MetalForming, Inc. v. Schechtl Maschinenbau Gmbh ( 2019 )


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  •           United States Court of Appeals
    For the First Circuit
    Nos. 18-1550
    18-1551
    STEPHEN D. KNOX; JEAN KNOX,
    Plaintiffs, Appellants,
    v.
    METALFORMING, INC.,
    Defendant, Appellant,
    SCHECHTL MASCHINENBAU GMBH,
    Defendant, Appellee.
    APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
    FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
    [Hon. George A. O'Toole, Jr., U.S. District Judge]
    Before
    Lynch, Stahl, and Barron,
    Circuit Judges.
    Benjamin R. Zimmermann, with whom Stacey L. Pietrowicz and
    Sugarman and Sugarman, P.C. were on brief, for Stephen and Jean
    Knox.
    Javier F. Flores, with whom Eric V. Skelly, Thaddeus M.
    Lenkiewicz, and Manning Gross & Massenburg LLP, were on brief, for
    MetalForming, Inc.
    Frederick W. Reif, with whom Marie E. Chafe, Cornell & Gollub,
    Debra Tama, and Wilson Elser Moskowitz Edelman & Dicker, LLP, were
    on brief, for Schechtl Maschinenbau GmbH.
    January 30, 2019
    LYNCH, Circuit Judge.          Stephen Knox's hand was badly
    injured at his work at Cape Cod Copper (CCC) in October 2016 when
    he operated a machine that was manufactured by defendant Schechtl
    Maschinenbau GmbH, a German company.          The machine had been sold to
    CCC by defendant MetalForming, Inc., an American company located
    in Georgia and Schechtl's U.S. distributor.
    The question on appeal is whether there is personal
    jurisdiction over Schechtl, named as a defendant by Knox and as a
    cross-claim    defendant      by   MetalForming.       The    district   court
    dismissed the claims against Schechtl, finding that Schechtl had
    not purposefully availed itself of the privilege of doing business
    in Massachusetts.      Knox v. MetalForming, Inc., 
    303 F. Supp. 3d 179
    , 184 (D. Mass. 2018).
    We reverse.
    I.
    A.   Background
    The   district    court   did     not   permit    jurisdictional
    discovery.    
    Id. at 187
    .     The following facts are undisputed.
    In October 2016, Stephen D. Knox, plaintiff here along
    with his wife, Jean, was injured while using a Schechtl MAX 310,1
    a motor-driven metal-bending machine.          The injury occurred at CCC,
    1    Although some materials refer to the machine as a
    "MAX3100 FOLDER," the parties refer to it as a "MAX 310," and we
    will do the same.
    - 3 -
    Knox's place of employment, located in Lakeville, Massachusetts.
    When Knox inadvertently hit the foot pedal of CCC's MAX 310, the
    machine activated, crushing his left hand.
    Schechtl,     the      manufacturer      of   the     MAX     310,    is
    headquartered in Edling, Germany and maintains no operations in
    the United States.          The company's marketing materials say that
    Schechtl manufactures the "most popular architectural sheet metal
    folders in the world."
    Schechtl sells its machines to United States customers
    through MetalForming, a separate and independently owned U.S.
    distribution company.             Schechtl's distribution agreement ("the
    agreement") with MetalForming gives MetalForming the exclusive
    right    to    distribute      Schechtl's       products     in     the     "Contract
    Territory," which comprises Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
    The    agreement     outlines     the    procedure      for    selling
    Schechtl's machinery.         The purchasing end user ("the purchaser")
    places an order with MetalForming, which in turn acquires the
    machine from Schechtl.         MetalForming then sends a purchase order,
    naming the purchaser, to Schechtl in Germany. Under the agreement,
    MetalForming        must   include    "technical      and   other   data"     in   the
    purchase order, because that information is "of importance for the
    ordered product, the supply contract, and its performance."
    Schechtl then chooses whether to accept the purchase
    order.   If it does accept, it issues a written order confirmation,
    - 4 -
    which   "govern[s]    the    product   to   be   delivered,    its   technical
    qualities, the delivery price, the place of delivery, the time of
    delivery as well as all other relevant contractual provisions."
    Schechtl     then     manufactures      the   machine      to   the
    purchaser's specifications.       The agreement provides that Schechtl
    "reserves the right, in the exercise of its sole discretion, to
    discontinue the manufacture or distribution of any Product without
    incurring any obligation to [MetalForming]."
    When the machine is ready, Schechtl delivers it to a
    "freight forwarder or other transport agency" in Germany, at which
    point ownership passes to MetalForming. The record does not detail
    the ordinary shipment process after that point, but, as we describe
    below, it does show how the MAX 310 that injured Knox came to CCC.
    Under the agreement, MetalForming is responsible for
    installation   at    the     purchaser's    site   and   for   training    the
    purchaser's personnel in the proper use of the machine.                    The
    agreement does, however, provide that it may "become necessary
    that installation work be conducted under the direction of a"
    Schechtl technician.        And there is somewhat different information
    as to training contained in the information manual, as noted below.
    The agreement also requires that MetalForming "provide
    any and all warranty services for the" Schechtl products. Schechtl
    provides a one-year warranty "to the end users for all of its
    machines, machine parts, tools, spare parts, and accessories."
    - 5 -
    MetalForming must also, under the agreement, "pass along
    to customers information received from [Schechtl]" regarding the
    products and their proper use.            This information is packaged in
    with each machine when it is delivered to the purchaser.                           The
    enclosed material includes a declaration that the machine had been
    "developed,       designed    and     manufactured     in     compliance         with"
    applicable       European    safety     directives.         It      also       includes
    instruction manuals and safety instructions for each machine.
    The instruction manual includes an "Instruction for
    Inquiries and Spare Part Orders," which directs purchasers to
    contact Schechtl (and not MetalForming) for inquiries and for
    additional machine parts.        A later troubleshooting section of that
    manual    also    instructs    that     operators    experiencing          a   problem
    should, "[i]f it is not possible to correct the malfunction with
    the aid of the following tables, contact the Schechtl Maschinenbau
    GmbH     Service     department."          It   does        not     instruct       the
    operator/purchaser      to    contact    MetalForming.            The   manual    also
    offers that "[t]he operating company may receive extensive machine
    training by Schechtl Maschinenbau GmbH upon request . . . at
    [Schechtl's] facilities or at the operating company's facilities."
    There is no evidence as to whether any Massachusetts purchaser
    made such a request.
    The materials provided to the purchasers of Schechtl
    machines contain Schechtl's direct contact information, including
    - 6 -
    its phone and fax numbers and its mail and email addresses.
    Schechtl also operates a website that instructs purchasers of its
    machines    to   contact      Schechtl    directly     for   frequently       asked
    questions, sales, parts, and other information relating to its
    machines. See Schechtl, http://www.schechtl.biz/index_e.htm (last
    visited Jan. 24, 2019).
    Schechtl    has    provided    MetalForming      with     advertising
    materials   to   market     Schechtl     products     in   the   United     States.
    MetalForming has promoted Schechtl machines in national trade
    publications and at industry trade shows.                  There is no record
    evidence    as   to   the   Massachusetts      recipients        of   those   trade
    publications.         And   while    the     record    shows      that     Schechtl
    representatives attended several trade shows in the United States
    with MetalForming, there is no evidence that any of those shows
    were in Massachusetts.
    Between 2000 and September 2017, MetalForming sold 2,639
    Schechtl sheet metal machines throughout the United States, at a
    value of just over $97 million.            Between July 2001 and September
    2017, MetalForming sold to purchasers in Massachusetts forty-five
    Schechtl machines and 234 Schechtl parts, at a value of nearly
    $1.5 million (about $1.3 million for the machines and $176,752 for
    the parts).      Schechtl's Massachusetts machine sales appear to
    constitute 1.35% of its United States machine sales.                     The record
    does not reveal Schechtl's total parts sales in the U.S.
    - 7 -
    Schechtl   sold   the    MAX    310   which     injured   Knox   to
    MetalForming in April 2001. MetalForming took delivery in Georgia.
    In August, four months after the initial sale, MetalForming shipped
    the machine to CCC, with CCC taking ownership of the machine in
    Georgia.   The respective purchase orders show that MetalForming
    purchased the machine from Schechtl for $25,830 and sold it to CCC
    for $38,950.     The purchase order from MetalForming to Schechtl
    identified the purchaser as CCC but did not give CCC's location.
    The purchase order from MetalForming to CCC shows that the machine
    came with a one-year Schechtl warranty and that the price included
    a "Schechtl Installation Charge" and a "Schechtl Freight Charge"
    to the purchaser, but no party explains what these last two terms
    mean or who receives the payment.
    B.   Procedural History
    The   Knoxes   sued    both    Schechtl   and    MetalForming    in
    Massachusetts state court.         They alleged negligence, breach of
    warranty, loss of consortium, and violation of the Massachusetts
    consumer protection statute, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A. MetalForming
    removed the case to Massachusetts federal district court and filed
    crossclaims against Schechtl for indemnification, contribution,
    and breach of contract.          Schechtl moved to dismiss the claims
    against it for lack of personal jurisdiction.            Both the Knoxes and
    MetalForming opposed Schechtl's motion.
    - 8 -
    The district court, after finding that the terms of
    Massachusetts's long-arm statute were "easily . . . satisfied,"
    Knox, 303 F. Supp. 3d at 183, nonetheless granted Schechtl's motion
    to dismiss, id. at 188.        The court reasoned that, even though
    "Schechtl    ha[d]   derived     . . .      'substantial       revenue'    from
    MetalForming's   sales    of   Schechtl       equipment   to    Massachusetts
    customers," id. at 186, Schechtl had not purposefully availed
    itself of the privilege of doing business in Massachusetts, id. at
    187.   The court added that there was "[n]o Massachusetts-specific
    'plus' factor," like "'special state-related design, advertising,
    advice, marketing,' etc."      Id. at 186 (quoting J. McIntyre Mach.,
    Ltd.   v.   Nicastro,    
    564 U.S. 873
    ,    889   (2011)     (Breyer,    J.,
    concurring)).    The court did not mention either the instructions
    or the warranties that Schechtl provided to the purchasers in
    Massachusetts.
    This appeal followed.
    II.
    The district court held that MetalForming had not made
    a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction.            See id. at 184.
    On prima facie review, the plaintiffs' burden is to proffer
    evidence "sufficient to support findings of all facts essential to
    personal jurisdiction" without relying on unsupported allegations.
    A Corp. v. All Am. Plumbing, Inc., 
    812 F.3d 54
    , 58 (1st Cir. 2016).
    We construe these facts "in the light most congenial to the
    - 9 -
    plaintiff's jurisdictional claim."        Mass. Sch. of Law at Andover,
    Inc. v. Am. Bar Ass'n, 
    142 F.3d 26
    , 34 (1st Cir. 1998).               "Our
    review is de novo."    LP Sols. LLC v. Duchossois, 
    907 F.3d 95
    , 102
    (1st Cir. 2018).
    In a diversity jurisdiction case like this one, "a
    plaintiff must satisfy both the forum state's long-arm statute and
    the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment."       C.W. Downer
    & Co. v. Bioriginal Food & Sci. Corp., 
    771 F.3d 59
    , 65 (1st Cir.
    2014).   Compliance with the terms of the Massachusetts long-arm
    statute is not contested here.     Schechtl proceeds directly to the
    federal constitutional analysis; we will do so as well.
    For   the   exercise   of   personal    jurisdiction   to    be
    constitutional, a defendant must have "certain minimum contacts
    with [the forum state] such that the maintenance of the suit does
    not offend 'traditional notions of fair play and substantial
    justice.'"   Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 
    326 U.S. 310
    , 316 (1945)
    (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 
    311 U.S. 457
    , 463 (1940)).                The
    constitutional "inquiry is highly 'fact-specific.'"        PREP Tours,
    Inc. v. Am. Youth Soccer Org., No. 17-1223, 
    2019 WL 126221
    , at *4
    (1st Cir. Jan. 8, 2019) (quoting United Elec., Radio & Mach.
    Workers of Am. v. 163 Pleasant St. Corp., 
    960 F.2d 1080
    , 1089 (1st
    Cir. 1992)).       Importantly, the "test is 'not susceptible of
    mechanical application; rather, the facts of each case must be
    - 10 -
    weighed.'"     
    Id.
     (quoting Kulko v. Superior Ct. of Cal., 
    436 U.S. 84
    , 92 (1978)).
    The    Knoxes    and    MetalForming       have    asserted     specific
    personal     jurisdiction       over       Schechtl,    so     the    constitutional
    analysis     here    has     three    components:      relatedness,        purposeful
    availment, and reasonableness.              Plixer Int'l, Inc. v. Scrutinizer
    GmbH, 
    905 F.3d 1
    , 7 (1st Cir. 2018).              That is, the plaintiffs must
    show that (1) their claims directly arise out of or relate to the
    defendant's forum activities; (2) the defendant's forum contacts
    represent a purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting
    activities     in    that     forum,       thus   invoking      the    benefits   and
    protections of the forum's laws and rendering the defendant's
    involuntary    presence       in     the   forum's     courts    foreseeable;     and
    (3) the exercise of jurisdiction is reasonable.                      
    Id.
       The Knoxes
    and MetalForming must meet all three requirements to establish
    personal jurisdiction.         
    Id.
         We hold that they have.
    The district court reached only the issue of purposeful
    availment.    But at oral argument Schechtl's counsel conceded that
    the other two requirements are met.               We briefly explain below why
    we agree and address the main issue of purposeful availment.
    A.   Relatedness
    To show relatedness, the Knoxes and MetalForming must
    demonstrate that their "cause of action either arises directly out
    of, or is related to, the defendant's forum-based contacts."
    - 11 -
    Harlow v. Children's Hosp., 
    432 F.3d 50
    , 61 (1st Cir. 2005) (citing
    163 Pleasant St., 
    960 F.2d at 1088-89
    ).      This "flexible, relaxed
    standard," N. Laminate Sales, Inc. v. Davis, 
    403 F.3d 14
    , 25 (1st
    Cir. 2005) (quoting Pritzker v. Yari, 
    42 F.3d 53
    , 61 (1st Cir.
    1994)), requires only that the claim have a "demonstrable nexus"
    to the defendant's forum contacts, Mass. Sch. of Law, 
    142 F.3d at 34
    .   This requirement is easily met here.
    B.    Purposeful Availment
    The case turns on the purposeful availment prong.      To
    meet this requirement, the Knoxes and MetalForming bear the burden
    of demonstrating that Schechtl has "purposefully avail[ed] itself
    of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State,
    thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws."      Hanson
    v. Denckla, 
    357 U.S. 235
    , 253 (1958).
    The purposeful availment requirement ensures that the
    exercise of jurisdiction is essentially voluntary and foreseeable,
    C.W. Downer, 771 F.3d at 66, and is not premised on a defendant's
    "random, fortuitous, or attenuated contacts," Carreras v. PMG
    Collins, LLC, 
    660 F.3d 549
    , 555 (1st Cir. 2011) (quoting Burger
    King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 
    471 U.S. 462
    , 475 (1985)). "[T]he Supreme
    Court has explained that 'the foreseeability that is critical to
    due process analysis . . . is that the defendant's conduct and
    connection with the forum State are such that he should reasonably
    anticipate being haled into court there.'"      PREP Tours, 2019 WL
    - 12 -
    126221, at *6 (quoting Burger King, 
    471 U.S. at 474
    ).                    This
    requirement applies equally to foreign defendants.            Plixer, 905
    F.3d at 7.
    Each side asserts that the Supreme Court's decision in
    J. McIntyre Machinery, Limited v. Nicastro supports its view. Like
    other circuits, we have held that the narrowest, and thus binding,
    opinion from the "fragmented Court" in that case was Justice
    Breyer's.    Plixer, 905 F.3d at 10 (quoting Marks v. United States,
    
    430 U.S. 188
    , 193 (1977)); accord Williams v. Romarm, SA, 
    756 F.3d 777
    , 784 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (finding Justice Breyer's concurring
    opinion controlling under Marks); Ainsworth v. Moffett Eng'g,
    Ltd., 
    716 F.3d 174
    , 178 & n.14 (5th Cir. 2013) (same); AFTG-TG,
    LLC v. Nuvoton Tech. Corp., 
    689 F.3d 1358
    , 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2012)
    (same).     In the end we do not think that this case, on the facts
    here, fails the personal jurisdiction tests articulated by either
    Justice Breyer's concurring opinion or the plurality opinion in
    Nicastro.
    The   district   court   found     that   Schechtl    had    not
    designated    Massachusetts   "for    special   attention"   and   had   not
    "target[ed] buyers within" Massachusetts.          Knox, 303 F. Supp. 3d
    at 186.   Using those tests, the district court held that Schechtl
    had not purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting
    - 13 -
    business in the Commonwealth.    Id.2    Those, as our Plixer decision
    later made explicit, are not the exclusive tests to establish
    purposeful availment.
    In Plixer we concluded that "Supreme Court precedent
    does not establish specific targeting of a forum as the only means
    of showing that the purposeful availment test has been met."      905
    F.3d at 9 (emphasis added).   Depending on the facts, a defendant's
    "'regular flow or regular course of sale' in the [forum]" could
    make the exercise of jurisdiction foreseeable to the defendant.
    Id. at 10.    And, again depending on the facts, jurisdiction could
    be foreseeable based on "something more" than this, evidencing an
    intent to serve the forum.      Id. (citing Asahi Metal Indus. Co.,
    Ltd. v. Superior Court of Cal., 
    480 U.S. 102
    , 111-12 (1987)
    (opinion of O'Connor, J.)).     Justice O'Connor's plurality opinion
    in Asahi, endorsed by the plurality opinion in Nicastro, see 
    564 U.S. at 885
     (plurality opinion), says that "something more" may
    include, "for example, designing the product for the market in the
    forum State, advertising in the forum State, establishing channels
    for providing regular advice to customers in the forum State, or
    marketing the product through a distributor who has agreed to serve
    2    To be clear, there is no argument that a producer like
    Schechtl is subject to jurisdiction solely because it knows that
    its products might be sold in Massachusetts. See Nicastro, 
    564 U.S. at 891
     (Breyer, J., concurring) (rejecting such a standard).
    - 14 -
    as the sales agent in the forum State."           Asahi, 
    480 U.S. at 112
    (opinion of O'Connor, J.).
    Specific       jurisdiction    must    rest   on    a   defendant's
    voluntary contact with the forum and not on "the 'unilateral
    activity of another party or a third person.'"               Burger King, 
    471 U.S. at 475
     (quoting Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v.
    Hall, 
    466 U.S. 408
    , 417 (1984)).           The argument for jurisdiction
    here does not rest on MetalForming's Massachusetts activities.              It
    rests   instead     on    the   totality    of    Schechtl's      activities,
    voluntarily     undertaken,     that   connect   the    German    company   to
    Massachusetts.
    These voluntary acts on Schechtl's part led to a "regular
    flow or regular course of sales," and more than that, in the
    Commonwealth.     Over sixteen years, Schechtl, through MetalForming,
    sold forty-five machines (an average of close to three machines in
    each of those sixteen years).           It also provided 234 parts to
    purchasers in Massachusetts.           Those parts and machines led to
    nearly $1.5 million of Massachusetts sales for Schechtl.
    We compare this case to Plixer, in which we upheld the
    exercise of jurisdiction over a defendant who, over three-and-a-
    half years, served 156 forum customers, generating about $200,000
    in business.    See 905 F.3d at 4-5; see also id. at 11 (describing
    post-Nicastro rulings upholding the exercise of jurisdiction based
    on "a regular course of sales").         And we compare Schechtl to the
    - 15 -
    defendant in Nicastro, who Justice Breyer described as having made
    "a single isolated sale" into the forum.             
    564 U.S. at 888
     (Breyer,
    J., concurring).        Schechtl certainly does not fall into the
    category    of   manufacturer,     "small"     in    "shape[]    and   size[],"
    described by Justice Breyer in Nicastro.             
    Id. at 892
     (Breyer, J.,
    concurring).
    Schechtl      argues     that     we     should      discount    its
    Massachusetts sales because those sales were part of a nationwide
    sales effort.     But the question is not whether a defendant sells
    its product across the U.S.; it is instead whether a defendant's
    forum connection is such "that the exercise of jurisdiction is
    essentially voluntary and foreseeable."               Plixer, 905 F.3d at 7
    (citing C.W. Downer, 771 F.3d at 66); see Ainsworth, 716 F.3d at
    179 (upholding the exercise of jurisdiction based on substantial
    in-forum    sales,     even   though    the        defendant's     forum    sales
    represented only 1.55% of its nationwide sales during the relevant
    period).     And we note that the use of a nationwide distributor
    does not automatically preclude the exercise of jurisdiction.                See
    Ainsworth, 716 F.3d at 179 (upholding the exercise of jurisdiction
    over   a   manufacturer    even    though    the    manufacturer    employed   a
    nationwide distributor).
    To be clear, we do not hold that the mere volume of
    Schechtl's sales in Massachusetts over sixteen years standing
    - 16 -
    alone would suffice (a hypothetical situation we need not address).
    There is more here.
    Schechtl        individually        approved              and    manufactured
    according to purchaser-provided specifications each of the nearly
    fifty machines it sent to Massachusetts purchasers.                                  See In re
    Chinese-Manufactured Drywall Prods. Liab. Litig., 
    742 F.3d 576
    ,
    589    (5th     Cir.     2014)     (upholding         the        exercise      of     personal
    jurisdiction based in part on the defendant's fulfilling product
    orders on a "made-to-order basis"); cf. Asahi, 
    480 U.S. at 112
    (opinion of O'Connor, J.) (adding that "designing the product for
    the    market    in    the    forum     State"    may       be    "additional         conduct"
    necessary to make the exercise of jurisdiction constitutional).
    Schechtl's relationship with purchasers in Massachusetts
    did    not    end     when    Schechtl     accepted         the    purchase         order     and
    manufactured the machine.                Schechtl required that MetalForming
    include,      with     each     machine,    materials            that    instructed          that
    purchaser       to    contact    Schechtl      directly,          whether      to     purchase
    replacement parts or to obtain assistance with troubleshooting and
    fixing problems.         From the fact that hundreds of Schechtl parts
    were    delivered       to    Massachusetts,          the    inference         is     entirely
    plausible     that     Massachusetts       purchasers            did    use    the    channels
    Schechtl      established        both     as     to     spare          parts    and     as     to
    troubleshooting.
    - 17 -
    Schechtl's      channels     to     Massachusetts           purchasers
    constitute efforts to continue -- and perhaps to expand -- its
    relationship with Massachusetts purchasers.               Those deliberately
    opened channels, kept open over many years and presumably used,
    are relevant to the jurisdictional analysis.              See Asahi, 
    480 U.S. at 112
       (opinion   of   O'Connor,    J.)    (noting    that    "establishing
    channels for providing regular advice to customers in the forum
    State" may be "something more" in support of jurisdiction).                 Those
    channels    established    a   direct   link    between    Schechtl       and   its
    purchasers.    Here that means that Schechtl voluntarily opened at
    least forty-five such direct links with Massachusetts purchasers.
    Schechtl's long service of purchasers in Massachusetts through at
    least its spare parts sales bolsters our conclusion that the
    exercise of jurisdiction here is foreseeable.3
    Purposeful     availment    analysis    "'will       vary    with   the
    quality and the nature of the defendant's activity.'"               PREP Tours,
    
    2019 WL 126221
    , at *6 (quoting Burger King, 
    471 U.S. at 474-75
    ).
    This case involves a manufacturer which can direct where its
    products go, which sold dozens of expensive products into the forum
    3   Schechtl argues that it did not know that CCC was located
    in Massachusetts. Even if that contention were correct, we would
    not consider it dispositive given all the other facts here. We do
    not comment on MetalForming's argument that Schechtl should have
    known CCC's location.
    We also do not rest on, or even reach, the argument that
    Schechtl made no effort to exclude Massachusetts purchasers from
    its American market. Cf. Ainsworth, 716 F.3d at 179.
    - 18 -
    over   nearly    two   decades,   and   which   initiated    an   ongoing
    relationship with its in-forum purchasers.      Nicastro, by contrast,
    involved a manufacturer which lacked any similar ability to control
    the end location of its products, see 
    564 U.S. at 878
     (plurality
    opinion) (noting that there was "no allegation that the distributor
    was under [the defendant's] control"), and which had no other
    relationship with the forum, see 
    id. at 886
    .       The defendant there
    knew only "that its products are distributed through a nationwide
    distribution system that might lead to those products being sold
    in any of the fifty states."      
    Id. at 879
     (internal quotation marks
    omitted).     None of the opinions from Nicastro require that we
    accept Schechtl's arguments on appeal.
    Schechtl's only remaining argument is that MetalForming
    takes title to the Schechtl products in Germany.            First Circuit
    law has long found this argument irrelevant to the jurisdictional
    analysis.   See Benitez-Allende v. Alcan Aluminio do Brasil, S.A.,
    
    857 F.2d 26
    , 30 (1st Cir. 1988) (Breyer, J.) ("The fact that title
    to the [products] passed in [a foreign country] is beside the
    point, for '[i]f International Shoe stands for anything, however,
    it is that a truly interstate business may not shield itself from
    suit by a careful but formalistic structuring of its business
    dealings.'"     (quoting Vencedor Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Gougler Indus.,
    Inc., 
    557 F.2d 886
    , 891 (1st Cir. 1977))).        The same is true for
    an international business.
    - 19 -
    C.   Reasonableness
    We explain briefly why we consider the exercise of
    jurisdiction to be reasonable under the five "gestalt" factors:
    (1) the defendant's burden of appearing [in
    the forum], (2) the forum state's interest in
    adjudicating the dispute, (3) the plaintiff's
    interest in obtaining convenient and effective
    relief, (4) the judicial system's interest in
    obtaining the most effective resolution of the
    controversy, and (5) the common interests of
    all sovereigns in promoting substantive social
    policies.
    Ticketmaster-N.Y., Inc. v. Alioto, 
    26 F.3d 201
    , 209 (1st Cir. 1994)
    (citing Burger King, 
    471 U.S. at 477
    ).      Schechtl in its briefs,
    but not at oral argument, argues that Massachusetts litigation
    would be burdensome because it is a German company with German
    employees, and that cross-Atlantic travel and communications would
    impose burdens on its employees.       That there is some burden on
    Schechtl (which can be mitigated) is not enough on the facts here
    to make the exercise of jurisdiction unreasonable.      See Plixer,
    905 F.3d at 13 (noting that "'[w]hen minimum contacts have been
    established, often the interests of the plaintiff and the forum in
    the exercise of jurisdiction will justify even the serious burdens
    placed on the alien defendant'" (quoting Asahi, 
    480 U.S. at 114
    (opinion of O'Connor, J.)); see also C.W. Downer, 771 F.3d at 70
    (noting that many of the case's logistical challenges "can be
    resolved through the use of affidavits and video devices").
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    III.
    We conclude that the exercise of personal jurisdiction
    over Schechtl comports with due process.   We reverse and remand
    for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
    - 21 -