United States v. Ailsworth ( 1998 )


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  •                                                                             F I L E D
    United States Court of Appeals
    Tenth Circuit
    PUBLISH
    MAR 10 1998
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    PATRICK FISHER
    Clerk
    TENTH CIRCUIT
    ____________________
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    Plaintiff-Appellee,
    v.                                                       No. 97-3002
    JESSIE AILSWORTH, JR.,
    Defendant-Appellant.
    ____________________
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the District of Kansas
    (D.C. No. 94-CR-40017-1)
    ____________________
    Joseph D. Johnson (Melanie S. Morgan with him on the brief), Law Office of Joseph D.
    Johnson, Chtd., Topeka, Kansas, for Defendant-Appellant.
    Gregory G. Hough, Assistant United States Attorney (Jackie N. Williams, United States
    Attorney, with him on the brief), United States Attorney’s Office, Topeka, Kansas, for
    Plaintiff-Appellee.
    _____________________
    Before BRISCOE, McKAY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
    _____________________
    McKAY, Circuit Judge.
    _____________________
    Defendant Mr. Ailsworth was indicted in a second superseding indictment on
    forty-two counts relating to the possession and distribution of cocaine base or crack
    cocaine, the possession of food stamps, and the use of a firearm. Prior to trial, five counts
    pertaining to Defendant were dismissed and Defendant’s six codefendants entered guilty
    pleas. A jury found Defendant guilty on seven counts, Counts 1, 6, 7, 9, 26, 27, and 28.
    The jury failed to reach a verdict for Counts 3 and 12, and acquitted Defendant on all
    other counts. Defendant appeals his conviction on Count 1.
    The indictment on Count 1 alleged that Defendant conspired with six
    coconspirators “to possess, with the intent to distribute or dispense, 50 grams or more of a
    mixture or substance which contained cocaine base or crack cocaine, to wit:
    approximately 1947.58 grams of cocaine base or crack cocaine.” R., Vol. I, Doc. 287 at
    1-2. On the verdict form, the jury checked the “guilty” box for Count 1 and added a
    notation stating that Defendant was guilty of Count 1 “[a]s related to Counts # 26, 27 and
    28 on 11/19/93 only.” R., Vol. II, Doc. 720 at 1. Counts 26, 27, and 28 consist of the
    following substantive offenses, all occurring on November 19, 1993: Count 26 alleged
    that Defendant knowingly and intentionally used a communication facility in causing or
    facilitating the possession, with intent to distribute or dispense, a mixture or substance
    which contained cocaine base or crack cocaine, see R., Vol. I, Doc. 287 at 19; Count 27
    alleged that Defendant possessed with intent to distribute or dispense “approximately
    33.81 grams of cocaine base or crack cocaine,” id. at 19-20; and Count 28 alleged that
    -2-
    Defendant acquired and possessed food stamp coupons “in a manner not authorized by
    the United States Department of Agriculture’s Food Stamp Program,” id. at 20.
    Defendant contends that the district court erred in denying his motion for Judgment of
    Acquittal. He rests his argument on several points: The court should have inquired about
    the notation on the jury verdict form because the verdict was ambiguous; the evidence
    was insufficient to support Defendant’s conviction on Count 1; there was a fatal variance
    between the indictment, which alleged a single conspiracy, and the government’s proof at
    trial, which Defendant characterizes as attempting to establish the existence of multiple
    narrower conspiracies; and the court’s use of an Allen instruction coerced the jury’s
    verdict. We address each argument in turn. We review the denial of a motion for
    judgment of acquittal de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
    government to determine if the jury could have found Defendant guilty of the essential
    elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Williams, 
    923 F.3d 1397
     (10th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 
    500 U.S. 925
     (1991). We review the denial of a
    motion for new trial1 under an abuse of discretion standard. See United States v. Sinclair,
    
    109 F.3d 1527
    , 1531 (10th Cir. 1997). When the court’s decision on a new trial motion
    turns on an issue of law, we review that determination de novo. Weese v. Schukman, 
    98 F.3d 542
    , 549 (10th Cir. 1996).
    1
    The district court analyzed Defendant’s motion seeking an acquittal as a motion
    for a new trial. See United States v. Ailsworth, 
    948 F. Supp. 1485
    , 1498 (D. Kan. 1996).
    -3-
    I.
    Defendant argues that the notation on the jury verdict form reduced the verdict to
    an unquestionably ambiguous decision. He contends that because the verdict was
    qualified by the jury’s notation, the district court erred in failing to inquire into the
    meaning of that notation. The government asserts that the notation is surplusage and,
    although the jury’s notation may have narrowed the scope of the conspiracy, the
    conspiracy on which Defendant was convicted fell within the parameters of the
    conspiracy charged in Count 1.
    In a federal criminal trial, a verdict is valid if “it . . . ‘was certain, unqualified and
    unambiguous considering the circumstances of the receipt of the verdict and poll of the
    jurors relative to their verdict.’” United States v. Morris, 
    612 F.2d 483
    , 490 (10th Cir.
    1979) (quoting Cook v. United States, 
    379 F.2d 966
    , 968 (5th Cir. 1967)); see United
    States v. Lee, 
    532 F.2d 911
    , 913 (3rd Cir.), cert. denied, 
    429 U.S. 838
     (1976); see also
    Fed. R. Crim. P. 31(a), (d). Generally, unnecessary or irrelevant statements in a verdict
    form may be disregarded as surplusage. See Statler v. United States, 
    157 U.S. 277
    , 279-
    80 (1895); Jones v. Jones, 
    938 F.2d 838
    , 845 (8th Cir. 1991); Lee, 532 F.2d at 914; Cook,
    
    379 F.2d at 970
    .2 An exception to this general rule arises where the circumstances of the
    2
    Frequently, issues regarding surplusage on verdict forms relate to a jury’s
    recommendation for leniency. See Lee, 532 F.2d at 914. "Generally, a recommendation
    of leniency made by a jury without statutory authorization does not affect the validity of
    -4-
    jury's recommendation cast doubt upon the unqualified nature of the verdict. See United
    States v. McCoy, 
    429 F.2d 739
    , 742 (D.C. Cir. 1970); Cook, 
    379 F.2d at 970
    . We have
    held that “upon the appearance of any uncertainty or contingency in a jury’s verdict, it is
    the duty of the trial judge to resolve that doubt.” Morris, 
    612 F.2d at 489
    . The
    circumstances of the jury’s verdict or poll, a notation on the verdict form, or what
    preceded the verdict at trial or during deliberations may highlight the uncertainty or
    ambiguity in a verdict. See 
    id. at 491
    ; McCoy, 
    429 F.2d at 741-42
    ; Cook, 
    379 F.2d at 970
    . If doubt is cast upon the unqualified nature of the verdict, the court must take the
    remedial action necessary “to remove the cloud and protect [Defendant’s] right[] to [a]
    valid verdict.” Morris, 
    612 F.2d at 491
    ; see United States v. Hernandez-Garcia, 
    901 F.2d 875
    , 877-78 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 
    498 U.S. 844
     (1990); Cook, 
    379 F.2d at 970-71
    (holding that trial court erred by refusing to re-poll jury when verdict was uncertain).
    In this case, the manner in which the jury returned its verdict causes us to take a
    closer look at the nature of the verdict. After deliberating for four days and asking
    questions to the court regarding Count 1, the jury returned a partial verdict on August 13,
    1996. It found Defendant guilty on four counts, Counts 6, 7, 9, and 28, and not guilty on
    twenty-two counts. Although the jury indicated that further deliberations would not be
    useful in reaching a unanimous decision, and over Defendant’s objection, the district
    the verdict and may be disregarded by the sentencing judge." Rogers v. United States,
    
    422 U.S. 35
    , 38 (1975).
    -5-
    court gave the jury an instruction pursuant to Allen v. United States, 
    164 U.S. 492
     (1896).
    The court also allowed the jury to have a copy of the Allen instruction with them during
    their continued deliberations. On August 15, 1996, the jury found Defendant guilty on
    Counts 1, 26, and 27 and not guilty on six of the remaining eight counts.3 The court then
    polled the jury by reading the notation back to them as part of Count 1. See R., Vol. XXII
    at 1645-48.
    Because the court included the notation in its poll of the jury, the court did not
    ascertain the precise meaning of the notation. Consequently, we also are unable to know
    definitively what the jurors meant by the notation. However, we can ascertain the
    reasonable meaning of the jury’s notation from its face. The notation is specific and
    refers in detail to additional counts on which Defendant was convicted. The notation is
    not mere surplusage, and it is unreasonable to classify it as simply a plea for leniency.
    One reasonable interpretation of the notation is that the jury believed only that Defendant
    conspired with Mr. Terence Douglas to commit the underlying substantive offenses,
    Counts 26, 27, and 28, on November 19, 1993. We also can reasonably infer the inverse,
    that the jury did not believe Defendant conspired with the other five alleged
    coconspirators throughout an entire year to commit the multiple offenses charged in the
    indictment. The notation could reflect a belief that Defendant conspired with one or more
    The jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict on the remaining two counts.
    3
    Those counts were subsequently dismissed.
    -6-
    alleged coconspirators prior to November 19, 1993, to commit the offense charged on that
    date. Another reasonable interpretation might be that Defendant could not be the leader
    of the year-long conspiracy alleged in the indictment because he only participated in a
    narrower conspiracy on a particular date. These interpretations are supported not only by
    the words of the notation itself but also by the questions the jury asked regarding the
    conspiracy charge and the court’s answers to those questions. The jurors essentially
    wanted to know if Defendant could be guilty of the conspiracy in Count 1 if he
    participated in a subset of transactions on a particular date with one other person. See R.,
    Vol. III, Doc. 726, Jury Exhs. 7-20. The court answered affirmatively.
    Although there are several different ways to state what the notation could
    reasonably mean, the variations in language or phraseology do not change the core
    meaning of the jury’s notation. The only reasonable interpretation of the jury’s notation
    is that the jury was not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant participated
    in the single broad conspiracy alleged in the indictment.4 When read in light of the jury
    questions to the court, the court’s answers and instructions, and our reasonable
    interpretation of the notation, we conclude that the jury’s notation qualified its verdict.
    The district court should have made some inquiry into the meaning of the notation to
    4
    We recognize that the notation also could be viewed as a veiled plea for leniency.
    This interpretation differs in substance from the reasonable interpretation we have
    determined represents the essence of the jury’s notation. However, a plea for leniency
    does not qualify the verdict and must be discounted by the district court. See Rogers, 
    422 U.S. at 38
    .
    -7-
    resolve this qualification. Because the district court did not inquire, we must determine
    whether that failure constituted reversible error.
    The court’s failure to inquire would require a reversal only if an inquiry would
    have revealed a reasonable interpretation of the notation which would have cast doubt on
    the jury’s finding that Defendant conspired to commit the crimes charged in Counts 26,
    27, and 28. Cf. Morris, 
    612 F.2d at 490-91
     (finding reversible error in court’s failure to
    resolve doubt about jury’s guilty verdict). We have determined that the jury’s notation
    can only reasonably mean that Defendant did not participate in the single broad
    conspiracy alleged in the indictment, and we have already examined the question of
    alternative reasonable interpretations. We cannot hypothesize an alternative
    interpretation,5 and have not been provided one by Defendant, which casts doubt on the
    finding that Defendant conspired to commit the offenses charged in Counts 26, 27, and
    28. Defendant contends only that the notation meant the jury found him not guilty of the
    broader conspiracy charged in the indictment and guilty of a narrower conspiracy not
    charged. Defendant’s argument presents us with a variance issue, but it does not provide
    us with a reasonable alternative interpretation casting doubt on the jury’s verdict.
    Although the jury’s notation qualified the verdict on Count 1, we do not doubt that the
    jury was convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant participated in a conspiracy
    5
    One alternative explanation of the notation, that of a veiled plea for leniency, was
    properly discounted by the district court. Ailsworth, 
    948 F. Supp. at 1503
    ; see Rogers,
    
    422 U.S. at 38
    .
    -8-
    relating to Counts 26, 27, and 28. We therefore cannot conclude that the district court’s
    failure to inquire constitutes reversible error. We are left with the question of whether a
    variance occurred, and, if so, whether it substantially prejudiced Defendant’s rights.
    II.
    “A variance arises when the evidence adduced at trial establishes facts different
    from those alleged in an indictment.” United States v. Edwards, 
    69 F.3d 419
    , 432 (10th
    Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Dunn v. United States, 
    442 U.S. 100
    , 105 (1979)), cert. denied sub nom., Chaplin v. United States, ___U.S.___, 
    116 S. Ct. 2497
     (1996); see United States v. Powell, 
    982 F.2d 1422
    , 1431 (10th Cir. 1992), cert.
    denied, 
    508 U.S. 917
     (1993). The variance is reversible error only if it affects the
    substantial rights of the accused. See Berger v. United States, 
    295 U.S. 78
    , 82 (1935).
    “Accordingly, where a single conspiracy is charged in the indictment, and the government
    proves only multiple conspiracies, a defendant who suffers substantial prejudice must
    have his conviction reversed.” Edwards, 
    69 F.3d at
    432 (citing Kotteakos v. United
    States, 
    328 U.S. 750
    , 773-74 (1946)).
    Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of the single
    conspiracy alleged in Count 1. Specifically, he contends that the government’s evidence
    showed, at best, that Defendant participated in one of numerous separate and independent
    conspiracies. This case is factually different from most of the preceding law analyzing
    -9-
    whether a variance exists. See Kotteakos, 
    328 U.S. at 766-67
    ; Edwards, 
    69 F.3d at
    432-
    33; Powell, 982 F.2d at 1431; United States v. Mobile Materials, Inc., 
    881 F.2d 866
    , 872
    (10th Cir. 1989), cert. denied sub nom., Philpot v. United States, 
    493 U.S. 1043
     (1990).
    Previous cases discuss variances in the context of two or more defendants appealing their
    convictions for a single broad conspiracy because they believe the convictions are at odds
    with the government’s proof of multiple conspiracies. See 
    id.
     In those cases, there is no
    dispute that the jury in fact found the defendants guilty of the single conspiracy charged
    in the indictment. In this case, however, we have already determined that the only
    reasonable meaning of the jury’s notation is that the jury did not believe the government’s
    evidence that Defendant participated in the single widespread conspiracy alleged in the
    indictment. This jury rejected the government’s theory and proof of one broad conspiracy
    ongoing between March 1993 and March 1994. The legal effect of the jury’s verdict,
    however, is that Defendant was convicted on Count 1, even though the jury was
    persuaded that Defendant participated only in a conspiracy to commit crimes on
    November 19, 1993.
    We have held repeatedly that whether the evidence established a single conspiracy
    is a question of fact for the jury. See Powell, 982 F.2d at 1431 (citing United States v.
    Dickey, 
    736 F.2d 571
    , 581 (10th Cir. 1984), cert. denied sub nom., Beasley v. United
    States, 
    469 U.S. 1188
     (1985)). Therefore, although the district court may have found the
    evidence supporting a single widespread conspiracy convincing, see Ailsworth, 948 F.
    -10-
    Supp. at 1499-1500, the jury did not, or it would not have made the notation, “As related
    to Counts # 26, 27, and 28 on 11/19/93 only.” R., Vol. II, Doc. 720 at 1. The record
    confirms this conclusion. For instance, the jury asked several questions regarding the law
    of conspiracy, such as whether a conspiracy can occur between Defendant and only one
    other person on only one occasion. See R., Vol. III, Doc. 726 at Jury Exh. 9. Although
    the jury found Defendant guilty of crimes occurring on days other than November 19,
    1993, it clearly did not believe beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant conspired to
    commit those crimes. See R., Vol. I, Doc. 287; Vol. II, Doc. 720.
    We hold that a variance exists because the evidence presented at trial proved facts
    different from the single widespread conspiracy alleged in the second superseding
    indictment. The government’s evidence only established beyond a reasonable doubt that
    Defendant participated with at least one other person in a conspiracy on November 19,
    1993. According to the jury’s notation, the evidence did not establish that Defendant was
    guilty of the broader conspiracy alleged in Count 1. However, even where a variance
    exists, we will reverse Defendant’s conviction only upon a showing of substantial
    prejudice. See Edwards, 
    69 F.3d at 432-33
    .
    A variance between the indictment and the proof is reversible error only if it has
    affected the substantial rights of the defendant. See Berger, 
    295 U.S. at 82
    . Defendant
    contends that his rights were prejudiced by the admission of evidence tending to show
    other conspiracies in which the jury did not believe he participated. The requirement that
    -11-
    allegations and proof correspond is intended to safeguard basic Fifth and Sixth
    Amendment rights of the accused. See United States v. Stoner, 
    98 F.3d 527
    , 536 (10th
    Cir. 1996). The accused must (1) be informed of the charges against him so that he may
    present his defense and not be surprised by the evidence offered at trial; and (2) be
    protected against another prosecution for the same offense. See Berger, 
    295 U.S. at 82
    ;
    Stoner, 
    98 F.3d at 536
    . A variance “is not fatal unless the defendant could not have
    anticipated from the indictment what evidence would be presented at trial or unless the
    conviction based on an indictment would not bar a subsequent prosecution.” 3 Charles
    Alan Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure § 516, at 27 (2d ed. 1982); see Stoner, 
    98 F.3d at 536-37
    . We also have adopted the Supreme Court’s holding that there is no fatal
    variance where a defendant “is convicted upon evidence which tends to show a narrower
    scheme than that contained in the indictment, provided that the narrower scheme is fully
    included within the indictment.” Mobile, 
    881 F.2d at
    874 (citing United States v. Miller,
    
    471 U.S. 130
    , 135-40 (1985)).
    There has been no showing that the variance prejudiced the fairness of
    Defendant’s trial in any way. Although the second superseding indictment charged a
    broad conspiracy among seven individuals to possess and distribute cocaine base or crack
    cocaine between March 1993 and March 1994 in Count 1, it also alleged many specific
    offenses which made up that widespread conspiracy. The jury in this case found
    Defendant guilty of six underlying substantive offenses. The jury believed that Defendant
    -12-
    conspired to commit three of those offenses, charged in Counts 26, 27, and 28, with Mr.
    Douglas on November 19, 1993. The evidence proving these charges, while narrower
    than the conspiracy alleged in Count 1, did not extend or broaden the indictment in any
    way. See Miller, 
    471 U.S. at 140-45
    . The government did not offer proof of new facts or
    new offenses not alleged in the indictment. See 
    id. at 138
    . Defendant, therefore, was not
    prejudicially surprised at trial by evidence proving that Defendant conspired to commit
    the offenses on November 19, 1993. Defendant had notice that his activities on
    November 19, 1993, were part and parcel of the larger, single conspiracy alleged in Count
    1. The conspiracy to distribute cocaine base or crack cocaine was fully included within
    the indictment. The indictment was sufficiently explicit to inform Defendant of the
    charges against him and to protect him from double jeopardy. See 
    id. at 144-45
    ; United
    States v. Hazeem, 
    679 F.2d 770
    , 773-74 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 
    459 U.S. 848
     (1982). We
    are not persuaded by Defendant’s argument that he was convicted for an offense not
    charged in the indictment.
    The discrepancy between the allegation in Count 1 and the proof at trial did not
    taint Defendant’s conviction where he was the only individual on trial. As noted above,
    we have frequently analyzed variances in the context of multiple defendants appealing
    their convictions. Typically, a variance is prejudicial when guilt is imputed to the
    defendant from other defendants’ conduct. See Kotteakos, 
    328 U.S. at 775-77
    . For
    example, “guilt is transferred to the defendant from ‘incriminating evidence presented in
    -13-
    connection with the prosecution of another in the same trial for a crime in which the
    accused did not participate.’” Powell, 982 F.2d at 1431 (quoting Dickey, 
    736 F.2d at 581
    (citation omitted)). In Kotteakos, thirty-two persons were indicted, nineteen defendants
    were brought to trial, thirteen names were submitted to the jury, and at least eight separate
    conspiracies were proved. In this case, however, Mr. Ailsworth and six other persons
    were indicted, Mr. Ailsworth was the only defendant on trial because the six alleged
    coconspirators made plea arrangements prior to trial, and the evidence proved two
    conspiracies at most. Compare Kotteakos, 
    328 U.S. at 753, 766-71
    , with Berger, 
    295 U.S. at 79-84
    , and United States v. Wright, 
    932 F.2d 868
    , 874-75 (10th Cir.) (holding
    harmless a variance occurring when government’s evidence at trial proved existence of
    two conspiracies rather than one broad conspiracy charged in the indictment), cert.
    denied, 
    502 U.S. 962
     (1991). “The sheer difference in numbers, both of defendants and
    of conspiracies proven, distinguishes the situation.” Kotteakos, 
    328 U.S. at 766
    . In this
    case, we have no concern that the evidence was not considered separately as to each
    individual defendant because Mr. Ailsworth was the only individual on trial. See United
    States v. Evans, 
    970 F.2d 663
    , 674-75 (10th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 
    507 U.S. 922
     (1993).
    The district court’s instructions also safeguarded Defendant from any potential
    prejudice flowing from evidence attempting to establish the existence of one broad
    conspiracy. The court repeatedly instructed the jury that Defendant was on trial only for
    the charges contained in the indictment and answered the jury’s questions regarding the
    -14-
    doctrine of conspiracy. “It’s presumed that [the jury] followed those instructions.” R.,
    Vol. XXII at 1642; see Francis v. Franklin, 
    471 U.S. 307
    , 324 n.9 (1985); Mason v.
    Oklahoma Turnpike Auth, 
    115 F.3d 1442
    , 1456 (10th Cir. 1997).
    Whether Defendant’s substantial rights were prejudiced also depends on whether
    the evidence was sufficient for the jury to convict Defendant of a separate conspiracy. To
    obtain a conviction for conspiracy, the government must prove that (1) there was an
    agreement to violate the law; (2) Defendant knew the essential objectives of the
    conspiracy; (3) Defendant knowingly and voluntarily took part in the conspiracy; and (4)
    the coconspirators were interdependent. See United States v. Richardson, 
    86 F.3d 1537
    ,
    1546 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, ___U.S.___, 
    117 S. Ct. 588
     (1996). We review the
    sufficiency of evidence in a light most favorable to the government to determine if there
    was sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable jury could find the existence of a
    conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Daily, 
    921 F.2d 994
    , 1007
    (10th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 
    502 U.S. 952
     (1991).
    Defendant specifically contends that the government did not prove
    interdependence because its evidence tended to establish some transactions involving the
    exchange of food stamps for cash and others involving the exchange of food stamps for
    cocaine base. See Appellant’s Br. at 23. Interdependence exists if “the alleged
    coconspirators were united in a common unlawful goal or purpose,” Daily, 921 F.2d at
    1007, and if a defendant’s activities facilitated the endeavors of another alleged
    -15-
    coconspirator or facilitated the venture as a whole. Id. The record reveals that the proof
    of Defendant’s guilt in Counts 26, 27, and 28, and in a conspiracy to commit those
    offenses, was strong. An agent of the United States Department of Agriculture, a
    representative of Cellular One, and Defendant’s coconspirator testified about Defendant’s
    role and participation. See Ailsworth, 
    948 F. Supp. at 1499
    ; R., Vol. XVII at 402-09,
    412-13; Vol. XIX at 464, 704-14, 717-19; Vol. XXI at 1148, 1167-68, 1180. Defendant’s
    actions on November 19, 1993, were captured on tape and played for the jury. R., Vol.
    XIX at 722-24. Moreover, “[s]eparate transactions are not separate conspiracies, as long
    as the activities were aimed at a ‘common, illicit goal.’” Powell, 982 F.2d at 1431
    (citation omitted); see Daily, 921 F.2d at 1008. The evidence supports the jury’s finding
    of interdependence because it shows the coconspirators, Defendant, and at least Mr.
    Douglas, were united in a common, unlawful goal to possess and distribute cocaine in
    exchange for food stamps on November 19, 1993. Id. After reviewing the record, we are
    satisfied that, viewed in a light must favorable to the government, the evidence was
    sufficient for the jury to find Defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of conspiring
    with Mr. Douglas to commit the three offenses charged in Counts 26, 27, and 28. See
    Daily, 921 F.2d at 1007. We conclude that the variance did not prejudice Defendant’s
    substantial rights and therefore is not reversible error.6
    6
    Had Defendant argued that the variance prejudiced him at sentencing, this
    argument would have no merit. A sentencing court can consider all relevant conduct in
    determining a defendant’s base offense level. See United States Sentencing Guidelines
    -16-
    III.
    Finally, Defendant contends that the district court abused its discretion in giving
    the jury multiple Allen instructions because the instructions coerced the jury into a guilty
    verdict on Count 1. Although we urge caution in the use of an Allen instruction, “[w]e
    review whether an Allen instruction was erroneously given on a case-by-case basis.”
    United States v. Rodriguez-Mejia, 
    20 F.3d 1090
    , 1091 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 
    513 U.S. 1045
     (1994).
    The circumstances under which the Allen instructions were given in this case lead
    us to conclude that the court’s use of that instruction did not coerce the jury’s verdict.
    The content of the Allen instruction given to the jury in this case is identical to or
    indistinguishable from others we have previously approved. See United States v. Reed,
    
    61 F.3d 803
    , 804-05 & n.5 (10th Cir. 1995); United States v. Butler, 
    904 F.2d 1482
    ,
    1487-88 (10th Cir. 1990); United States v. Porter, 
    881 F.2d 878
    , 888-89 & n.14 (10th
    Cir.), cert. denied, 
    493 U.S. 944
     (1989). The instruction was properly given to the entire
    jury. See Rodriguez-Mejia, 
    20 F.3d at 1092
    . The court also properly reminded the jurors
    that “no juror is expected to yield a conscientious conviction he or she may have as to the
    weight or effect of the evidence.” R., Vol. XXII at 1616; see Reed, 
    61 F.3d at 805
    ;
    Rodriguez-Mejia, 
    20 F.3d at 1092
    .
    § 1B1.3(a). Therefore, even if Defendant had been acquitted on Count 1, the court could
    have considered the charged conduct and drug quantities in Count 1 in determining
    Defendant’s sentence.
    -17-
    The timing of the Allen instructions also was not problematic. The court first gave
    an Allen instruction to the jury when it charged the jury before deliberations began. See
    R., Vol. XXII at 1501-02. Prior to the jury’s announcement that further deliberations
    would not be helpful, the court stated to counsel that it would probably give the jury an
    Allen instruction if the jury continued to deliberate for a few days, regardless of whether
    it was deadlocked. See R., Vol. XVII at 1605-06. The second Allen instruction occurred
    after the jury deliberated for four days, returned a partial verdict, and announced that it
    was deadlocked. We have held that an Allen instruction given during deliberations or
    after a jury has announced a deadlock is not per se coercive. See Reed, 
    61 F.3d at 805
    ;
    Porter, 
    881 F.2d at 889
    . The jurors also were given a copy of the second Allen instruction
    when they reentered deliberations the following day. We have consistently held that a
    court may, in its own discretion, submit written instructions to the jury. See John A.
    Henry & Co. v. T.G. & Y Stores Co., 
    941 F.2d 1068
    , 1073 (10th Cir. 1991); United States
    v. Calabrese, 
    645 F.2d 1379
    , 1388 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 
    451 U.S. 1018
    , and 
    454 U.S. 831
     (1981). Additionally, the jury’s deliberations for several hours during two additional
    days following the second Allen instruction negate any coercive effect of that instruction.
    See Rodriguez-Mejia, 
    20 F.3d at 1092
    . Further, we agree with the district court’s
    assessment of the results of its second Allen instruction: That the jury was unable to
    reach a unanimous verdict on two remaining counts demonstrates that it “was not
    compelled or coerced to reach a unanimous verdict.” Ailsworth, 
    948 F. Supp. at 1505
    .
    -18-
    We conclude that the district court did not err in giving the jury two Allen instructions
    and a copy of the second instruction.7 Neither the cumulative nor individual impact of
    those instructions coerced the jury into a guilty verdict on Count 1.
    We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Defendant’s Motion for
    Judgment of Acquittal.
    AFFIRMED.
    7
    We note that a copy of the first Allen instruction was included with the rest of the
    instructions given to the jury in its deliberations. It is common practice and not erroneous
    to submit to the jury written copies of instructions to help them in their deliberations,
    especially in complex cases.
    -19-