United States v. Marquez , 699 F.3d 556 ( 2012 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 11-2329
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
ANGEL MARQUEZ, a/k/a DOOM,
Defendant, Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. George A. O'Toole, Jr., U.S. District Judge]
Before
Lynch, Chief Judge,
Torruella and Boudin, Circuit Judges.
Melissa Bayer Tearney, by appointment of the court, Joseph H.
Zwicker, Emily F. Hodge, Eric J. Teasdale, Sophie F. Wang and
Choate Hall & Stewart LLP on brief for appellant.
Mark T. Quinlivan, Assistant United States Attorney, and
Carmen M. Ortiz, United States Attorney, on brief for appellee.
November 6, 2012
BOUDIN, Circuit Judge. In August 2011, Angel Marquez
pled guilty in Massachusetts federal district court to five counts
of crack cocaine distribution, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (2006); 18
U.S.C. § 2, and one count of conspiracy to distribute, id. § 846.
He was sentenced to 121 months in prison and now appeals to
challenge the sentence--importantly, the quantity of drugs
attributed to him. The facts recounted are taken from the
change-of-plea colloquy and the pre-sentence report. United States
v. Fernández-Cabrera, 625 F.3d 48, 50 (1st Cir. 2010).
In 2009, the FBI targeted the gun- and drug-trafficking
businesses of street gangs operating in Lawrence, Haverhill and
other cities north of Boston. The FBI relied, in part, on
cooperating witnesses' controlled buys of guns and drugs from
members of the gangs, which included the Latin Kings, the Latin
Gangsta Disciples and the Immortal Outlaws. The buyers were audio-
or video-recorded by the FBI in their negotiations with and
purchases from the gang members.
In April 2010, one of these cooperating witnesses (whom
we refer to as "the CW") drew the FBI's attention to Marquez. The
CW told the Bureau that Marquez was a founder of the Immortal
Outlaws, had bragged about his acquittal for a murder he committed,
and claimed ready access to a supply of both cocaine and crack
cocaine. The FBI recorded five drug transactions in which Marquez
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supplied crack to the CW over the course of five weeks in the late
spring and early summer of 2010. Specifically,
-on May 27, the CW bought 0.77 grams for $150;
-on June 3, he bought 3.8 grams for $250;
-on June 16, he bought 11.8 grams for $500;
-on June 23, he bought 15.1 grams for $800; and
-on June 30, he bought 22.4 grams for $600.
In total, the CW purchased 53.87 grams of crack from Marquez for
$2,300.
There followed Marquez' arrest, indictment and guilty
plea which in turn led to preparation of a pre-sentence report
("PSR"). In the PSR, the Probation Officer attributed not only the
53.87 grams that the CW had bought but also additional drugs to
Marquez. Under the "relevant conduct" guideline, a defendant is
responsible not only for the wrongdoing to which he pled or of
which he was convicted, but also for "all acts and omissions . . .
that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or
plan as the offense of conviction." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2); see
also id. §§ 3D1.2(d), 2D1.1, 2D1.1 cmt. n. 12.
Relying on recorded conversations with the CW, the PSR
concluded that Marquez had acquired at least 152 grams of crack for
distribution, including the five sales Marquez made to the CW.
Because the recommended guideline sentence is driven in part by
drug quantity, Marquez' total offense level ("TOL") for the 152
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grams, reduced 3 levels for his guilty plea, was level 25. See
U.S.S.G. §§ 2D1.1(c)(6), 3E1.1(a)-(b). This TOL, given his
criminal history (calculated as Category IV based on prior
convictions), established a recommended guideline sentencing range
of 84-105 months. Id. ch. 5, pt. A.
Both sides objected to the PSR. Marquez said that he was
responsible for only 53.87 grams, which, when combined with the
reduction for his plea, would have given him a TOL of 23 and a
range of 70-87 months. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(7); id. ch. 5, pt. A.
The government urged that the PSR had undercounted and that
Marquez' recorded statements made during the drug transactions
showed that he had purchased at least two distinct 152-gram
supplies of crack. Marquez, while arguing that only the five sales
should be counted, said that the transcripts did not establish two
152-gram purchases.
After briefing and argument at the sentencing hearing,
the district judge credited the government's interpretation of the
transcripts and attributed 304 grams to Marquez. That quantity
produced a recommended range of 121-151 months, U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(c)(4); id. ch. 5, pt. A, and also triggered a statutory
mandatory minimum sentence of 120 months, 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(A)(iii). The judge sentenced Marquez to 121 months--
one month above the statutory minimum.
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Two of the transcript excerpts bear directly on the
amounts of crack handled by Marquez. First, following the May 27
transaction, the CW asked Marquez about his ability to supply a
large quantity of crack:
CW: What happens, what if I pick up big
though?
Marquez: I got you. I got you.
CW: Yeah?
Marquez: Yeah, dog. I buy a lot. I buy like a
152 grams.
CW: 152 grams?
Marquez: Yeah, but I only pay twenty three
hundred.
CW: Really?
Marquez: I make mad money off that shit.
Killing it.
. . .
That shit, that shit ain't like coke.
CW: I know. It's mad yellow.
Marquez: They smoke and they want more. Don't
fuck with that. . . .
CW: I know.
Marquez: Don't take a hit.
CW: I got it.
Marquez: My boy. He just got fired today. I
just punched Ace in the face today because I
gave him $2,200 worth and he smoked it all and
he said I'll pay you on the first. That's how
good that shit is, bro. That shit ain't from
Lowell. That shit's from Lawrence.
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Second, following the June 16 transaction, the CW asked
Marquez for details about the size of his drug operation:
CW: How much, how much do you sell on average
a week, kid?
Marquez: What you mean? I sell, I sell, I
break all my shit down.
CW: What do you sell? Grams?
Marquez: No, no. I sell, I sell .3's for
twenty, but yo, I, I cop a lot though. I cop
a 122 grams.
CW: A hundred and twenty two grams?
Marquez: No, 152 grams, for fucking uh . . .
CW: Who the fuck is this dude?
Marquez: For fucking, um, I cop 152 grams for
whatchamacallit, uh, 22 hundred.
CW: 22 hundred for 152 grams?
Marquez: Yeah, but you guys can't get that.
On appeal, Marquez first argues that the recordings are
insufficient as a matter of law because they were not independently
corroborated. Such a claim of legal error is reviewed de novo.
United States v. Aguasvivas-Castillo, 668 F.3d 7, 13 (1st Cir.
2012). While none of the many cases cited in Marquez' brief
establishes a flat corroboration requirement, courts in some cases
express doubts, where few details are provided, about the
reliability of specific boasts as to past sales or promises of
future ones. For example, in United States v. Ruiz, 932 F.2d 1174,
1184 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 849 (1991), the appeals
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court found error where the sentencing judge attributed ten
kilograms of cocaine to a defendant based solely on his statement,
in a two kilogram sale, that "[e]ven ten more I can get."
In varying instances, the law imposes requirements of
corroboration, usually meaning only "[c]onfirmation or support by
additional evidence or authority." Black's Law Dictionary (9th ed.
2009). Ordinarily, such a rule identifies what is insufficient
standing alone.1 Occasionally, some very specific type of
corroborating evidence is required to make up the deficit; for
instance, the Constitution prescribes that two witnesses are
required in trials for treason against the United States. U.S.
Const. art. III, § 3, cl. 1.
But in federal sentencing, there is no such flat
requirement for proof over and above statements made by a defendant
identifying the quantity of a current or proposed drug transaction
in which he is involved. On the contrary, recorded statements of
defendants are regularly the basis for determinations of drug
transactions and drug quantities. E.g., United States v. Figueroa,
976 F.2d 1446, 1450-51, 1460-61 (1st Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507
1
For example, under the Federal Rules of Evidence, the hearsay
exception for assertions against penal interest requires
corroboration. Fed. R. Evid. 804(b)(3)(B). California generally
prohibits conviction based solely on an accomplice's testimony.
Cal. Penal Code § 1111 (West 2012). In certain states, the
uncorroborated statement of a co-conspirator is insufficient to
establish the defendant's guilt in a conspiracy case. E.g., N.Y.
Crim. Proc. Law § 60.22 (McKinney 2012).
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U.S. 943 (1993). The few circuit cases to address the question
squarely--albeit usually in dicta--have said there is no automatic
corroboration requirement in the sentencing context. E.g., United
States v. Huffman, 461 F.3d 777, 787 (6th Cir. 2006), cert. denied,
549 U.S. 1299 (2007).
Of course, the circumstances may, as in Ruiz, persuade a
court that a defendant's admission is too thin or too improbable or
too likely to be mere boasting to deem it sufficient without more.
But to say in that situation that corroboration is "required" is
not to invoke a general rule but merely to assess the weakness of
that evidence in that case. And Marquez does argue that, even in
the absence of a flat rule requiring corroboration, the evidence
was insufficient to exceed 53.87 grams.
Both in arguing for 53.87 grams as against the 152 grams
recommended by the PSR and in further resisting the 304 figure
adopted by the court, Marquez is disadvantaged by the standard of
review, for he must show "clear error" by the district judge.
Aguasvivas-Castillo, 668 F.3d at 13. Further, the Federal Rules of
Evidence do not restrict sources of evidence at sentencing, United
States v. Marceau, 554 F.3d 24, 31 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 556
U.S. 1275 (2009), and the sentencing judge is allowed wide latitude
to assess "whether particular evidence is sufficiently reliable,"
United States v. Cintrón-Echautegui, 604 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2010).
But neither of Marquez' arguments is frivolous.
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Unlike the five transactions where Marquez provided crack
to the CW and the quantity could be verified by examining the drugs
actually seized, the 152 gram figure (or multiple 152 gram figures
if the evidence is so taken) related to what Marquez claimed to
have acquired for distribution. The term "cop" in the transcripts
quoted above is common slang for obtaining drugs; and Marquez
himself made clear with some flourishes of detail that what he
acquired he broke down into small quantities and resold.
Marquez has on his side several considerations: he gave
no detail as to when he acquired the 152 (or 304) grams; he had
ample reason, in addition to mere boasting of exploits, to
exaggerate to a potential customer his access to drugs; and the
amounts he supplied to the CW in the five transactions were a
fraction of what he claimed to have received. Whether he had
trouble even obtaining the amounts delivered, as claimed by his
brief on appeal and disputed by the government, is less certain.
On the other hand, Marquez also said quite clearly that
he had copped 152 grams for $2,300 and provided specific details.
First, he described a connection to suppliers in Lawrence, who he
implied were Dominican. Second, he described the drugs' high
quality; his technique for breaking down his supply into smaller
amounts for street sales; and, with a possible but minor
discrepancy, the amount he supposedly paid for 152 grams. And, of
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course, he did make five deliveries of increasing amounts to the CW
over the course of more than a month.
Nor was the district judge required to view Marquez as a
novice making implausible claims. Marquez' criminal history is a
long one; in addition to his convictions, there was evidence both
from the transcripts and from the CW's report of other statements
indicating that Marquez had used guns and had gang connections.2
It was not clear error to conclude that Marquez' then-current and
ongoing drug operation included at least one 152-gram purchase.
The finding of two such 152-gram acquisitions is a much
closer call. As we read the transcript of the second relevant
conversation following the June 16 sale, Marquez was not even
arguably describing a particular second 152-gram transaction but
instead was responding to the question "how much do you sell on
average a week"? The latter, at least, would be a plausible
reading of the somewhat blurred and oblique exchange in which
Marquez referred on the second occasion to a 152 gram figure. But
the government seemingly reads the reference as referring to a
second specific 152-gram acquisition and with this we cannot agree.
2
One set of admissions in the recordings could be taken as
confirming that Marquez had in fact shot and killed another man
some years before (even though he had subsequently been acquitted);
another set of admissions could be taken as describing Marquez'
founding role in a gang. The CW had earlier told the FBI that
Marquez admitted the murder to him on a prior occasion and also
admitted to his gang affiliation.
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The district judge's own explanation, unlike the argument
of the government, may suggest that he took Marquez to be talking
about his general practice rather than a second transaction:
. . . I agree essentially with the
government's view that on the record
presented, including the summaries of the
conversations with the cooperating witness, it
is a conservative inference that there were at
least two, 152-gram transactions that the
defendant was involved in.
But at this point there is reason to be concerned about treating
the second conversation as a sound basis for attributing drugs to
Marquez on the basis of an extrapolation theory, even one
"conservative" in the period of extrapolation.
Extrapolation is a common and permissible way of
attributing drugs to a defendant, see U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt. n. 12
(instructing courts to approximate drug quantity when necessary);
see also United States v. Correa-Alicea, 585 F.3d 484, 489 (1st
Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 1909 (2010); Figueroa, 976
F.2d at 1460-61. But extrapolation is usually based on a known or
readily calculable number of transactions involving clearly
established or conservatively estimated quantities. And
reliability depends heavily on the predicate figures employed.
In United States v. Webster, 54 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir.
1995), for example, we upheld a sentence based on a co-defendant's
"unequivocal[]" testimony that he supplied the defendant "with one
to three ounces of cocaine three times a month for 14 months" and
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made six purchasing trips to New York with the defendant that
"yield[ed] six to twelve ounces of cocaine" (as well as an
additional trip that yielded 0.5 kilograms). We upheld the
district court in "settl[ing] on two ounces as the per transaction
amount for [the defendant's] regular supply and eight ounces as the
per trip amount" for the six New York trips because the court
adopted "conservative" figures within "relatively tight margins."
Id. at 5-6.
But this court has also scrutinized such estimates with
care and rejected some as resting too significantly on "unreliable
inferences." United States v. Rivera-Maldonado, 194 F.3d 224, 233
(1st Cir. 1999). Similar reversals occurred in United States v.
Sepulveda, 15 F.3d 1161, 1197 (1st Cir. 1993) (witness testified in
"sweeping generalities"), cert. denied, 512 U.S. 1223 (1994), and
its companion case United States v. Welch, 15 F.3d 1202, 1215 (1st
Cir. 1993) ("rote averaging" based on lay estimates), cert. denied,
511 U.S. 1096 (1994). Here, the problem is different, namely,
whether more than one 152 gram acquisition was ever established.
It is hard to read the broken and garbled exchange in the
second conversation quoted above as a reliable estimate of weekly
sales or even to be sure that Marquez was admitting that his weekly
sales were 152 grams. Marquez had earlier admitted to acquiring
152 grams on one occasion; and he may have been boasting but
provided some circumstantial detail. We do not think, however,
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that any additional 152-gram purchases can be reliably inferred
from any further admission.
The district court could conclude that Marquez was in the
distribution business and had made sales other than the 152-gram
acquisition; but, absent some way of making a reliable estimate of
typical quantity, the mechanical assignment of another 152 gram
transaction--even though only one more was assigned--has the
"dramatic leveraging effect" which concerned us in Sepulveda, 15
F.3d at 1198. Here, it triggered a mandatory minimum sentence in
addition to greatly enlarging the recommended guideline sentence.
It is the means of calculating the sentence rather than
the result that concerns us. The district judge was entitled on
this record to treat Marquez as a more serious offender than one
who acquired for distribution only 152 grams even if no precise
amount could be estimated, to select the high end of a range so
computed or vary upward from it, and to calculate the range itself
on the premise that Marquez' criminal history was more extensive
than his convictions dictate. But this must be an exercise of
judgment rather than drug-quantity formula.
Accordingly, we agree that re-sentencing is required and
turn to Marquez' argument that, if a remand is ordered, the
district court should be directed to ignore the government's
position that his admission to the murder should be considered and
that his criminal history category understates the future danger
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his long record of criminality establishes. The government opposes
such a direction and we agree that it would be inappropriate.
Marquez argues that the confession of murder is improper
because it is "acquitted conduct"; a jury refused to convict him
for the crime of which he boasted. Because the standard of proof
is lower in sentencing, the Supreme Court allows the district court
to consider acquitted conduct. United States v. Watts, 519 U.S.
148, 156 (1997). Nor, as Marquez claims, is this permissible only
if the district judge presided over the trial in which the
acquittal occurred. United States v. Anonymous Defendant, 629 F.3d
68, 76 (1st Cir. 2010).
Whether or not Marquez committed the more than decade-old
murder, his long career of crime and his putative gang
affiliations, together with his present drug dealing, could well
justify something more than the 84-105 months guideline sentence
calculated by the PSR. This involves a balancing of the record
against claims of rehabilitation put forward by Marquez at
sentencing. The district judge did not directly discuss these
issues but may find it necessary to do so now.
Marquez argues that gang membership or other indicia of
future danger are irrelevant because they are not directly linked
to the five drug transactions charged in this case, but this
proposed limitation is mistaken. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
(providing that sentencing courts should consider "the history and
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characteristics of the defendant" and "the need for the sentence
imposed . . . to protect the public from further crimes of the
defendant"); see also United States v. Crawford, 520 F.3d 1072,
1077 (9th Cir.) (considering, inter alia, gang membership), cert.
denied, 555 U.S. 960 (2008).
The sentence is vacated and the matter remanded for
further proceedings consistent with this decision.
It is so ordered.
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