Dickey v. Allbaugh , 664 F. App'x 690 ( 2016 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS October 25, 2016
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
TIMMY HOWARD DICKEY,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 15-6234
(D.C. No. 5:15-CV-00685-M)
JOE ALLBAUGH, Interim Director (W.D. Okla.)
Oklahoma Department of Corrections;
STATE OF OKLAHOMA,
Respondents - Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY, PHILLIPS, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
Timmy Howard Dickey appeals from the district court’s dismissal of his
petition for a writ of habeas corpus, 28 U.S.C. § 2254, or in the alternative,
habeas relief pursuant 28 U.S.C. § 2241, or a writ of audita querela or coram
nobis. Dickey v. Patton, 2015 WL 8494009 (W.D. Okla. Dec. 10, 2015). Upon
recommendation of the magistrate judge, Dickey v. Patton, 2015 WL 8592709
(W.D. Okla. Sept. 28, 2015), the district court held that Mr. Dickey was not “in
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
custody” nor entitled to relief on alternate grounds. The district court granted a
certificate of appealability on whether Oklahoma’s sex offender registration
requirements satisfy the “in custody” requirement, and whether Mr. Dickey is
nevertheless entitled to relief under the All Writs Act via the writ of audita
querela or the writ of coram nobis. Our jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. §
1291, and we affirm.
Background
In 2011, Mr. Dickey was convicted of child sexual abuse and sentenced to
five years’ imprisonment after being tried by a jury. Aplt. App. 84. On direct
appeal, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA), held that the record
was inadequate to establish one of the elements of the offense. 1 Id. 27. Rather
than reverse the conviction, however, the OCCA modified Mr. Dickey’s
conviction to incest, a charge the state had not elected to bring, and determined
his sentence should remain the same. Id. 15, 28–29.
Seeking to overturn the decision of the OCCA, Mr. Dickey filed an
application for post-conviction relief. The state district court denied his
application, and the OCCA affirmed, concluding that incest was a lesser-included
1
Specifically, the OCCA found that the record did not establish that Mr.
Dickey was “a person responsible for the health, safety, or welfare” of the victim,
which was an element of the offense of child sexual abuse pursuant to Oklahoma
law at the time of the offense. Aplt. App. 26–27 (quoting 21 O.S. Supp. 2010,
§ 843.5(E)).
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offense under the evidence test and thus there was no violation of Mr. Dickey’s
constitutional rights. Id. 33–35. Mr. Dickey then filed the instant federal action.
Because he was convicted of a sex offense, Mr. Dickey is now required to
register pursuant to Oklahoma’s Sex Offenders Registration Act. Okla. Stat. tit.
57, §§ 581–590. He is not permitted to work with children or to work on school
premises. Id. § 589(A). He is forbidden from living, temporarily or permanently,
within a 2,000-foot radius of any “school . . ., educational institution, property or
campsite used by an organization whose primary purpose is working with
children, a playground or park . . ., or a licensed child care center.” Id. § 590(A).
Additionally, it is unlawful for Mr. Dickey to live in a dwelling with another sex
offender. Id. § 590.1(A). Mr. Dickey contends that these provisions sufficiently
restrict his freedom to satisfy § 2254’s custody requirement, and that the
restrictions are more stringent than the Colorado statutory scheme addressed by
this court in Calhoun v. Attorney General of Colorado, 745 F.3d 1070 (10th Cir.),
cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 376 (2014).
Discussion
A. Habeas Corpus
Section 2254(a) requires that a petitioner for a writ of habeas corpus be “in
custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court . . . in violation of the
Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). Thus,
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a petitioner must demonstrate that he is in custody and the requirement is
jurisdictional. Mays v. Dinwiddie, 580 F.3d 1136, 1139 (10th Cir. 2009).
Questions as to the proper interpretation of “custody” under the statute are legal
and reviewed de novo. Id. at 1138.
Custody status is determined as of the time the habeas petition is filed.
Spencer v. Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 7 (1998). The writ is available in situations where
a state-court criminal conviction has subjected the petitioner to “severe restraints
on [his or her] individual liberty.” Hensley v. Mun. Ct., 411 U.S. 345, 351
(1973). A restraint is severe when it is “not shared by the public generally.”
Jones v. Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236, 240 (1963). The petitioner need not,
however, demonstrate actual, physical custody to obtain relief. Maleng v. Cook,
490 U.S. 488, 491 (1989) (per curiam). For example, habeas corpus is available
for prisoners released on personal recognizance or parole, among other situations.
See, e.g., Hensley, 411 U.S. at 346, 353 (personal recognizance); Jones, 371 U.S.
at 242–43 (parole).
Not every restriction involving federal rights warrants the remedy of a writ
of habeas corpus. See Lehman v. Lycoming Cty. Children’s Servs. Agency, 458
U.S. 502, 510 (1982). Thus, collateral consequences of conviction which have
only a negligible effect on liberty or movement, do not satisfy the “custody”
requirement. Virsnieks v. Smith, 521 F.3d 707, 718 (7th Cir. 2008) (collecting
cases). For example, restitution or fines imposed on a petitioner do not — there
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must be a significant restraint on liberty. Erlandson v. Northglenn Mun. Ct., 528
F.3d 785, 788 (10th Cir. 2008). Other collateral consequences of conviction not
deemed restraints on liberty sufficient to constitute custody are the “inability to
vote, engage in certain businesses, hold public office, or serve as a juror,”
Maleng, 490 U.S. at 491–92, revocation of a driver’s license, medical license, or a
license to practice law, and disqualification as a real estate broker and insurance
agent, Williamson v. Gregoire, 151 F.3d 1180, 1183 (9th Cir. 1998) (collecting
cases).
In 2014, we joined other circuits in holding that the requirement to register
under state sex-offender statutes does not satisfy § 2254’s condition that the
petitioner be “in custody” at the time he or she files a habeas petition. See
Calhoun, 745 F.3d at 1074. We determined that Colorado’s sex-offender
requirements were not severe enough to constitute being “in custody” for habeas
purposes. See id. at 1072–74. Mindful of our precedent in Calhoun, Mr. Dickey
asserts that Oklahoma’s statutory scheme involving sex offenders is more
restrictive than that of Colorado because it significantly infringes on Mr. Dickey’s
rights to live, work, associate, and travel in ways not addressed by this court in
Calhoun. Aplt. Br. at 16.
It is undisputed that Mr. Dickey was released from prison before he filed
his § 2254 petition. Id. at 11. The OCCA issued its decision modifying Mr.
Dickey’s conviction from child sexual abuse to incest on April 24, 2013. Aplt.
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App. 25–29. He was discharged from the custody of the Oklahoma Department of
Corrections (DOC) on November 25, 2013. Id. 88. He then filed his federal
petition for a writ of habeas corpus on June 23, 2015. Id. 23. Accordingly, Mr.
Dickey had approximately seven months to file his petition for habeas corpus
while satisfying the “in custody” condition of § 2254 by being in the physical
custody of the Oklahoma DOC.
We now turn to the question of whether Mr. Dickey continues to be “in
custody” even after his release from prison given the nature of Oklahoma’s sex-
offender registration statute. Although we agree with Mr. Dickey that
Oklahoma’s statutory scheme is more restrictive than that of Colorado, we do not
find that Oklahoma’s registration requirements impose a severe restraint on Mr.
Dickey’s freedom sufficient to satisfy the “in custody” requirement of § 2254.
There is no condition of Mr. Dickey’s sentence that could subject him to
reincarceration or impose an additional restraint on his liberty. He remains free
to live, work, travel, associate, and engage in lawful activities without
government approval. Like those at issue in Calhoun, Oklahoma’s sex-offender
registration conditions are collateral consequences of Mr. Dickey’s conviction,
and not a continuation of punishment. A holding to the contrary “would read the
‘in custody’ requirement out of the statute.” Maleng, 490 U.S. at 492.
B. Audita Querela and Coram Nobis
We next address Mr. Dickey’s assertions that he is entitled to relief under
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the All Writs Act via the writ of audita querela or the writ of coram nobis, which
do not require that a petitioner be “in custody” to obtain relief. See United States
v. Denedo, 556 U.S. 904, 911 (2009); United States v. Torres, 282 F.3d 1241,
1245 (10th Cir. 2002).
1. Writ of Audita Querela
The purpose of a writ of audita querela is to challenge a judgment that
although correct when rendered, is now infirm due to subsequent events. Torres,
282 F.3d at 1245 n.6. An example would be something unanticipated, such as an
intervening change in law. Rawlins v. Kansas, 714 F.3d 1189, 1193 (10th Cir.
2013). Mr. Dickey’s argument, however, appears to be that the judgment of the
OCCA was incorrect at the time it was rendered. Moreover, he has not argued
that anything since the decision has made the judgment infirm. Accordingly, Mr.
Dickey is not entitled to relief under a writ of audita querela.
2. Writ of Coram Nobis
Although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure abolished the writ of coram
nobis, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(e), the Supreme Court has since held in United
States v. Morgan, 346 U.S. 502, 506–13 (1954), that federal courts are authorized
to issue the writ to correct criminal judgments. Coram nobis has a limited use: to
fix fundamental errors of law or fact. Murray v. United States, 704 F.3d 23, 28
(1st Cir. 2013). It is an extraordinary remedy, which is available ‘only under
circumstances compelling such action to achieve justice’” Id. (quoting Morgan,
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346 U.S. at 511). Its purpose is “to correct errors ‘of the most fundamental
character; that is, such as render[] the proceeding itself irregular and invalid.’”
Id. (quoting United States v. Mayer, 235 U.S. 55, 69 (1914)).
The traditional use of the writ of corum nobis, however, is by a court in
correcting its own errors, not the errors of courts in other jurisdictions.
Finkelstein v. Spitzer, 455 F.3d 131, 133–34 (2d Cir. 2006). Accordingly, we
have held that federal courts lack jurisdiction to grant a writ of coram nobis with
respect to state court judgments. Rawlins, 714 F.3d at 1196–97; see also
Finkelstein, 455 F.3d at 134 (collecting cases). Despite Mr. Dickey’s statement
to the contrary, Aplt. Br. at 23–24, we do not find this understanding of the writ
of coram nobis to conflict with the decision of the Supreme Court in Morgan.
Because the offending error originated in the OCCA, the federal district court was
correct in concluding that it lacked the power to reexamine Mr. Dickey’s
conviction through a writ of corum nobis.
Because Mr. Dickey was not “in custody” when he filed his § 2254 petition,
and is not eligible for relief in federal court under the writs of audita querela or
corum nobis, the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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