash, it comes in the form
    of checks. Her response was, "Well, I also got
    monies from -- yes, for my birthday and other
    occasions."

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    of marijuana in the barn adjacent to Claire Soule's house, a

    sizeable amount of cocaine in a safe in the basement, and

    over $900,000 in cash in the house. Not only was there cash

    near the hutch in which the funds at issue were found, there

    was also a bag containing $3171 found directly on top of the

    hutch. Suspicious and contradictory answers in the presence

    of the large quantities of cash and drugs uncovered in this

    search are certainly probative in determining the existence

    of probable cause.

    Equally important is the fact that Claire Soule

    made no offers of proof, either before or after the

    government's initiation of forfeiture proceedings, to

    substantiate her allegations that the cash came from

    legitimate sources. Thus, even if Claire Soule's responses

    had not been adjudged "suspicious," her denials alone,

    unaccompanied by offers of proof, were insufficient to rebut

    a showing of probable cause. See, e.g., One Hundred Forty-
    ___ ____ __________________

    Nine Thousand Four Hundred Forty-Two and 43/100 Dollars, 965
    ________________________________________________________

    F.2d at 878 ("We conclude that claimants' proffer of three

    ``possible' innocent sources of income does not vitiate the

    government's showing of a strong probability that the source

    of the money is in fact illegal drug activity."); 1933
    ____

    Commonwealth Ave., 913 F.2d at 4 (finding "general denials"
    _________________

    insufficient to overcome government's showing of probable

    cause).



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    Finally, it is undisputed that Claire Soule's keys

    to a safe deposit box were seized during the drug raid and

    that she surreptitiously went to the bank just days after the

    search of her home and had the box drilled open by bank

    employees so she could empty it before it could be searched.

    The government was aware of this act at the time that it

    instituted forfeiture proceedings. Again, while such

    behavior is far from determinative, we believe it relevant to

    the probable cause determination.

    Without making any credibility determinations

    beyond those made by the district court, and while noting

    that none of these factors standing alone necessarily

    establishes probable cause, we find that these circumstances

    taken as a whole support a finding that, on May 25, 1989, the

    date of the initiation of forfeiture proceedings, the

    government had probable cause to believe that all of the

    money seized from 255 Broadway, including the money found in

    the envelopes inside the hutch, was subject to forfeiture.

    C. Adversarial Evidence and the Probable Cause Hearing
    C. Adversarial Evidence and the Probable Cause Hearing
    _______________________________________________________

    The government did commit serious errors in

    handling the cash found in and around Claire Soule's dining

    room hutch. For example, initial notations by a DEA agent,

    made on the envelopes themselves on the night of the raid,

    indicated that the envelopes contained the following: one

    $10 bill, one-hundred and fourteen $20 bills, eighteen $50



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    bills and eight $100 bills for a total of $3990. About

    three days later, forms filed by the same agent showed

    startlingly different denominations. These later forms

    stated that the envelopes seized from the hutch contained one

    $10 bill, sixty-four $20 bills, sixty-two $50 bills and one

    $100 bill for a total of $4490. In addition, one report

    filed by a local police officer who participated in the

    search stated that the amount of cash found in the envelopes

    combined with the cash found in the leather bag on top of the
    ________ ____

    hutch totaled $2911.

    At the February 13, 1991, probable cause hearing,

    Claire Soule's counsel focused almost exclusively on these

    various deficiencies in the government's handling and

    accounting of the money found in the envelopes. While the

    government's errors as to the amount at issue were
    ______

    significant, it is the source of the funds in this case which
    ______

    would have rendered them forfeitable. Thus, the government's

    handling and accounting errors did nothing to diminish

    probable cause. In other words, despite the government's

    errors, there remained ample reason to believe that the

    source of the funds rendered them forfeitable. Cf. 18
    ______ ___ __

    Oakwood St., 958 F.2d at 5 ("[T]he [government's] affidavit
    ___________

    asserts that $50,000 was seized during a particular drug-

    related arrest at 18 Oakwood Street, whereas in fact, as the

    government concedes, only $611.00 was seized. While the



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    monetary discrepancy is large, [claimant] made no showing

    that it was of any consequence to the establishment of

    probable cause.").

    In sum, the district court first erred in fixing

    the date of the probable cause hearing as the date at which

    the government must demonstrate probable cause. Rather, as

    noted above, in order to meet its preliminary burden at

    trial, the government need only show that it had probable

    cause to institute forfeiture proceedings. Second, the
    __ _________

    district court erred in ruling that the government's errors

    in handling and accounting for the money at issue vitiated

    the existence of probable cause.

    D. The Certificate of Reasonable Cause and the Denial of
    D. The Certificate of Reasonable Cause and the Denial of
    _____________________________________________________________
    Attorneys' Fees
    Attorneys' Fees
    _______________

    Despite these errors below, however, we nonetheless

    affirm the district court's denial of costs and fees.

    Claire Soule's argument that the district court's

    issuance of the certificate of reasonable cause was error is

    based solely on the ground that the district court found no

    probable cause at the pre-trial hearing.8 In view of our


    ____________________

    8. We expressly decline to reach the question of whether we
    have appellate jurisdiction to review the granting of a
    certificate of reasonable cause. See United States v.
    ___ ______________
    Abatoir Place, 106 U.S. 160, 162 (1882) (holding that the
    _____________
    denial of a certificate of reasonable cause is not
    ______
    appealable); United States v. One Thousand Six Hundred Thirty
    _____________ _______________________________
    Dollars, 922 F.2d 740, 741 (11th Cir. 1991) (applying Abatoir
    _______ _______
    in holding that the granting of a certificate of reasonable
    ________
    cause is unappealable). Rather, "it is settled that an
    appellate court may forego the resolution of a jurisdictional

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    determination that there was probable cause to institute the

    instant proceedings, this argument is of no avail.9

    Accordingly, Claire Soule's request for costs under 28 U.S.C.

    2465 fails.

    Claire Soule also seeks to recover attorneys' fees

    under the EAJA based both upon the government's "agency

    position", i.e., its decision to institute proceedings, and

    its "litigation position", i.e., its persistence in seeking

    forfeiture well after its May 25, 1989, initiation of

    proceedings. See, e.g., Great Harbor Neck, 960 F.2d at 208-
    ___ ____ __________________

    09 (differentiating, for EAJA purposes, between government's

    "agency position," and its "litigation position").

    Like her "certificate of reasonable cause"

    argument, Claire Soule's argument that the government's

    agency position was not "substantially justified" for EAJA

    purposes hinges entirely on the district court's finding that

    the government failed to meet its initial burden of showing


    ____________________

    question if, as is true here, the appeal is uncomplicated and
    easily resolved in favor of the party to whose benefit the
    jurisdictional question would redound." United States v.
    _____________
    Connell, No. 93-1237, slip op. at 4 n.3 (1st Cir. October 6,
    _______
    1993).

    9. Moreover, the Supreme Court has stated that reasonable
    cause is essentially synonymous with probable cause. See
    ___
    Stacey v. Emery, 97 U.S. 642, 646 (1878) ("If there was a
    ______ _____
    probable cause of seizure, there was a reasonable cause.").
    Thus, our determination that the government did, in fact,
    possess probable cause to institute the forfeiture
    proceedings would suffice to show that the government also
    possessed reasonable cause, and that the issuance of the
    certificate of reasonable cause was not in error.

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    probable cause. Our conclusion to the contrary similarly

    forecloses this arm of her EAJA argument. Cf. United States
    ___ _____________

    v. One 1985 Chevrolet Corvette, 914 F.2d 804, 809 (6th Cir.
    ____________________________

    1990) (finding that "when the government established probable

    cause in the forfeiture proceeding, its position was

    substantially justified" for EAJA purposes).

    To the extent that Claire Soule seeks attorneys'

    fees based on the government's litigation position, the

    district court specifically found that the government's

    persistence in seeking forfeiture was fully justified. See
    ___

    255 Broadway, 795 F. Supp. at 1237 ("[T]he claimant points to
    ____________

    no intervening evidence that might have given the government

    pause over whether to continue onward with the case. No

    newly unearthed information, for instance, substantiated

    Claire Soule's conflicting accounts of the source of the

    money or disproved the money's apparent connection to the

    wealth of drug activity that took place in the house.").

    This finding is fully supported by the record. Accordingly,

    we decline to overturn the district court's denial of

    attorneys' fees under the EAJA.

    Finally, we note that the government does not

    cross-appeal in this case. As a result, it is foreclosed

    from further pursuit of its forfeiture claim, despite our

    ruling that it met its initial burden of demonstrating





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    probable cause to institute a forfeiture proceeding against

    the money in question.

    III.
    III.
    ____

    CONCLUSION
    CONCLUSION
    __________

    For the foregoing reasons, the order of the

    district court denying costs and attorneys' fees to Claire

    Soule is

    Affirmed. No costs.
    Affirmed. No costs.
    _________ _________





































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Document Info

Docket Number: 92-1776

Filed Date: 11/24/1993

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 9/21/2015

Authorities (19)

united-states-v-parcels-of-real-property-with-the-building-appurtenances , 913 F.2d 1 ( 1990 )

united-states-v-premises-known-as-526-liscum-drive-dayton-montgomery , 866 F.2d 213 ( 1989 )

united-states-v-one-thousand-six-hundred-thirty-dollars-163000-more , 922 F.2d 740 ( 1991 )

United States v. One 1976 Ford F-150 Pick-Up Vin F14yub03797 , 769 F.2d 525 ( 1985 )

Stacey v. Emery , 24 L. Ed. 1035 ( 1878 )

United States v. Abatoir Place , 27 L. Ed. 128 ( 1882 )

United States v. John J. Maguire, United States v. Thomas M.... , 918 F.2d 254 ( 1990 )

Miguel De Casenave and Maria Angelica Morales De Casenave v.... , 991 F.2d 11 ( 1993 )

United States v. $250,000 in United States Currency, (Two ... , 808 F.2d 895 ( 1987 )

United States v. Parcels of Real Property With the Building,... , 795 F. Supp. 1225 ( 1992 )

united-states-v-approximately-two-thousand-five-hundred-thirty-eight , 988 F.2d 1281 ( 1993 )

No. 92-8068 (Summary Calendar) , 983 F.2d 670 ( 1993 )

united-states-v-parcel-of-land-and-residence-at-28-emery-street-merrimac , 914 F.2d 1 ( 1990 )

united-states-v-one-hundred-forty-nine-thousand-four-hundred-forty-two-and , 965 F.2d 868 ( 1992 )

Nos. 91-1681, 91-1682 , 960 F.2d 200 ( 1992 )

United States v. One 1985 Chevrolet Corvette , 914 F.2d 804 ( 1990 )

United States v. One 1986 Chevrolet Van, Etc., Edward H. ... , 927 F.2d 39 ( 1991 )

United States v. $67,220.00 in United States Currency, ... , 957 F.2d 280 ( 1992 )

United States v. Troy Carzell Holder , 990 F.2d 1327 ( 1993 )

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