BNSF Railway v. City of Edmond ( 2022 )

Appellate Case: 21-6000 Document: 010110630282 Date Filed: 01/11/2022 Page: 1
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS January 11, 2022
Christopher M. Wolpert
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
_________________________________
BNSF RAILWAY COMPANY, a
Delaware corporation,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 21-6000
TODD HIETT, in his capacity as Chairman
of the Oklahoma Corporation Commission;
BOB ANTHONY, in his capacity as Vice
Chairman of the Oklahoma Corporation
Commission; DANA MURPHY, in her
capacity as Commissioner of the Oklahoma
Corporation Commission,
Defendants - Appellants,
and
CITY OF EDMOND, an Oklahoma
municipal corporation; CITY OF DAVIS,
an Oklahoma municipal corporation,
Defendants,
and
MIKE HUNTER, in his official capacity as
Attorney General of the State of Oklahoma,
Intervenor Defendant - Appellant.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
BNSF RAILWAY COMPANY, a
Delaware corporation,
Appellate Case: 21-6000 Document: 010110630282 Date Filed: 01/11/2022 Page: 2
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 21-6005
CITY OF DAVIS, an Oklahoma municipal
corporation; CITY OF EDMOND, an
Oklahoma municipal corporation,
Defendants - Appellants,
TODD HIETT, in his capacity as Chairman
of the Oklahoma Corporation Commission;
BOB ANTHONY, in his capacity as Vice
Chairman of the Oklahoma Corporation
Commission; DANA MURPHY, in her
capacity as Commissioner of the Oklahoma
Corporation Commission,
Defendants,
and
MIKE HUNTER, in his official capacity as
Attorney General of the State of Oklahoma,
Intervenor Defendant.
_________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Oklahoma
(D.C. No. 5:19-CV-00769-G)
_________________________________
Bryan Cleveland, Assistant Solicitor General (Mike Hunter, Attorney General of
Oklahoma, and Mithun Mansinghani, Solicitor General with him on the briefs),
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma for Defendants-Appellants.
R. Richard Love, III, Conner & Winters, LLP (C. Austin Birnie and J. Dillon Curran with
him on the brief), Tulsa, Oklahoma for Plaintiff-Appellee.
_________________________________
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Before MATHESON, PHILLIPS, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
CARSON, Circuit Judge.
_________________________________
Congress enacted the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act
(“ICCTA”) to establish an exclusive federal scheme of economic regulation for
railroad transportation. The ICCTA created the Surface Transportation Board
(“STB” or the “Board”) and vests it with exclusive jurisdiction over railroad
operations. 49 U.S.C. § 10501(b). Meanwhile, the Oklahoma legislature passed the
Blocked Crossing Statute, which fines railroad operators for occupying grade, or
street-level, crossings for more than ten minutes. Municipal authorities in Oklahoma
fined Plaintiff BNSF for violating its Blocked Crossing Statute—setting up a
preemption challenge between the ICCTA and the Blocked Crossing Statute. But
Defendants argue the Federal Railroad Safety Act (“FRSA”)—not the ICCTA—
applies to Oklahoma’s statute and does not preempt it. The district court held that
the ICCTA preempts Oklahoma’s Blocked Crossing Statute because it regulates
railroad operations. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
I.
Oklahoma’s Blocked Crossing Statute provides that “no railcar shall be
brought to rest in a position which blocks vehicular traffic at a railroad intersection
with a public highway or street for longer than ten (10) minutes.” Okla. Stat. Ann.
tit. 66, § 190(A).
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Plaintiff operates interstate trains nationally, including throughout 952 route
miles in Oklahoma. Sixteen days after the Blocked Crossing Statute took effect, one
of Plaintiff’s trains occupied the side track in Davis, Oklahoma, for 38 minutes so
that another train could pass on the main line.1 While Plaintiff’s train occupied the
side track, it blocked at least one grade crossing. A police officer cited Plaintiff for
violating the Blocked Crossing Statute.
The next day, in Edmond, Oklahoma, one of Plaintiff’s trains again occupied
the side track for 80 minutes so that two other trains could pass. That train also
blocked at least one grade crossing. And 12 days later, one of Plaintiff’s trains
blocked a crossing for a third time while it stopped on the side track in Edmond for
37 minutes to let another train pass. On both occasions, a police officer cited
Plaintiff for violating the Blocked Crossing Statute. The City of Edmond and City of
Davis each filed complaints against Plaintiff before the Oklahoma Corporation
Commission (“OCC”) to enforce the citations. The OCC secretary issued a citation
and notice of hearing.
Before that hearing took place, Plaintiff sued the City of Edmond, City of
Davis, OCC Chairman Todd Hiett, OCC Vice-Chairman Bob Anthony, and OCC
Commissioner Dana Murphy in federal court, asserting that the ICCTA, 49 U.S.C.
1
“Side tracks are used to park a train going one direction on a main line while
a train going the opposite direction passes. They can also be used as a detour to
circumvent places on the main line where the tracks become unusable due to
washouts, accidents, maintenance, etc.” Friberg v. Kan. City S. Ry. Co., 267 F.3d
439, 440 n.1 (5th Cir. 2001).
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§§ 10101 et seq., and the FRSA, 49 U.S.C. §§ 20101 et seq., preempt the Blocked
Crossing Statute. Plaintiff sought a declaratory judgment and preliminary and
permanent injunctions. The Oklahoma Attorney General intervened. On cross
motions for summary judgment—granting Plaintiff’s and denying Defendants’—the
district court declined to consider the Blocked Crossing Statute exclusively under the
FRSA, determined the ICCTA expressly preempts the Blocked Crossing Statute, and
permanently enjoined Defendants from enforcing it. Defendants appeal.
II.
“We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the
same legal standard as the district court.” US Airways, Inc. v. O’Donnell, 627 F.3d 1318,
1324 (10th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). “In doing so, we consider the evidence in the
light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Tesone v. Empire Mktg. Strategies, 942
F.3d 979, 994 (10th Cir. 2019) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “A party
is entitled to summary judgment if there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact.” In
re MDL 2700 Genentech Herceptin (Trastuzumab) Mktg. & Sales Prac. Litig., 960 F.3d
1210, 1224 (10th Cir. 2020) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “In
conducting this analysis, we engage in de novo review of all the district court’s legal
conclusions.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “Thus, we ordinarily
consider pre[-]emption as a legal issue subject to de novo review.” Id. (citation omitted).
III.
“The Supremacy Clause establishes that federal law ‘shall be the supreme Law of
the Land . . . any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary
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notwithstanding.’” PLIVA, Inc. v. Mensing, 564 U.S. 604, 617 (2011) (quoting U.S.
Const., art. VI, cl. 2). Federal law preempts state law under the Supremacy Clause in
three circumstances. Eng. v. Gen. Elec. Co., 496 U.S. 72, 78 (1990). First, Congress can
explicitly define the preemptive scope of its enactments. Id. Second, absent explicit
statutory language, federal law preempts state law where state law regulates conduct in a
field that Congress intended the federal government to occupy exclusively. Id. at 79.
And third, federal law preempts state law when they conflict. Id. But Congress’s
purpose matters the most in every preemption case. Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr, 518 U.S.
470, 485 (1996). When a statute contains an express preemption provision, that
provision’s “plain wording” controls because it “necessarily contains the best evidence of
Congress’ pre-emptive intent.” Puerto Rico v. Franklin Cal. Tax-Free Tr., 579 U.S. 115,
125 (2016) (citation omitted).
Congress passed the ICCTA “to establish an exclusive Federal scheme of
economic regulation and deregulation for railroad transportation.” Emerson v. Kan. City
S. Ry. Co., 503 F.3d 1126, 1132 (10th Cir. 2007). 2 The ICCTA provides that the STB
has exclusive jurisdiction over transportation by rail carriers and the operation of tracks
or facilities, including side tracks, even if the tracks are located in one state. 49 U.S.C.
2
“Although States retain the police powers reserved by the Constitution, the
Federal scheme of economic regulation and deregulation is intended to address and
encompass all such regulation and to be completely exclusive. Any other
construction would undermine the uniformity of Federal standards and risk the
balkanization and subversion of the Federal scheme of minimal regulation for this
intrinsically interstate form of transportation.” Fayus Enters. v. BNSF Ry. Co., 602
F.3d 444, 452 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 104–311, at 96 (1995), as
reprinted in 1995 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 808).
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§ 10501(b). The plain language is clear: the STB has exclusive jurisdiction over the
operation of side tracks in Oklahoma. Because the ICCTA is unambiguous, we need not
look outside it to divine Congress’s intent.
The Blocked Crossing Statute regulates how long a rail carrier may block, or
occupy, a grade crossing before municipal authorities may fine the rail carrier.3 But
many factors determine the time that a train will block a grade crossing, including the
train’s speed and length, whether the side track intersects the grade crossing, when a
railroad schedules a train to pass, and the time required to comply with federally
mandated tests and procedures. Thus, “[r]egulating the time a train can occupy a rail
crossing impacts . . . the way a railroad operates its trains, with concomitant economic
ramifications . . . .” Friberg, 267 F.3d at 443. In Friberg, the Fifth Circuit—the only
other circuit to address whether the ICCTA preempts a state’s blocked-crossing statute—
held the ICCTA preempted the Texas Anti-Blocking Statute because “[n]othing in the
ICCTA otherwise provides authority for a state to impose operating limitations on a
railroad,” or regulate “a railroad’s economic decisions.” Id. at 444. We previously
approved Friberg’s reasoning when we relied on it to support our conclusion of ICCTA
non-preemption. See Emerson, 503 F.3d at 1132 (“Though the courts in Friberg and
Auburn concluded that the state laws in question were preempted, their reasoning
supports our conclusion of non-preemption.”). Thus, while Oklahoma’s Blocked
Crossing Statute states it is “for the safety and welfare of the people,” Okla. Stat. Ann. tit.
3
The parties do not dispute that BNSF is a rail carrier.
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66, § 190(A), it too effectively regulates rail operations—a task the ICCTA reserves for
the STB. So, the ICCTA, by its plain language, preempts Oklahoma’s Blocked Crossing
Statute.
Moreover, the STB’s own understanding of its authority under the ICCTA
supports our plain-language determination. “As the agency authorized by Congress to
administer the [ICCTA], the [STB] is uniquely qualified to determine whether state law
should be preempted by the [ICCTA].” Emerson, 503 F.3d at 1130 (citations omitted);
see also R.R. Ventures, Inc. v. Surface Transp. Bd., 299 F.3d 523, 548 (6th Cir.
2002) (“[T]his Court must give considerable weight and due deference to the [STB’s]
interpretation of the statutes it administers unless its statutory construction is plainly
unreasonable.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). Despite hearing
argument that the ICCTA “only preempts direct ‘economic’ regulation of railroads, and
not a state or local measure aimed at protecting its residents,” the STB concluded that the
scope of ICCTA preemption “is broader than just direct economic regulation of
railroads” and that states and municipalities “cannot take an action that would have the
effect of foreclosing or unduly restricting a railroad’s ability to conduct its operations or
otherwise unreasonably burden interstate commerce.” CSX Transp., Inc., Fed. Carr. Cas.
(CCH) ¶ 37186, 2005 WL 584026, at *7−8 (STB Mar. 14, 2005). Because the ICCTA
preempts the Blocked Crossing Statute, we need not consider whether the FRSA does
too.
Still, Defendants argue the district court incorrectly applied the ICCTA to the
Blocked Crossing Statute because “the safety issues posed by blocked crossings are
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within the authority of the [Federal Railroad Administration (‘FRA’)],” the agency
administering the FRSA, and governed by the FRSA’s preemption clause. Defendants
explain that courts must construe the STB’s jurisdiction under the ICCTA in pari
materia—meaning, construed together— with the FRA’s, “cognizant of the presumption
against implied repeal of the FRSA.” And Defendants contend a split exists about
ICCTA interpretation, with the Second, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, and D.C. Circuits
construing it together with the FRSA so that rail-safety issues fall under the FRSA, and
the Fifth Circuit alone concluding the ICCTA subsumes the FRSA.4 Defendants
correctly state that the FRSA applies to rail-safety issues, but we need not “reconcile the
ICCTA’s interaction with . . . the FRSA,” because the Blocked Crossing Statute concerns
4
The Fifth Circuit is the only circuit to consider whether the ICCTA preempts
a state’s blocked-crossing statute—no split exists with respect to this issue. See
Friberg, 267 F.3d at 444; Elam v. Kan. City S. Ry. Co., 635 F.3d 796, 807 (5th Cir.
2011). The cases Defendants cite concern other issues. See Island Park, LLC v.
CSX Transp., 559 F.3d 96, 98−99 (2d Cir. 2009) (private rail-crossing closure order);
Tyrrell v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 248 F.3d 517, 520−21 (6th Cir. 2001) (state track-
clearance requirement); Iowa, Chi. & E. R.R. Corp. v. Wash. Cnty., 384 F.3d 557,
558 & n.1 (8th Cir. 2004) (state statute requiring railroads to construct and maintain
bridges); Swinomish Indian Tribal Cmty. v. BNSF Ry. Co., 951 F.3d 1142, 1161 (9th
Cir. 2020) (right-of-way easement agreement issued under the Indian Right of Way
Act); Bos. & Me. Corp. v. Surface Transp. Bd., 364 F.3d 318, 319 (D.C. Cir. 2004)
(STB order on train speed limit).
Defendants argue it does not matter that these cases do not address blocked
crossings because “the legal question of whether the ICCTA implicitly repeals the
FRSA” should not “vary depending on the facts being analyzed.” But Defendants
mistake the relevant legal question. When approaching a railroad statutory-
preemption issue, a court must first ask whether the statute at issue concerns rail
safety. If the answer is no, that statute cannot fall under the FRSA’s purview, and the
court need not analyze whether the FRSA preempts it. Thus, the statute’s subject-
matter is important because it informs whether the statute concerns rail safety. Here,
the Blocked Crossing Statute does not concern rail safety, so we need not address
FRSA preemption.
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public safety, not rail safety, and regulates railroad operations. Thus, the district court
properly analyzed whether the ICCTA, and not the FRSA, preempts it.
Congress enacted the FRSA in 1970 to “promote safety in every area of railroad
operations and to reduce railroad-related accidents and incidents.” Henning v. Union
Pac. R. Co., 530 F.3d 1206, 1211 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting 49 U.S.C. § 20101). It
“grants the Secretary of Transportation the authority to ‘prescribe regulations and issue
orders for every area of railroad safety.’” Id. (quoting 49 U.S.C. § 20103(a)). And it
requires the Secretary to “maintain a coordinated effort to develop and carry out solutions
to the railroad grade crossing problem and measures to protect pedestrians in densely
populated areas along railroad rights of way.” 49 U.S.C. § 20134(a). But so that “[l]aws,
regulations, and orders related to railroad safety” are “nationally uniform,” the FRSA
preempts a state’s “law, regulation, or order related to railroad safety” when the
Secretary of Transportation “prescribes a regulation or issues an order covering the
subject matter of the State requirement.” 49 U.S.C. § 20106 (emphasis added). Circuits
examining the relationship between the ICCTA and FRSA “have concluded that the
federal statutory scheme places principal federal regulatory authority for rail safety with
the [FRA], not the STB.” Island Park, LLC, 559 F.3d at 107. Thus, the “FRSA provides
the appropriate basis for analyzing whether a state law, regulation or order affecting rail
safety is pre-empted by federal law.” Id. (citing Bos. & Me. Corp., 364 F.3d at 321;
Iowa, Chi. & E. R.R. Corp., 384 F.3d at 561; Tyrrell, 248 F.3d at 523). And the STB
agrees with those circuits’ interpretation of its authority, stating that ICCTA preemption
“applies only to non-safety railroad regulation and that Congress intended to retain the
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well settled safety authority of the FRA and the states under [the] FRSA when it enacted
[the ICCTA].” In re Waneck, No. FD 36167, 2018 WL 5723286, at *5 n.6 (S.T.B. Oct.
31, 2018). Though “in rare cases,” the STB clarified, “both FRSA and ICCTA
preemption may apply.” Id. at *7. But we need not examine the interplay between the
ICCTA and the FRSA because the Blocked Crossing Statute does not concern rail safety.
The Blocked Crossing Statute recites that “it is immediately necessary for the
safety and welfare of the people,” before prohibiting any railcar from “block[ing]
vehicular traffic at a railroad intersection with a public highway or street for longer than
ten (10) minutes.” Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 66, § 190(A). Defendants explain that blocked
crossings in Oklahoma have “forced a paramedic . . . to jump between rail cars of a
stopped train to reach a patient in time,” delayed firefighters and paramedics’ response
times generally, and caused Oklahomans to engage in risky behavior to avoid blocked
crossings. Defendants argue the Blocked Crossing Statute responds to these safety
concerns and therefore falls under the FRSA. While emergency responders’ delayed
ability to reach people on the other side of a blocked crossing and risky road-blockage-
induced behaviors pose legitimate safety issues, they do not concern any “hazard to the
railroad system or its participants.” People v. Burlington N. Santa Fe R.R., 148 Cal.
Rptr. 3d 243, 252 (Cal. Ct. App. 2012). Rather, they are local public safety issues—not
rail safety issues. See id. at 253 (“Instead, the People assert only that blocked rail
crossings will delay emergency vehicles. This is a legitimate safety concern for those
members of the public who cannot be reached by emergency vehicles located on the
opposite side of blocked rail crossings, but it is not a ‘rail safety’ concern.”).
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Defendants urge this Court to “agree with the Eighth Circuit’s interpretation of rail
safety in the FRSA” because “it is more consistent with longstanding interpretations of
the safety jurisdiction conferred under the FRSA.” In Iowa, Chicago & Eastern Railroad
Corporation, Washington County sought to require the Iowa, Chicago & Eastern Railroad
Corporation (“IC&E”) to replace four bridges on the interstate rail line at IC&E’s
expense under an Iowa statute. 384 F.3d at 558. Two of the bridges carried the rail line
over county highways and had “severely deficient vertical clearances for highway
traffic,” and the other two bridges carried the highway over the rail line—one had a sharp
crest, and a fire destroyed the other. Id. IC&E argued that the ICCTA preempted Iowa’s
statute and FRSA preemption did not apply because the County sought to replace the
bridges for highway improvement—not rail safety. Id. at 560. But the Eighth Circuit
found that argument unpersuasive because the “reasons for replacing the bridges . . .
clearly include[d] a safety component[,] . . . albeit a highway safety issue.” Id. And, in
dicta, that court rejected any argument that “‘rail safety’ for the purposes of FRSA
preemption does not include the highway safety risks created at rail crossings,” after
recognizing a long history of federal-state cooperation on highway safety. Id.But the Eighth Circuit held only that, on the record before it, the railroad failed to
establish that the ICCTA preempted state administrative proceedings seeking to require
the railroad to replace the four bridges. Id. at 561. It did not make a determination on the
FRSA. And “deteriorating or inadequate railway-highway bridges,” id. at 560, may
create potential hazards to the railroad system or its participants, implicating rail safety.
These concerns are not at issue here—the Blocked Crossing Statute does not seek to
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regulate the condition of grade crossings but the movement of trains through them. Its
primary directive prohibits the time a train can block a grade crossing. “Indeed, the
statute has no application except with respect to the operation of railroads at rail
crossings.” Elam, 635 F.3d at 807. Thus, the district court properly analyzed whether the
ICCTA, and not the FRSA, preempts the Blocked Crossing Statute and concluded that it
does.
AFFIRMED.
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