Federal Trade Commission v. Zurixx ( 2022 )

Appellate Case: 20-4090 Document: 010110650936 Date Filed: 03/01/2022 Page: 1
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS March 1, 2022
Christopher M. Wolpert
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
_________________________________
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION;
UTAH DIVISION OF CONSUMER
PROTECTION,
Plaintiffs,
v. No. 20-4090
ZURIXX; CARLSON DEVELOPMENT
GROUP UTAH; CJ SEMINAR
HOLDINGS; ZURIXX FINANCIAL
UTAH; CHRISTOPHER A. CANNON;
JAMES M. CARLSON; JEFFREY D.
SPANGLER; BRAND MANAGEMENT
HOLDINGS; CAC INVESTMENT
VENTURES; CARLSON
DEVELOPMENT GROUP PUERTO
RICO; DORADO MARKETING AND
MANAGEMENT; JSS INVESTMENT
VENTURES; JSS TRUST; ZURIXX
FINANCIAL PUERTO RICO; GERALD
D. SPANGLER,
Defendants.
------------------------------
DAVID K. BROADBENT,
Receiver - Appellee,
v.
DAVID EFRON; EFRON DORADO SE,
Interested Parties - Appellants.
Appellate Case: 20-4090 Document: 010110650936 Date Filed: 03/01/2022 Page: 2
_________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Utah
(D.C. No. 2:19-CV-00713-DAK-DAO)
_________________________________
Submitted on the briefs:*
David Efron, San Juan, Puerto Rico, for Appellants.
Doyle S. Byers and Cory A. Talbot, Holland & Hart LLP, Salt Lake City, Utah,
for Appellee.
_________________________________
Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BRISCOE and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
CARSON, Circuit Judge.
_________________________________
David Efron and Efron Dorado SE (collectively Efron) appeal a civil contempt
order entered by the district court for violating its preliminary injunction. Because the
contempt order was a non-final decision, we dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction.1
I
This litigation began when the Federal Trade Commission and the Utah Division
of Consumer Protection filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
1
Although Efron is not a party to the proceedings below, “a nonparty may
generally appeal an order holding him in civil contempt,” Concorde Res., Inc. v.
Woosley (In re Woosley), 855 F.2d 687, 688 (10th Cir. 1988) (internal quotation
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Appellate Case: 20-4090 Document: 010110650936 Date Filed: 03/01/2022 Page: 3
District of Utah against Zurixx, LLC and related entities. The complaint alleged Zurixx
marketed and sold deceptive real-estate investment products in violation of the Federal
Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 41-58, and the Utah Consumer Sales Practices Act,
Utah Code §§ 13-11-1 to -23, among other things. The district court entered a stipulated
preliminary injunction, enjoining Zurixx from continuing its business activities and
freezing its assets wherever located. The injunction also directed any person or business
with actual knowledge of the injunction to preserve any of Zurixx’s assets in its
possession, and it prohibited any such person or business from transferring those assets.
The order also appointed a receiver to “[t]ake exclusive custody, control, and possession
of all [a]ssets and [d]ocuments of, or in the possession, custody, or under control of, any
[Zurixx] Entity, wherever situated.” Aplt. App. at 17; see also 28 U.S.C. § 754 (“A
receiver appointed in any civil action or proceeding involving property, real, personal or
mixed, situated in different districts shall . . . be vested with complete jurisdiction and
control of all such property with the right to take possession thereof.”).
A week later, the receiver filed a copy of the complaint and injunction in federal
court in Puerto Rico, where Zurixx leased office space from Efron. The office contained
Zurixx’s computers, furniture, and other assets. The receiver also notified Efron of the
receivership and gave him actual notice of the injunction. Although Efron at first
allowed the receiver access to the office to recover computers and files, he later denied
marks omitted). We discuss the effect of Efron’s status as a nonparty more
thoroughly below.
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access to remove the remaining assets and initiated eviction proceedings against Zurixx
in a Puerto Rico court.
Given these events, the receiver moved the district court in Utah for an order
holding Efron in contempt of court for violating the injunction. In response, Efron
claimed the assets belonged to him under his lease agreement with Zurixx. About seven
months later, after a full round of briefing, the district court granted the motion and held
Efron in contempt of court for violating the injunction. The contempt order directed
Efron “(1) to allow the Receiver and his representatives access to the office to recover
and remove Zurixx’s assets or (2) to compensate the Receiver for the value of those
assets that Efron . . . took or otherwise disposed of in violation of the Injunction.” Aplt.
App. at 154-55. The order also provided that if Efron failed to comply with the contempt
order within thirty days, he would be required “to pay the Receiver’s legal fees in
connection with the [contempt] motion.” Id. at 155.
Efron asked the district court to reconsider its contempt order, insisting that under
his lease with Zurixx, the furniture, fixtures, and equipment in the office belonged to him
and that the receiver’s efforts to recover the assets were an unconstitutional taking. Efron
filed a notice of appeal from the contempt order before the court ruled on his motion for
reconsideration. The court later denied reconsideration, but Efron did not amend his
notice of appeal to include the ruling on reconsideration. Proceedings were ongoing in
the district court.
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II
We first consider the scope of this appeal. Efron first suggests he is appealing
from the district court’s October 20, 2020, denial of reconsideration. See Aplt. Br. at 1
(“The District Court entered the final decision from which this appeal is filed on
October 20, 2020[,] denying [his] Motion for Reconsideration. . . .”). But he filed his
notice of appeal on August 26, 2020, before the court denied reconsideration. See Aplt.
App. at 243. If Efron wished to appeal the order denying reconsideration, he needed to
file a new notice of appeal or amend his existing notice of appeal. See Fed. R. App. P.
4(a)(4)(B)(ii). Because he did neither, the order denying reconsideration is not before us.
See Pierce v. Shorty Small’s of Branson, Inc., 137 F.3d 1190, 1192-93 (10th Cir. 1998)
(declining to review the denial of reconsideration entered after appellant filed his notice
of appeal absent an amended notice of appeal).
Efron also asserts we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1) to review the
“preliminary injunction order and [the] later decision and order declining to modify [the]
injunction.” Aplt. Br. at 1. Efron cannot challenge the injunction, however, because he
did not designate the injunction in the notice of appeal. See Fed. R. App. 3(c)(1)(B)
(requiring notice of appeal to “designate the judgment, order, or part thereof being
appealed”).
Nor can Efron rely on § 1292(a)(1) to challenge the contempt order, which he calls
the “order declining to modify [the] injunction,” Aplt. Br. at 1, because the contempt
order is not an injunctive order as contemplated by § 1292(a)(1). Although the district
court did not characterize the contempt order as an injunctive order, Efron does,
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describing it as an “order declining to modify [the] injunction,” Aplt. Br. at 1 (emphasis
added). His characterization is not determinative, however, because “[i]n resolving their
appellate jurisdiction, the circuit courts have looked behind the terminology used by the
parties and the district court,” Pimentel & Sons Guitar Makers, Inc., v. Pimentel,
477 F.3d 1151, 1153 (10th Cir. 2007). We “consider the substance rather than the form
of the” order to determine whether it falls within the scope of § 1292. Id. And the
substance of this order was to hold Efron in contempt for violating the court’s
preliminary injunction. Simply put, the contempt order did not grant, deny, or modify an
injunction as required by § 1292. See Comptone Co. v. Rayex Corp., 251 F.2d 487, 488
(2d Cir. 1958) (recognizing a finding of contempt was not appealable under § 1292
because it was “not an order granting, continuing, modifying, refusing, or dissolving an
injunction, or refusing to dissolve or modify an injunction”). It merely enforced a
previously granted preliminary injunction. Cf. Ditucci v. Bowser, 985 F.3d 804, 808
(10th Cir. 2021) (“This circuit has defined an injunction broadly as an equitable decree
compelling obedience under the threat of contempt.” (brackets and internal quotation
marks omitted)).
Contrary to Efron’s suggestion, the contempt order did not “declin[e] to modify
[the] injunction,” Aplt. Br. at 1. Efron had not asked the court to modify the injunction
by motion or otherwise. The contempt order was, instead, in response to the receiver’s
motion asking the court to hold Efron in contempt for refusing to comply with the court’s
previous injunction. The contempt order concluded that Efron actually knew of the
preliminary injunction provisions and that he violated the injunction by preventing the
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receiver from taking control of Zurixx’s assets. But the contempt order did not “alter the
status of the parties” or “change[] the terms and force of the injunction.” Pimentel,
477 F.3d at 1154 (internal quotation marks omitted). Rather, its “actual, practical effect,”
id., was to compel Efron’s compliance with the existing terms of the injunction. So Efron
cannot rely on § 1292(a)(1) to appeal the contempt order.
Our jurisdiction, then, hinges on whether the contempt order is a final, appealable
decision under § 1291. Efron offers no argument on this score, but the receiver contends
the contempt order is not a final decision because it imposed no sanction against Efron.
We agree.
Nonparties like Efron need not await entry of final judgment to appeal a civil
contempt order. See U.S. Catholic Conf. v. Abortion Rights Mobilization, Inc.,
487 U.S. 72, 76 (1988) (“The order finding a nonparty . . . in contempt is appealable
notwithstanding the absence of a final judgment in the underlying action.”). “In fact,
it is that status as a nonparty which entitles him or her to perfect an appeal before a
final judgment has been entered.” Concorde Res. v. Woosley (In re Woosley),
855 F.2d 687, 688 (10th Cir. 1988). As the Supreme Court explained more than a
century ago, a nonparty contemnor may take an immediate appeal because, as a
nonparty, he has no right to appeal from the entry of final judgment. See Bessette v.
W.B. Conkey Co., 194 U.S. 324, 329-30 (1904).
Even so, our jurisdiction under § 1291 is limited to reviewing only “final
decisions” of the district court. See Amazon, Inc. v. Dirt Camp, Inc., 273 F.3d 1271,
1275 (10th Cir. 2001) (“Generally, only final decisions of the district court are
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appealable.”). In the context of a party seeking to appeal a contempt order, we have
held that “in the postjudgment stage of a case, once the finding of contempt has been
made and a sanction imposed, the order has acquired all the elements of
operativeness and consequence necessary to be possessed by any judicial order to
enable it to have the status of a final decision under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.” O’Connor v.
Midwest Pipe Fabrications, Inc., 972 F.2d 1204, 1208 (10th Cir. 1992) (italics and
internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, even at the postjudgment stage, a party
must establish the finality of a contempt order by showing that the district court
(1) “made a finding of contempt” and (2) “imposed specific, unavoidable sanctions.”
Consumers Gas & Oil, Inc. v. Farmland Indus., Inc., 84 F.3d 367, 370 (10th Cir.
1996).
Though we have no published authority specifically on this point, other courts
require nonparties to satisfy the same two criteria—show a finding of contempt and
the imposition of sanctions—to establish the finality of a contempt order. See
Petroleos Mexicanos v. Crawford Enters., Inc., 826 F.2d 392, 398 (5th Cir. 1987)
(holding that the general rule for nonparties is that “a contempt decision’s finality
and appealability is composed of two parts: (1) a finding of contempt, and (2) an
appropriate sanction”); see also OSRecovery, Inc. v. One Groupe Int’l, Inc., 462 F.3d
87, 91-93 (2d Cir. 2006) (concluding that an order holding a nonparty in civil
contempt, imposing a specific, unavoidable fine, and directing the nonparty’s arrest
was a final, appealable order); Cacique, Inc. v. Robert Reiser & Co., 169 F.3d 619,
622 (9th Cir. 1999) (“A contempt order and imposition of sanctions on a non-party
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for failure to obey a discovery order or subpoena is a final order for purposes of
28 U.S.C. § 1291.”); 15B Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice & Procedure
§ 3917 (2d ed. Apr. 2021 Update) (“A determination that contempt has occurred is
not final if the question of sanctions is postponed. . . . Finality . . . requires
determination of both liability and sanction . . . .”). Once the district court makes a
finding of contempt and imposes a sanction, a nonparty has an unquestionable right
to appeal. See U.S. Catholic Conf., 487 U.S. at 75-76 (recognizing nonparty
contemnor’s right to appeal “adjudication of contempt” even without a final
judgment where district court rendered finding of contempt and assessed a $50,000
daily fine for noncompliance).
Here, though, the contempt order is not a final, appealable decision because
the sanction contemplated was not actually imposed. The order found Efron in
contempt, but it provided a window of time to purge the contempt either by allowing
the receiver to access the office to recover Zurixx’s assets or by compensating the
receiver for the value of the assets. The contempt order stated that Efron would need
to pay the receiver’s legal fees in connection with the contempt motion if he failed to
purge the contempt by complying with the court’s directives within thirty days. And
the order contained no specifics about the amount of the possible sanction—another
order would have been required to set the amount of the sanction if Efron did not
purge the contempt within thirty days. Without imposition of a specific, unavoidable
sanction, the contempt order was not a final, appealable decision under § 1291, and
we lack jurisdiction to consider it. See Petroleos Mexicanos, 826 F.2d at 398. We
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therefore dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. And given the dismissal, we
deny the motion for a stay pending appeal as moot.
III
This appeal is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. Efron’s motion for a stay is
denied.
Entered for the Court
Joel M. Carson III
Circuit Judge
10