Serrato-Navarrete v. Holder , 601 F. App'x 734 ( 2015 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT March 11, 2015
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
OSCAR SERRATO-NAVARRETE,
a/k/a Oscar Serrato-Navarette,
Petitioner,
v. Nos. 14-9559 & 14-9578
(Petitions for Review)
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR.,
United States Attorney General,
Respondent.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before MORITZ, PORFILIO, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner Oscar Serrato-Navarrete, a native and citizen of Mexico, seeks
review of the decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) upholding the
order of removal by the immigration judge (IJ) based on Petitioner’s conviction for
an aggravated felony. In a consolidated petition, Petitioner also seeks review of the
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
BIA’s order denying his motion to reopen. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(a)(1), as limited by § 1252(a)(2)(C), (D), and we deny the consolidated
petitions.
BACKGROUND
Petitioner became a lawful permanent resident of the United States in 2001
through adjustment of status. In 2013, he pleaded guilty in Colorado to possession of
child pornography in violation of Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-6-403(3)(b.5) (sexual
exploitation of a child, possession of material). The Department of Homeland
Security charged him with being removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii)
based on his conviction of an aggravated felony of child pornography. As relevant
here, an “aggravated felony” includes a conviction for child pornography “as
described in [18 U.S.C. §§] 2251, 2251A or 2252.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(I).
Petitioner argued before the IJ and the BIA that his conviction for possession
of child pornography was not an aggravated felony. The IJ rejected his argument,
relying on the BIA’s decision in Matter of R-A-M-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 657, 658-59
(BIA 2012), which held that a California conviction for possession of child
pornography is an aggravated felony because it is fundamentally the same as an
offense described in 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B). The BIA, in a decision by a single
Board member, dismissed Petitioner’s appeal. It concluded Petitioner’s conviction of
sexual exploitation of a child in violation of § 18-6-403(3)(b.5) categorically
qualified as an offense described in § 2252(a)(4)(B), knowingly possessing material
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visually depicting the use of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct. The BIA
rejected Petitioner’s argument that the Colorado statute is broader than the federal
statute. Petitioner filed a petition for review, No. 14-9559, and also moved to reopen
his removal proceedings on the ground that he had filed a post-conviction motion in
state court to withdraw his guilty plea. The BIA denied his motion to reopen.
Petitioner filed a second petition for review to challenge that decision, No. 14-9578,
and the two petitions have been consolidated.
DISCUSSION
In No. 14-9559, Petitioner argues the BIA erred in concluding
§ 18-6-403(3)(b.5) constitutes an aggravated felony under § 1101(a)(43)(I). He
contends Colorado’s statute is broader than, and thus not a categorical match to,
§ 2252(a)(4)(B). Thus he contends the BIA should have, but did not, conduct an
alternative modified categorical analysis of the two statutes. “[O]ur jurisdiction to
review an order of removal against an aggravated felon is significantly limited:
we may review the removal order only to the extent [P]etitioner raises constitutional
or legal challenges to the order[.]” Waugh v. Holder, 642 F.3d 1279, 1281 (10th Cir.
2011). We review these legal and constitutional issues de novo. See Brue v.
Gonzales, 464 F.3d 1227, 1232 (10th Cir. 2006). Because the BIA issued its own
decision, we review only its decision. Rivera-Barrientos v. Holder, 666 F.3d 641,
645 (10th Cir. 2012).
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Courts generally use what is referred to as the “‘categorical approach’ to
determine whether [a] state offense is comparable to an offense listed [as an
aggravated felony under § 1101(a)(43)].” Moncrieffe v. Holder, 133 S. Ct. 1678,
1684 (2013). Under the categorical approach, courts “look not to the facts of the
particular prior case, but instead to whether the state statute defining the crime of
conviction categorically fits within the generic federal definition of a corresponding
aggravated felony” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Ibarra v. Holder,
736 F.3d 903, 907 (10th Cir. 2013) (“The categorical approach first requires
ignoring a petitioner’s actual conduct and examining only the minimum conduct
needed for a conviction under the relevant state law.”). Petitioner argues Colorado’s
possession-of-child-pornography statute criminalizes conduct broader than the
federal statute, and therefore is not a categorical match. Specifically, he argues that
Colorado’s § 18-6-403 criminalizes possession of material depicting a minor
“engaged in, participating in, observing, or being used for” sexually explicit conduct,
whereas § 2252(a)(4)(B) only refers to the depiction of a minor “engaging in”
sexually explicit conduct.
The Colorado statute under which Petitioner was convicted criminalizes the
knowing possession or control of “any sexually exploitative material for any
purpose,” with exceptions not relevant here for peace officers, licensed physicians,
psychologists and the like. § 18-6-403(3)(b.5). “Sexually exploitative material,” in
turn, is defined as “any photograph, motion picture, video, video tape, print, negative,
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slide, or other mechanically, electronically, chemically, or digitally reproduced visual
material that depicts a child engaged in, participating in, observing, or being used for
explicit sexual conduct.” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-6-403(j) (emphasis added).
The relevant federal statute criminalizes the knowing possession of
1 or more books, magazines, periodicals, films, video tapes, or other
matter which contain any visual depiction that has been mailed, or has
been shipped or transported using any means of facility of interstate or
foreign commerce or in or affecting interstate commerce, or which was
produced using materials which have been mailed or so shipped or
transported, by any means including by computer, if—(i) the producing
of such visual depiction involves the use of a minor engaging in
sexually explicit conduct; and (ii) such visual depiction is of such
conduct.
§ 2252(a)(4)(B) (emphasis added).
The BIA rejected Petitioner’s argument. It concluded the broader adjectives in
the Colorado statute—“participating in, observing, or being used for”—do not
describe functionally different conduct than “engaging in” and that all of the
additional adjectives in Colorado’s statute are covered by the term “engaging in”
found in § 2252(a)(4)(B). The BIA determined there was no realistic probability that
an individual would be prosecuted in Colorado under § 18-6-403(3)(b.5) for conduct
that would not be described in § 2252(a)(4)(B) and it was clear that Congress and
Colorado seek to criminalize the same conduct.
In undertaking a categorical analysis, “we must presume that the conviction
rested upon nothing more than the least of the acts criminalized, and then determine
whether even those acts are encompassed by the generic federal offense.”
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Moncrieffe, 133 S. Ct. at 1684 (internal quotation marks omitted). But the Supreme
Court has warned this “is not an invitation to apply ‘legal imagination’ to the state
offense; there must be ‘a realistic probability, not a theoretical possibility, that the
State would apply its statute to conduct that falls outside the generic definition of a
crime.’” Id. at 1684-85 (quoting Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez, 549 U.S. 183, 193
(2007)). To conclude there is such a realistic probability, there must “at least” be
“cases in which the state courts in fact did apply the statute in the special
(nongeneric) manner for which [Petitioner] argues.” Duenas-Alvarez, 549 U.S. at
193.
We cannot conclude there is a realistic probability that a person would be
prosecuted under Colorado’s § 18-6-403(3)(b.5) for conduct that would not be
“described in” § 2252(a)(4)(B). We have found no case that supports Petitioner’s
theory that a minor shown “participating in, observing, or being used for” explicit
sexual conduct, or even most narrowly simply “observing” explicit sexual conduct, is
not “engaged in” such conduct. Black’s Dictionary defines “engage” as “[t]o employ
or involve oneself; to take part in . . . .” Black’s Law Dictionary 646 (10th ed. 2014).
In turn, Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary defines “involve” to include “to cause
(someone) to be included in some activity, situation, etc.: to cause (someone) to take
part in something” or “to cause (someone) to be associated with someone or
something.” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/involve. Thus, a minor
observing explicit sexual conduct is being involved in and associated with such
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conduct within the meaning of “engaging in” in § 2252(a)(4)(B). We agree with the
BIA that the Colorado statute criminalizes the same conduct as § 2252(a)(4)(B), and
that the additional descriptive adjectives of “participating in, observing, or being
used for” explicit sexual conduct are all covered by the phrase “engaged in” sexually
explicit conduct.
Thus, we agree with the BIA’s determination that conviction of child
pornography under § 18-6-403(3)(b.5) is categorically an offense described in
§ 2252(a)(4)(B), and, thus, is an aggravated felony under § 1101(a)(43)(I).
Accordingly, we need not reach Petitioner’s alternative argument that the BIA erred
in not proceeding to conduct a modified categorical analysis. See United States v.
Trent, 767 F.3d 1046, 1052 (10th Cir. 2014) (explaining that if the state statute at
issue is a “divisible” statute that “sets out one or more elements of the offense in the
alternative,” some of which match the relevant definition of an aggravated felony and
some of which do not, courts proceed to a modified categorical analysis under which
they “examine[] certain definitive underlying documents to determine which
alternative the [petitioner’s] conviction satisfied” (internal quotations marks
omitted)), cert. denied, 2015 WL 732162 (U.S. Feb. 23, 2015) (No. 14-7762).
In No. 14-9578, Petitioner seeks review of the BIA’s August 5, 2014 order
denying his motion to reopen. We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for
an abuse of discretion. Maatougui v. Holder, 738 F.3d 1230, 1239 (10th Cir. 2013).
But Petitioner’s brief advances no argument that could be deemed a challenge to the
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BIA’s exercise of discretion. He does not offer any argument at all regarding the
denial of his motion to reopen and thus has waived any appellate challenge to that
order. See Iliev v. Holder, 613 F.3d 1019, 1026 n.4 (10th Cir. 2010) (invoking
waiver doctrine to bar review of inadequately developed argument).
The petitions are denied.
Entered for the Court
Bobby R. Baldock
Circuit Judge
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