Kouadio v. Holder ( 2014 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS December 11, 2014
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
KONAN Y. KOUADIO,
Petitioner,
No. 14-9501
v. (Petition for Review)
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States
Attorney General,
Respondent.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before HOLMES, MATHESON, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner Konan Kouadio appeals from a final order of removal from the Board of
Immigration Appeals (the Board). In the removal order, the Board affirmed the
immigration judge’s (IJ) determination that Mr. Kouadio was removable and the IJ’s
* After examining Appellant=s brief and the appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination
of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not
binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed.
R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
denial of Mr. Kouadio’s two applications for cancellation of removal. Exercising
jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Mr. Kouadio is a native and citizen of the Ivory Coast. He was admitted to the
United States in April 1994 as a nonimmigrant B2 visitor authorized to remain in the
United States until October 2, 1994. Mr. Kouadio remained in the United States beyond
that date without authorization.
On September 11, 2000, Mr. Kouadio married Mary Rodriguez, a U.S. citizen.
According to Mr. Kouadio, he and Ms. Rodriguez lived together for approximately a year
and a half after they married, had a good marriage, and did not marry to affect his
immigration status. On March 5, 2001, Ms. Rodriguez filed a Petition for Alien Relative
(Petition) on behalf of Mr. Kouadio, which was meant to support his request for an
adjustment of status based upon his marriage to a U.S. citizen.
On April 29, 2004, Ms. Rodriguez formally withdrew her Petition. In her
withdrawal affidavit, Ms. Rodriguez asserted she married Mr. Kouadio to help him obtain
U.S. citizenship, and that Mr. Kouadio paid her $3,000 initially, and $300 per month, to
do so. According to Ms. Rodriguez, the couple had never lived together and had not
consummated the marriage.
On July 23, 2004, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) initiated removal
proceedings against Mr. Kouadio. DHS charged Mr. Kouadio with removability on three
independent grounds: (1) as an alien inadmissible at the time of adjustment of status
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based on an attempt to procure admission through fraud or willful misrepresentation of
fact;1 (2) as an alien who, once lawfully admitted, remained in the U.S. longer than
permitted;2 and (3) as an alien present in the U.S. in violation of the law.3 Mr. Kouadio
conceded his removability under the second and third grounds, but contested his
removability under DHS’s first asserted ground. Specifically, Mr. Kouadio disputed
DHS’s allegation that he married Ms. Rodriguez to fraudulently affect his immigration
status.
At Mr. Kouadio’s removal hearing, he testified his marriage to Ms. Rodriguez was
not a sham. He claimed the couple was happily married initially, but began having
problems when Ms. Rodriguez experienced financial trouble and her car was repossessed.
According to Mr. Kouadio, Ms. Rodriguez asked him to purchase a car for her and
threatened to report him to immigration officials if he did not comply. He testified she
withdrew her Petition in revenge for his refusal to do so.
At the hearing, DHS submitted Ms. Rodriguez’s sworn statement withdrawing her
Petition and asserting Mr. Kouadio paid her to enter into a fraudulent marriage for
immigration purposes. DHS also questioned Mr. Kouadio about information he included
in two applications for asylum filed shortly after he entered the United States. In his first
1
See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(A); id. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i).
2
See id. § 1227(a)(1)(C)(i).
3
See id. § 1227(a)(1)(B).
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asylum application dated July 5, 1994, Mr. Kouadio stated he was married to a Ms.
Toure. But in his second asylum application dated November 17, 1994, Mr. Kouadio
asserted he was unmarried. When asked about his relationship with Ms. Toure, Mr.
Kouadio testified the two were never formally married but lived together in Colorado. He
argued his statement in his first asylum application that the two were married was not
false because they were living together at the time and Colorado law recognized common
law marriage after three months of cohabitation. He further testified he therefore
considered Ms. Toure to be his spouse under Colorado law, but the couple had never
obtained any documentation of the marriage. However, Mr. Kouadio conceded he and
Ms. Toure had never filed for divorce or otherwise acted officially to terminate the
relationship.
After considering the documentary evidence, as well as Mr. Kouadio’s testimony,
the IJ concluded Mr. Kouadio had willfully misrepresented a material fact in his change
of status application by entering into a fraudulent marriage with Ms. Rodriguez.
Specifically, the IJ found Mr. Kouadio’s testimony about his marriage to Ms. Rodriguez
was “called into doubt” by the fact he concealed his earlier common law marriage to Ms.
Toure. Certified Administrative Record (CAR) 24. Moreover, the IJ found Ms.
Rodriguez’s statement credible that Mr. Kouadio had paid her to enter into the marriage
to affect his immigration status. Accordingly, the IJ concluded DHS had demonstrated by
clear and convincing evidence that Mr. Kouadio was removable pursuant to 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(1)(A) as an alien who was inadmissible for attempting to procure an
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immigration benefit by fraud or willful misrepresentation of a material fact. Because the
IJ sustained the first charge of removability and Mr. Kouadio conceded the other two
charges, he was ultimately deemed removable on three independent grounds.
The IJ then turned his attention to Mr. Kouadio’s two applications for cancellation
of removal.4 First, Mr. Kouadio sought cancellation of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(b)(2), which provides for cancellation of removal for a battered spouse.
Mr. Kouadio alleged he qualified as a “battered spouse” under the statute because he
suffered “extreme cruelty” at Ms. Rodriguez’s hands during the couple’s marriage. CAR
169. The IJ rejected Mr. Kouadio’s request for cancellation because he had already
determined Mr. Kouadio’s marriage to Ms. Rodriguez was a sham, which precluded a
finding Mr. Kouadio was a battered spouse. As an alternative basis to deny Mr.
Kouadio’s application for cancellation of removal, the IJ determined Mr. Kouadio had
not met his burden of establishing he met the definition of a battered spouse.
Second, Mr. Kouadio sought cancellation of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(b)(1), which allows for cancellation of removal for certain aliens who have been
in the country for at least ten years and whose removal would “result in exceptional and
extremely unusual hardship to the alien’s spouse . . . who is a citizen of the United
States.” Mr. Kouadio’s second application for cancellation of removal referenced only
4
Mr. Kouadio also requested voluntary departure pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1229c.
The IJ denied this request because he found Mr. Kouadio had failed to establish good
moral character for the requisite statutory period. Mr. Kouadio has not appealed this
determination.
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Ms. Rodriguez, who could not be a qualifying spouse because the couple had divorced in
2005. As such, the IJ concluded Mr. Kouadio had failed to establish that he had a
qualifying U.S. relative. As an alternate ground for its decision, the IJ determined Mr.
Kouadio’s common law marriage to Ms. Toure would have rendered any subsequent
marriage invalid. Consequently, the IJ held Mr. Kouadio could make no claim of undue
hardship as to a U.S. spouse based on his marriage to Ms. Rodriguez.
Mr. Kouadio appealed to the Board, contesting both the IJ’s determination that he
was inadmissible for attempting to obtain an immigration benefit by fraud or willful
misrepresentation and the IJ’s denial of his applications for cancellation of removal.
Before the Board, Mr. Kouadio argued DHS failed to meet its burden of establishing his
inadmissibility on the basis of a fraudulent marriage by clear and convincing evidence.
The Board found no reason to disturb the IJ’s determination because it concluded Ms.
Rodriguez’s statement constituted sufficient evidence to support the determination that
the marriage was a sham.
The Board then addressed Mr. Kouadio’s applications for cancellation of removal.
The Board declined to reach the issue of whether Mr. Kouadio’s claim of being a battered
spouse was precluded by the IJ’s determination that his marriage to Ms. Rodriguez was
fraudulent. Instead, the Board affirmed on the alternative ground that Mr. Kouadio’s
“bare and unsupported assertions” of abuse were insufficient to meet his burden of
establishing he was a battered spouse. CAR 5.
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As to Mr. Kouadio’s second application for cancellation of removal, the Board
declined to address the IJ’s determination that Mr. Kouadio’s common law marriage to
Ms. Toure precluded him from seeking cancellation on the basis of extreme hardship to a
U.S. spouse. Rather, the Board affirmed on the alternative ground that Mr. Kouadio’s
application for cancellation of removal listed only Ms. Rodriguez as his qualifying U.S.
spouse. As there was no dispute Ms. Rodriguez and Mr. Kouadio were divorced at the
time of his removal hearing, the Board concluded Mr. Kouadio’s application did “not
indicate a current qualifying relative upon which a claim of cancellation of removal can
be predicated.” CAR 4. Mr. Kouadio appeals.
DISCUSSION
When, as in this case, a single member of the Board affirms the IJ’s ruling, this
court reviews the Board’s ruling and “will not affirm on grounds raised in the IJ decision
unless they are relied upon by the [Board] in its affirmance.” Uanreroro v. Gonzales, 443
F.3d 1197, 1204 (10th Cir. 2006); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5). However, “we are not
precluded from consulting the IJ’s more complete explanation of those same grounds.”
Uanreroro, 443 F.3d at 1204. The agency’s “findings of fact are conclusive unless any
reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(b)(4). Accordingly, our review looks to the administrative record to ensure
“factual determinations are supported by reasonable, substantial and probative evidence
considering the record as a whole.” Uanreroro, 443 F.3d at 1204. We review the
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agency’s legal determinations de novo. Elzour v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 1143, 1150 (10th
Cir. 2004).
To resolve this appeal, we address two issues. First, we examine Mr. Kouadio’s
challenge to the Board’s determination that he is removable on the basis he attempted to
obtain immigration benefits through a fraudulent marriage to Ms. Rodriguez. Second, we
examine the denial of his application for cancellation of removal on the basis that he was
a battered spouse.5
Mr. Kouadio frames his argument in his brief as a due process argument. But he
fails to cite any relevant legal authority to support an assertion that his removal
proceedings were constitutionally infirm. Though he correctly asserts aliens are entitled
to due process in removal proceedings, he has failed to articulate a cognizable argument
under the Due Process Clause. Accordingly, we do not consider this alleged
constitutional argument further. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8); Holmes v. Colo. Coal. for
Homeless Long Term Disability Plan, 762 F.3d 1195, 1199 (10th Cir. 2014) (refusing to
consider inadequately briefed arguments on appeal).
5
The Government argues Mr. Kouadio has waived any challenge to the denial of
his second application for cancellation of removal because he failed to raise it in his
opening brief. Having reviewed the briefing, we agree. Therefore, we do not consider
Mr. Kouadio’s challenge to the denial of his second application for cancellation of
removal further. See Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 679 (10th Cir. 1998)
(noting arguments not raised in the opening brief are generally waived).
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To the extent Mr. Kouadio directly challenges the Board’s determination of
removability, he argues DHS failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that his
marriage to Ms. Rodriquez was fraudulent. As the Board noted, DHS presented evidence
in the form of a sworn statement from Ms. Rodriguez in which she averred Mr. Kouadio
paid her to marry him to fraudulently affect his immigration status and that the couple
had never lived together or consummated the marriage. In response, Mr. Kouadio offered
only limited documentary evidence in support of his contention the marriage was bona
fide. Though he claimed to have additional evidence, he never presented it to the IJ or the
Board. Based, on this record, we agree with the Board that Ms. Rodriguez’s statement
provided substantial evidence that the marriage was fraudulent.6
Because we conclude the Board did not err in finding Mr. Kouadio removable, we
next turn our attention to his application for cancellation of removal. Mr. Kouadio
challenges the Board’s determination that he did not fall within the definition of a
battered spouse. But we lack jurisdiction to review that ruling. The Board determined Mr.
Kouadio failed to demonstrate he met the definition of a battered spouse under USCIS
regulations, which define a battered spouse as one who “has been battered or subjected to
6
As both the IJ and the Board noted, Mr. Kouadio has conceded his removability
on two other independent grounds: as an alien who, once lawfully admitted, remained in
the U.S. longer than permitted and as an alien present in the U.S. in violation of the law.
Mr. Kouadio has not challenged these alternative grounds for removal on appeal. As
such, even if this court were to determine the Board erred in affirming the IJ’s
determination that Mr. Kouadio’s marriage to Ms. Rodriguez was fraudulent, it would
make no difference to Mr. Kouadio’s removability.
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extreme cruelty by a spouse . . . who is or was a United States citizen.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(b)(2)(A)(i)(I); accord 8 C.F.R. § 204.2(c)(1)(i)(E). Though Mr. Kouadio
claimed he suffered “extreme cruelty” at the hands of Ms. Rodriguez because she
“manipulated him, deceived him, and committed fraud,” CAR 44, the Board found Mr.
Kouadio’s “bare and unsupported assertions” of abuse were insufficient to establish he
suffered “extreme cruelty,” CAR 5. Whether an alien has demonstrated he suffered
“extreme cruelty” under § 1229b involves the exercise of agency discretion and is
therefore not reviewable by this court. See Perales-Cumpean v. Gonzales, 429 F.3d 977,
982–83 (10th Cir. 2005); 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B) (holding court had no jurisdiction to
review “any judgment regarding the granting of relief under section . . . 1229b”). As a
result, we lack jurisdiction to review the Board’s discretionary determination.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Carolyn B. McHugh
Circuit Judge
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