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USCA1 Opinion
April 23, 1993
[NOT FOR PUBLICATION]
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
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No. 92-1822
RICHARD A. STREET,
Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
MICHAEL T. MALONEY, ET AL.,
Defendants, Appellees.
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APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Edward F. Harrington, U.S. District Judge]
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Before
Breyer, Chief Judge,
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Selya and Cyr, Circuit Judges.
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Richard A. Street on brief pro se.
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Irene M. Carr, Counsel, Department of Correction, and Nancy
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Ankers White, Special Assistant Attorney General, on brief for
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appellees.
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Per Curiam. Plaintiff-appellant Richard A. Street,
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a Massachusetts prison inmate, appeals the grant of summary
judgment in favor of defendant correctional officials.
Summary judgment was entered by the district court after this
court upheld the dismissal of certain claims but reversed the
dismissal of plaintiff's free exercise and equal protection
claims. Street v. Maloney, No. 90-1280, slip op. (Dec. 29,
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1990). For the reasons that follow, we vacate and remand.
I
I
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Street is an adherent of a sect of the Hindu
religion commonly known as Hare Krishna. He initiated this
action under 42 U.S.C. 1983 after prayer beads and a
religious necklace that he had ordered in 1988 were
confiscated by prison officials. At the time, Street was
confined to the Departmental Segregation Unit (DSU), the
prison's highest security unit. His amended complaint
charged that defendants Smith, the prison property officer,
Captain Gallagher, then administrator of the DSU, Maloney and
Raikey, former and present prison superintendents, and Hall,
a former deputy superintendent, were responsible, in their
individual and official capacities, for the expropriation.
The core of Street's complaint is that the defendants
infringed his First and Fourteenth Amendment rights to free
exercise of religion and equal protection of the laws by
confiscating the prayer beads and religious necklace while at
the same time allowing Roman Catholic inmates to possess
rosary beads and wear crucifixes.1
On remand, the defendants moved for summary
judgment. They argued that 1) the confiscation of the
plaintiff's prayer beads was justified because of their
"great potential as a dangerous weapon," 2) the unusual
security risks posed by the prayer beads constituted a
rational basis for any difference in treatment between the
plaintiff and Catholic inmates, 3) the claims against Captain
Gallagher should be dismissed under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(j)
because of failure to effect service of process, and 4) the
claims against the remaining defendants should be dismissed
because of plaintiff's failure to individuate the claims,
that is, to allege facts showing which defendants performed
the acts that purportedly impaired his constitutional rights.
Defendants' motion was supported by Smith's two-
page affidavit. As the prison property officer, Smith was
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1. Plaintiff's amended complaint also alleged that the
confiscation was in contravention of the Fourth Amendment
right to be free of unreasonable seizures and the Fourteenth
Amendment right to due process, and that the processing of
the incoming religious items violated institutional
regulations regarding inmate mail. Defendants here assert
that only plaintiff's free exercise/equal protection claims
survive our prior ruling in this case. We reject that
contention. Our prior opinion explained that because
plaintiff's amended complaint was not in the record, we would
not presume that it was before the district court and,
consequently, we would not address the allegations therein.
Thus, plaintiff remained free to pursue the above-mentioned
claims on remand.
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responsible for handling all incoming property, maintaining
records of cell contents and contraband, and transferring
property to other institutions. Smith recalled that
plaintiff's prayer beads consisted of "approximately 100
beads strung together on a strong cord and joined to form a
circle which measured approximately 36 inches, doubled." The
beads, he attested, "were a solid, hard material" and "were
large, approximately 3/4 inch in diameter." The prayer beads
"did not resemble in any way the rosary beads which are
allowed inside the institution. The rosary beads that are
allowed . . . generally consist of very small hollow plastic
beads joined on a weak chain with small, easily breakable
links." Based on his experience, Smith felt that plaintiff's
prayer beads "posed a security risk to the institution
because of their potential use as weapons such as a `sap',
`numchucks', or as a `garotte'."2 Finally, Smith affirmed
that DSU inmates "have been placed there as a result of the
most serious rules violations, involving violent and
extremely disruptive behavior," and that "the DSU
administrator and the officer in charge of the West Wing
Segregation Unit also saw the beads and determined that they
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2. According to Smith, a "sap" consists of a sock or
similar container into which hard objects are placed, and
which is used to inflict blows; "numchucks" are sets of
batons connected by a length of cable or chain, used for a
similar purpose; a "garrotte" is a cord, thong, or length of
wire, used to strangle a victim.
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must be removed because of the serious security concerns they
posed." The affidavit identified neither of the other two
officers by name.
Plaintiff's opposition contested the rationality of
the defendants' asserted security justification. In an
accompanying affidavit, Street stated that the 108 knotted
beads were 1/2 inch in diameter and made of very light-
weight, easily breakable wood, similar to balsa wood. "The
beads are not solid, but are hollow, like Catholic rosary
beads, with a hole in the center so they can be strung on a
string." The string, about 36 inches long and 1/64 inch
around, was asserted to be very weak and easily broken. The
religious necklace was described as 18 inches long consisting
of 54 tiny wooden beads (3/16 inch long and 1/8 inch in
diameter) strung on a "thin weak string" which a young child
could "easily break."
With respect to his religion, Street's affidavit
explained that his faith required 1728 repetitions of a
particular mantra daily, using special prayer beads. The
plaintiff claimed that "[w]ithout said beads it is not
possible for me to obey this commandment of my religion."
Street maintained that he had been allowed prayer beads
during a 1985 confinement in the DSU, and that after his
return there in June 1988 he received permission from Hall to
order the beads. When they arrived, however, Captain
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Gallagher refused to allow him to have them. Street
protested to Hall, and to Hall's superiors, Raikey and
Maloney, about the confiscation, but they refused to
intervene. Street declared that neither he nor the sender
received the required notice that the beads were considered
contraband. Finally, Street's affidavit asserted that his
jailers said to him that "the Hare Krishnas are fools and
worship a false God."
The district court granted the defendants' motion
for summary judgment. The court's order states in its
entirety:
Motion allowed. Alleged refusal to permit inmate
to possess hare krishna [sic] beads and necklace in
the Departmental Segregation Unit is not violative
of Plaintiff's Constitutional rights, as such
refusal is reasonably related to legitimate
penological interests. Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S.
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78, 85 (1987).
The standard of review is familiar, see, e.g., Garside v.
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Osco Drug, Inc., 895 F.2d 46, 48-49 (1st Cir. 1990), and it
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would be pleonastic to repeat the standard here.
II
II
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Prison restrictions that implicate constitutional
rights are judged by the reasonableness standard. See
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Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210, 224 (1990); O'Lone v.
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Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342 (1987); Turner v. Safley, 482
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U.S. 78 (1987). Under this standard, an inmate's First
Amendment right must yield to prison rules and regulations
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that are "reasonably related to legitimate penological
interest." Turner, 482 U.S. at 89. To ensure that judges
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accord appropriate deference to decisions of prison
administrators anent the delicate balance of these competing
principles, the Court put in place a "reasonableness test
less restrictive than that ordinarily applied to alleged
infringements of fundamental constitutional rights." O'Lone,
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482 U.S. at 349 (punctuation and citation omitted). Thus, if
prohibiting plaintiff's possession of certain paraphernalia
in the DSU strikes a reasonable balance between the right to
free exercise of religion and the prison's asserted interest
in security, plaintiff's First Amendment claim will fail.3
See Reed v. Faulkner, 842 F.2d 960, 962 (7th Cir. 1988).
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The parties have briefed the appeal in terms of the
Turner rubric. Assuming, arguendo, that Turner applies to
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the individualized decision here at issue, see, e.g., Frazier
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v. Dubois, 922 F.2d 560, 562 (10th Cir. 1990) (applying
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Turner to an individualized prison action), the Turner Court
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identified four factors that "are relevant to, and that serve
to channel, the reasonableness inquiry." Thornburgh v.
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Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 414 (1989). In O'Lone, where the
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curtailment of Muslim inmates' rights to attend religious
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3. We assume, for present purposes, the sincerity of
Street's professed religious beliefs. Since defendants
elected not to dispute this issue below, they cannot dispute
it for the first time on appeal.
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services was upheld, the Court summarized the Turner factors
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in the following manner:
1) Does the challenged regulation have a
logical connection to the legitimate
governmental interests invoked to justify
it?
2) Do alternative means of exercising the
right remain open to prison inmates?
3) What impact would the accommodation of
the inmate's asserted right have on other
inmates, on prison personnel, and on
prison resources generally?
4) Are there obvious, easy alternatives to
the policy adopted by the prison
administrators?
O'Lone, 482 U.S. at 350-53 (citing Turner, 482 U.S. at 89-90,
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93). These factors have regularly been applied in
determining whether a prison policy violates an inmate's free
exercise rights. See, e.g., Abdullah v. Gunter, 949 F.2d
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1032, 1035-36 (8th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 112 S. Ct. 1995
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(1992); Fromer v. Scully, 874 F.2d 69, 74-76 (2d Cir. 1989);
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Cooper v. Tard, 855 F.2d 125, 128-30 (3d Cir. 1988); Williams
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v. Lane, 851 F.2d 867, 876-78 (7th Cir. 1988), cert. denied,
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488 U.S. 1047 (1989); cf. Skelton v. Pri-Cor Inc., 963 F.2d
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100, 103-04 (6th Cir. 1991).
III
III
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With respect to plaintiff's free exercise claim, we
think that genuine issues of material fact precluded brevis
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disposition. There are, for example, unanswered questions of
fact as to the composition of the prayer beads (weight,
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density, etc.) which, in turn, prevent a determination of
whether the ban on them is reasonable, or, for that matter,
whether rosary beads in the hands of other DSU inmates are
deserving of materially different treatment. We accept the
defendants' legitimate concern that religious items in the
possession of inmates may lead to security problems. But, we
believe that the plaintiff has sufficiently put into question
the possible danger to the security of the prison posed by
the prayer beads here at issue.
It also seems logical that the more solitary a
religious practice, the less plausible is the claim that an
institutional security interest is compromised. Turner
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instructs that "a regulation cannot be sustained where the
logical connection between the regulation and the asserted
goal is so remote as to render the policy arbitrary or
irrational." Turner, 482 U.S. at 89-90. Unlike free
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exercise claims involving otherwise non-religious items
(diet, grooming, name changes, and the like) or those
involving group associations (such as congregate worship),
any of which might impact the general prison population, the
religious activity associated with the described use of the
prayer beads appears to involve solely private conduct. The
significance of this fact is highlighted here because, as
plaintiff points out, he would never be able to take the
prayer beads outside his cell; according to him, DSU inmates
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are uniformly searched, cuffed, and shackled before leaving
their cells. Such a restriction, if true - - and defendants
have not challenged the veracity of plaintiff's account - -
posits an accommodation that both undercuts defendants'
stated security concerns and raises questions as to whether
they overreacted in denying Street the prayer beads. Cf. id.
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at 90 (under the fourth factor of the test, "the existence of
obvious, easy alternatives may be evidence that the
regulation is not reasonable, but is an `exaggerated
response' to prison concerns") (citation omitted).
We note, therefore, without implying any view of
the merits, that the record reveals a genuine question as to
whether defendants' justification is sufficient to outlaw the
prayer beads.4 See Mosier v. Maynard, 937 F.2d 1521, 1527
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(10th Cir. 1991) (remanding for factual development and
application of Turner factors where plaintiff raised a
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genuine issue of material fact as to the reasonableness of a
prison policy); Swift v. Lewis, 901 F.2d 730, 731-32 (9th
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Cir. 1990) (vacating summary judgment in favor of prison
officials in the absence of evidence that officials' asserted
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4. Although we have been discussing plaintiff's prayer beads
to this point, the same analysis applies to plaintiff's
religious necklace. Appellees, in their brief, argue that
the physical characteristics of the beads and the necklace
are so similar as to be virtually indistinguishable from one
another, and that both items pose the same security risks.
On remand, of course, the defendants will have an opportunity
to revisit this issue, should they so desire.
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reason for prison grooming policy justified treating
appellants differently from other religious groups); see also
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Ali v. Dixon, 912 F.2d 86, 91 (4th Cir. 1990); Hunafa v.
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Murphy, 907 F.2d 46, 48 (7th Cir. 1990); cf. Friend v.
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Kolodzieczak, 923 F.2d 126 (9th Cir. 1991) (affirming summary
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judgment in favor of prison officials because regulation
prohibiting Roman Catholic inmates from possessing rosaries
in their cells satisfied Turner test).5
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IV
IV
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We turn next to plaintiff's claim that he has been
subjected to differential treatment because of his religion.
The essence of the Equal Protection Clause is that government
should treat similarly situated persons alike. See, e.g.,
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Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc., 473 U.S. 432
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(1985). Prison administrators confronted with an equal
protection claim "need only demonstrate a rational basis for
their distinctions between organizational groups." Jones v.
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North Carolina Prisoners' Union, 433 U.S. 119, 134 (1977).
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Courts must defer to such differentiation unless it is clear
that "the two groups are so similar that discretion has been
abused." Id. at 136; see also Feeley v. Sampson, 570 F.2d
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364, 371 (1st Cir. 1978) (explaining that prison authorities'
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5. Because the case must be remanded to resolve the
questions we have mentioned, we need not address the second
and third Turner factors. We think it fitting to note,
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however, that neither defendants' moving papers nor the
district court's order addressed either point.
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decisions cannot be arbitrary); Nadeau v. Helgemoe, 561 F.2d
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411, 416 (1st Cir. 1977) (similar). Thus, so long as the
prison officials' response is shown to be rationally
supported, an equal protection claim must fail. See Reed,
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842 F.2d at 962; Brandon v. District of Columbia Bd. of
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Parole, 823 F.2d 644, 650 (D.C. Cir. 1987). Conversely,
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arbitrary enforcement of a stated security rationale violates
prisoners' rights. See, e.g., Benjamin v. Coughlin, 905 F.2d
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571, 578 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 951 (1990).
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Here, it is undisputed that Roman Catholic inmates
in the DSU are allowed rosary beads. How prison authorities
have accommodated other religions is relevant, but not
determinative, in deciding whether a plaintiff has been
treated in an unduly restrictive manner. See Feeley, 570
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F.2d at 371. Assuming that prayer beads and rosary beads can
be equated for purposes of equal protection analysis, see id.
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at 375; Hatch v. Sharp, 919 F.2d 1266, 1268-69 (7th Cir.
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1990), cert. denied, 111 S. Ct. 1693 (1991), it is not
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obvious if (or how) the asserted security concerns posed by
plaintiff's confiscated prayer beads and necklace6 were
satisfied so as to permit another religious group in the DSU
to possess rosary beads. If the comparison between prayer
and rosary beads can fairly be made, such differing
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6. The defendants' affidavit is silent anent the wearing of
religious necklaces or crucifixes in the DSU.
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restrictions point to (but, again, are not conclusive of)
"possible arbitrariness." Feeley, 570 F.2d at 364. As
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noted earlier, the defendants' affidavit describing the type
of rosary beads that are "generally" allowed to others was
sufficiently countered by the plaintiff's opposing affidavit
so as to create material questions as to the relative and
relevant differences between the religious items in question.
The affidavits also leave unresolved questions about whether
the treatment accorded the plaintiff was disparate or
intentional. These conflicts preclude summary judgment on
this count.
V
V
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We need go no further. We have considered most of
the parties' other arguments on appeal and find them to be
without merit.7 We hold, however, on the present record,
that the district court erred to the extent that it accepted
defendants' proffered security rationale as conclusive.
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7. We say "most" rather than "all" because the district
court did not address two other questions raised on
defendants' motion for summary judgment, namely, a supposed
failure to allege defendants' personal involvement and an
asserted service-of-process deficiency. We take no view of
these issues. See Nereida-Gonzalez v. Tirado-Delgado, No.
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92-2084, slip op. at 13 (1st Cir. April 14, 1993). We do
note, however, plaintiff's sworn statement that despite
repeated requests on his part, prison officials have not
provided him with the address of a defendant who has left
their employ. On remand, plaintiff should be afforded
another opportunity to perfect service of process on this
defendant. By the same token, defendants remain free to
reassert the defenses mentioned.
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Accordingly, since the facts surrounding defendants'
justification for refusing to allow plaintiff to possess
prayer beads and a religious necklace in the DSU require
further development, we vacate the grant of summary judgment
in favor of the defendants, and remand for further
proceedings to be held before another trier pursuant to D.
Mass. Loc. R. 40.1(i).
Vacated and remanded. Costs to appellant.
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Document Info
Docket Number： 92-1822
Filed Date： 4/23/1993
Precedential Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 9/21/2015