United States v. Morales-Negron ( 2020 )


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  •           United States Court of Appeals
    For the First Circuit
    Nos. 17-1181, 18-1047
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Appellee,
    v.
    WILLIAM NOEL MORALES-NEGRÓN,
    Defendant, Appellant.
    APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
    FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
    [Hon. Aida M. Delgado-Colón, U.S. District Judge]
    Before
    Howard, Chief Judge,
    Torruella and Kayatta, Circuit Judges.
    Franco L. Pérez Redondo, with whom Eric Alexander Vos, Federal
    Public Defender, Vivianne M. Marrero, Assistant Federal Public
    Defender, Supervisor, Appeals Section, and Liza L. Rosado-
    Rodríguez, Research and Writing Specialist, were on brief, for
    appellant.
    Kaitlin E. Paulson, Appellate Section, Criminal Division,
    U.S. Department of Justice, with whom Mainon A. Schwartz, Assistant
    United States Attorney, Rosa Emilia Rodríguez-Vélez, United States
    Attorney, and Mariana E. Bauzá-Almonte, Assistant United States
    Attorney, Chief, Appellate Division, were on brief, for appellee.
    September 8, 2020
    HOWARD,   Chief   Judge.          William   Noel   Morales-Negrón
    ("Morales") was apprehended in February 2016 by Drug Enforcement
    Administration agents and U.S. Marshal Service deputies during a
    search for fugitives in Yauco, Puerto Rico.           In the course of the
    apprehension, Morales fled from the agents, throwing a fanny pack
    onto the roof of a nearby residence as he tried to escape by
    running across adjacent rooftops.
    The agents arrested Morales and seized the fanny pack,
    which contained one loaded Glock pistol modified to fire as a
    machinegun.   Agents also seized four Glock magazines (including
    one high-capacity magazine), fifty-seven rounds of ammunition,
    various drugs, and 700 dollars.          A background check revealed that
    Morales had an outstanding arrest warrant for a state probation
    violation.
    A federal grand jury indicted Morales for being a felon
    in possession of a firearm and ammunition, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1),
    and for unlawfully possessing a machinegun, 18 U.S.C. § 922(o).
    He pled guilty to both counts without a plea agreement.
    At sentencing, the district court noted that Morales
    faced a total offense level of seventeen, a criminal history
    category of IV, and a guideline sentencing range ("GSR") of thirty-
    seven to forty-six months' imprisonment.         The government advocated
    for forty-six months, stressing that Morales had been apprehended
    2
    with a loaded machinegun "capable of inflicting damage beyond . . .
    other types of firearms."      Morales requested a thirty-seven-month
    sentence,    emphasizing     his   traumatic    upbringing    and    violent
    episodes between his parents, his struggles with substance abuse,
    his physical and mental health issues, and his need to provide for
    his children.
    The court determined that an above-guidelines sentence
    was warranted for "plenty of reasons": Morales had "[t]wice [been]
    given very lenient sentences" for previous offenses and twice had
    his supervised release revoked; Morales had abandoned his last
    court-ordered treatment program and was a fugitive at the time of
    his arrest; Morales's crime had facilitated the use of dangerous
    weapons "in the streets by members of a drug organization"; and,
    in light of Puerto Rico's rising homicide rate, his conduct was
    particularly grave.
    The court also emphasized that the evidence contradicted
    Morales's   claims   that,    by   the   time   of   his   arrest,   he   had
    rehabilitated himself and ceased engaging in illegal conduct or
    associating with individuals in the drug or weapons business.             The
    court ultimately sentenced Morales to seventy months in prison.
    Six months later, Morales filed a motion in the district
    court to access the written Statement of Reasons ("SOR") in order
    to prepare his appeal.       Eventually, the district court denied the
    request, explaining that "[f]or sentencing and appeal purposes the
    3
    grounds upon which a sentence is based are specifically outlined
    on the record and not reflected within the SOR."            The court added
    that any "technical discrepancies within the SOR or even the
    judgment entered are corrected based on the record of in court
    proceedings which controls and specifies the criteria for and the
    sentence imposed."
    Morales       appeals    his       sentence   on   procedural   and
    substantive grounds and challenges the district court's denial of
    his motion to access the SOR.
    First, Morales argues that the district court "committed
    procedural error by unduly relying on conjecture to impose an
    upward variant sentence."        Specifically, Morales challenges the
    district court's factual findings concerning Morales's connection
    to a video, which Morales says the court relied on in rejecting
    his claim that he had rehabilitated himself already.
    Selecting a sentence "based on clearly erroneous facts"
    constitutes a significant procedural error.            See United States v.
    Millán-Isaac, 
    749 F.3d 57
    , 66 (1st Cir. 2014).              Morales and the
    government   dispute    whether    Morales       properly   preserved    this
    procedural objection, but Morales's claim fails even under the
    clear-error standard of review applicable to preserved claims.
    See United States v. Molloy, 
    324 F.3d 35
    , 39 (1st Cir. 2003).
    The video at issue, obtained from Morales's cell phone,
    depicts two men sleeping on a rooftop and a rifle resting against
    4
    a nearby wall.    An unidentified male is heard off-screen saying in
    Spanish, "in spite of the fact of what I had told you last night,
    you didn't even safe keep it."           The video was taken six months
    before Morales's arrest.
    The   district   judge   said   that   the   two   men   sleeping
    appeared to be keeping guard with the rifle on the rooftop and
    that another photo from Morales's cell phone showed Morales holding
    the same rifle on the same rooftop just two months before his
    arrest.   Morales, the court inferred, plainly had contact with the
    people, the premises, and the rifle shown in the video.
    Morales contests that there is sufficient evidence to
    support this inference. The "inferences [a sentencing court] draws
    from th[e] evidence need not be compelled but, rather, need only
    be plausible."      United States v. Nuñez, 
    852 F.3d 141
    , 146 (1st
    Cir. 2017).
    Here, based on a visual comparison, the court plausibly
    found that the rifle and the rooftop in the photo and video were
    the same.     And from the presence of the video on Morales's cell
    phone, as well as his admissions to law enforcement that he had
    delivered weapons to and associated with individuals in the drug
    and weapons business, the court also plausibly inferred that
    Morales had contact with the men depicted in the video.
    Any error would also be harmless, see United States v.
    Fernández-Garay, 
    788 F.3d 1
    , 5 (1st Cir. 2015), because other
    5
    recent photos of Morales posing with weapons, the weapons and
    ammunition seized from Morales after his arrest, and his admissions
    to law enforcement gave the court ample reason to reject his
    assertions that he had rehabilitated himself already.
    Second, Morales contends his sentence is substantively
    unreasonable      because   the    district        court   "did   not   properly
    balance[]   the    §   3553(a)    factors."         Review   is   for   abuse   of
    discretion, United States v. Vargas-García, 
    794 F.3d 162
    , 165 (1st
    Cir. 2015), and here there was none.
    Morales    alleges that the district             court mis-weighed
    relevant factors, giving too much weight to his prior convictions
    and   too    little      weight     to       his    personal      circumstances,
    rehabilitation efforts, and role in the instant offense.                  But "a
    disagreement with the district court's weighing of the different
    sentencing factors" does not alone constitute error. United States
    v. Contreras-Delgado, 
    913 F.3d 232
    , 242 (1st Cir. 2019) (quotations
    omitted).    The "hallmarks of a substantively reasonable sentence
    are a plausible sentencing rationale and a defensible result."
    United States v. Caballero-Vázquez, 
    896 F.3d 115
    , 122 (1st Cir.
    2018) (quotations omitted).
    Here, the district court provided several plausible
    rationales for the upward variance. These included the substantial
    amount of ammunition and multiple-high-capacity magazines involved
    in the offense, the lenience shown toward Morales at his prior
    6
    sentencings, the need for specific deterrence, given Morales's
    repeated flouting of court-imposed conditions, and the prevalence
    of gun violence in Puerto Rico.
    As the district court noted, we previously have upheld
    similarly sized variances on similar facts.        See, e.g., United
    States v. Vázquez, 
    854 F.3d 126
    , 129-130 (1st Cir. 2017); United
    States v. Díaz-Arroyo, 
    797 F.3d 125
    , 129-130 (1st Cir. 2015).
    Thus, Morales's sentence is within the "universe of reasonable
    sentences." United States v. Alejandro-Rosado, 
    878 F.3d 435
    , 440
    (1st Cir. 2017).
    Morales also appeals from the district court's order
    denying him access to the SOR.    Given the adequacy of the court's
    oral explanation at sentencing, the court's failure to grant access
    to the SOR does not provide grounds to vacate Morales's sentence
    or stay the merits portion of this appeal.    On the other hand, we
    see no basis for withholding the document from Morales here.      So
    we remand for the limited purpose of having the district court
    docket the SOR and grant defense counsel's request for access.
    The SOR is an outgrowth of the statutory framework
    governing the United States Sentencing Commission.        28 U.S.C.
    § 991.   28 U.S.C. § 994(w)(1)(B) provides that:
    The Chief Judge of each district court shall ensure
    that, within 30 days following entry of judgment in
    every criminal case, the sentencing court submits
    to the Commission, in a format approved and
    required by the Commission, a written report of the
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    sentence, the offense for which it is imposed, the
    age, race, sex of the offender, and information
    regarding factors made relevant by the guidelines.
    The report shall also include . . . the written
    statement of reasons for the sentence imposed
    (which shall include the reason for any departure
    from the otherwise applicable guideline range and
    which shall be stated on the written statement of
    reasons form issued by the Judicial Conference and
    approved   by   the   United   States   Sentencing
    Commission).
    The    federal     sentencing         statute     incorporates           this
    requirement,       noting    that     a    court    imposing    a        non-Guidelines
    sentence must state the reasons for the sentence "with specificity
    in a statement of reasons form."                18 U.S.C § 3553(c)(2).
    Historically the SOR was publicly available as part of
    the judgment; but, in 2001, the Judicial Conference determined
    that SORs should no longer be disclosed to the public to protect
    the identity of cooperating defendants. See United States Judicial
    Conference     Report,       March        14,    2001,   at    17        (available    at
    https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/2001-03.pdf);                             see
    also Administrative Office of US Courts, Memorandum re: Policy
    Change   Restricting        Routine       Public   Disclosure       of    Statement     of
    Reasons, at 2 (Aug. 13, 2001).                  In 2010, Congress decoupled the
    SOR from the judgment to facilitate the 2001 change.                        See Federal
    Judiciary Administrative Improvements Act of 2010, Pub. L. No.
    111-174, § 4, 124 Stat. 1216.               As part of its determination, the
    Judicial Conference specified that "the Statement of Reasons[]
    will continue to be forwarded to appropriate entities, such as the
    8
    United   States    Sentencing   Commission,     the   Federal    Bureau   of
    Prisons, defense counsel, government attorneys, and the appellate
    courts." United States Judicial Conference Report, at 17.
    The standing order in the District of Puerto Rico also
    presumes that, upon request, defense counsel can obtain access to
    the   SOR.        Standing   Order   No.    17-205    (April    28,   2017),
    https://www.prd.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/documents/88/ge
    neral%20standing%20order_0.pdf.          This order provides that, once
    finalized, the SOR shall be docketed electronically under seal and
    that "[r]equests for access by the United States Attorney or by
    trial or appellate counsel shall be granted by order of the Court."
    Id. (emphasis added). An
    SOR "serves a largely administrative purpose," United
    States v. Vazquez-Martinez, 
    812 F.3d 18
    , 25 (1st Cir. 2016), by
    helping the Commission gather data on criminal sentences in order
    to make recommendations to Congress.         Accord, e.g., United States
    v. Lee, 
    897 F.3d 870
    , 874–75 (7th Cir. 2018); United States v.
    Jackson, 
    848 F.3d 460
    , 464 (D.C. Cir. 2017).
    A district court's failure to docket, or even complete,
    an SOR "does not require vacation of the sentence absent a showing
    of prejudice."     United States v. Fields, 
    858 F.3d 24
    , 31 (1st Cir.
    2017); see also United States v. Pagán-Walker, 
    877 F.3d 415
    , 417
    (1st Cir. 2017).      When a defendant receives an adequate in-court
    explanation for the sentence, this Court has repeatedly held that
    9
    showing cannot be made.              See United States v. Pedroza-Orengo, 
    817 F.3d 829
    , 837 (1st Cir. 2016); see also 
    Vazquez-Martinez, 812 F.3d at 25
    .
    Here, there is nothing to suggest that the contents of
    the SOR--even if they contained some discrepancy or error, as
    Morales alleges they might--in any way affected or undercut the
    district court's sentencing decision.                      Indeed, when "the district
    court's       oral    expression          of   its    sentencing      rationale         varies
    materially       from       its    subsequent        written       expression      of    that
    rationale, appellate courts have tended to honor the former at the
    expense of the latter."               United States v. Muniz, 
    49 F.3d 36
    , 42
    n.5 (1st Cir. 1995).              This makes particular sense here because the
    SOR, though ultimately sent to the sentencing judge for final
    approval,       is    prepared       by     the     U.S.    Probation     Office,       after
    sentencing,      based       on     the    judge's       prior    in-court     statements.
    Standing Order No. 17-205 (April 28, 2017).
    Accordingly, because Morales cannot establish how any
    error    in    the    SOR    would        invalidate       his   otherwise     justifiable
    sentence and therefore prejudice his case, Morales cannot show
    that the district court's denial was erroneous because the document
    was necessary for his appeal.
    Morales offers an alternative argument, however:                          that,
    even if the SOR is immaterial to his sentence and his appeal, the
    district      court     cannot      simply        deny   him     access   to   a   document
    10
    associated with his own criminal case.
    Decisions are seemingly rare, if any exist, as to whether
    a district court can deny defense counsel access to the SOR.    But
    the Second Circuit has said that even if the SOR has no bearing on
    a defendant's sentencing appeal, denying defense counsel access to
    the SOR would nonetheless be "cause for concern."     United States
    v. Espinoza, 
    514 F.3d 209
    , 212 n.5 (2d Cir. 2008).
    In Puerto Rico, the practice is that the SOR be made
    available to defense counsel upon request.   Standing Order No. 17-
    205 (April 28, 2017).    Judicial Conference policy also indicates
    that the SOR will be available to counsel directly involved in the
    case.   United States Judicial Conference Report, at 17; see also
    In re Sony BMG Music Ent., 
    564 F.3d 1
    , 6 (1st Cir. 2009) (explaining
    that Judicial Conference policy, "even if not binding in the
    strictest sense, is not lightly to be discounted, disregarded, or
    dismissed").    And concealment without a given reason or a reason
    that otherwise should be obvious to the defendant invites avoidable
    suspicion.     We affirm the sentence, but remand for the district
    court to docket a sealed copy of the SOR and grant defense
    counsel's request for access.
    It is so ordered.
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Document Info

Docket Number: 17-1181P

Filed Date: 9/8/2020

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 9/8/2020