Womble v. Chrisman ( 2019 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 23, 2019
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
JOSEPH Z. WOMBLE,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 17-7056
(D.C. No. 6:14-CV-00385-JHP-SPS)
JERRY CHRISMAN, Warden; TOMMY (E.D. Okla.)
SHARP, Deputy Warden, Mack Alford
Correctional Center,
Defendants - Appellees.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before HOLMES, McKAY, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Plaintiff-Appellant Joseph Z. Womble appeals from the district court’s denial
of his motion for default judgment and dismissal of his Eighth Amendment claims
arising from his confinement at the Mack Alford Correctional Center (MACC) in
Stringtown, Oklahoma. Mr. Womble sued several defendants in both their individual
and official capacities pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983; only Jerry Chrisman (the
warden at MACC during the alleged violation) and Tommy Sharp (the deputy
warden) remain. Womble v. Chrisman, No. CIV 14–385–JHP–SPS, 2017 WL
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
3392352, at *1–3, (E.D. Okla. Aug. 7, 2017). Mr. Womble raised three separate
Eighth Amendment claims. The first was for inadequate nutrition, the second was for
failure to screen inmates for mental illness, and the third was for inadequately
maintaining bathroom and shower facilities and resulting unhygienic conditions.
Supp. R. 17, 20–23. The district court dismissed both the official capacity and
individual capacity claims against these defendants for failure to state a claim.
Womble, 2017 WL 3392352, at *2–3. Mr. Womble filed a timely, pro se appeal.1
Mr. Womble’s pro se brief argued that the district court should not have denied his
motion for default judgment, that the district court should not have dismissed his
claims for failure to state a claim, and that he had stated a Fourteenth Amendment
violation claim.2 Pro bono counsel was later appointed to argue “whether Mr.
Womble’s allegations of food rationing and the weight loss it caused state a prima
facie case for an Eighth Amendment violation.”3 Order, Womble v. Chrisman, No.
17-7056 (10th Cir. Sept. 26, 2018) (ECF No. 10592637). Exercising jurisdiction
1
Although the district court received his notice of appeal after the deadline for such
notice had expired, Mr. Womble properly relies on the mailbox rule pursuant to Fed.
R. App. P. 4(c). In reaching this conclusion, we will grant Mr. Womble’s request to
supplement his October 17, 2017, response with a Rule 4(c)(1)(A)(i) declaration.
2
We do not reach the Fourteenth Amendment claim because Mr. Womble did not
raise it below. See Supp. R. 17.
3
We nevertheless reach all the claims that Mr. Womble raised below because his
opening brief preserved them. This court asked appointed counsel to argue the food
deprivation claim only, and appointed counsel’s compliance with that request should
not act as a forfeiture or waiver of Mr. Womble’s other appellate claims. Concluding
otherwise would deny Mr. Womble his right to appeal through no fault of his own.
2
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm in part and reverse in part because the district
court should not have dismissed Mr. Womble’s food deprivation and failure to
maintain sanitary facilities claims, but it properly dismissed his inadequate inmate
screening claim.
Background
Mr. Womble filed his first complaint in September 2014, see 1 Rawle 7, and his
first amended complaint in November 2015. See Supp. R. 16. The first amended
complaint alleged the following facts related to the food deprivation claim.4
Beginning in May 2014, Messrs. Chrisman and Sharp ordered that food be rationed in
response to a growing population of inmates. Id. at 17, 20–21. Mr. Womble was
served very small portions, and “spoiled meat, fruit and milk . . . on a regular basis”
resulting in stomach pain, digestive damage, vomiting, and weight loss. Id. at 20–21.
He lost 21 pounds between May 2014 and September 2015. Id. at 21. At some point,
Mr. Womble informed Mr. Chrisman, Mr. Sharp, and Donna Vitoski (the food
service manager at MACC) of these problems but was told that they did not have the
budget to fix the problems. Id. According to Mr. Womble, Mr. Sharp said in June
2014, “[W]e will do nothing about the overcrowding, and you should be grateful you
even get food.” Id.
4
We introduce the facts relevant to the inadequate inmate screening and facility
maintenance claims when we analyze them.
3
Based on the allegations in the first amended complaint, the district court
dismissed Mr. Womble’s individual capacity claims because it concluded that Mr.
Womble had not alleged facts to establish that “[Mr.] Sharp and [Mr.] Chrisman were
‘deliberately indifferent’ to plaintiff’s personal safety.” Womble, 2017 WL 3392352,
at *3. Next, even though Mr. Womble’s claims were not generalized overcrowding
claims, the district court appeared to frame his complaint as one of overcrowding and
determined that Mr. Womble had failed to allege facts showing that Mr. Chrisman
and Mr. Sharp were responsible for the overcrowding. Id. In reaching this
determination, the district court did not consider Mr. Womble’s allegation that Mr.
Sharp and Mr. Chrisman had ordered food rationing because it deemed the allegation
conclusory. Id.
Discussion
We review a district court’s dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo and apply
the same standards as the district court. Ledbetter v. City of Topeka, 318 F.3d 1183,
1187 (10th Cir. 2003). We therefore accept all well-pled facts as true and view them
in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009). Nevertheless, we need not accept as true the complaint’s legal conclusions.
Id. The plaintiff must state “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on
its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is
plausible if the facts alleged support a reasonable inference that the defendant is
liable. Mayfield v. Bethards, 826 F.3d 1252, 1255 (10th Cir. 2016).
4
Additionally, when a plaintiff appears pro se, the court liberally construes the
complaint. Kay v. Bemis, 500 F.3d 1214, 1218 (10th Cir. 2007). Thus, “[d]ismissal
of a pro se complaint for failure to state a claim is proper only where it is obvious
that the plaintiff cannot prevail on the facts he has alleged and it would be futile to
give him an opportunity to amend.” Curley v. Perry, 246 F.3d 1278, 1281 (10th Cir.
2001) (quoting Perkins v. Kan. Dep’t of Corrs., 165 F.3d 803, 806 (10th Cir. 1999)).
Applying these standards, we conclude that the first amended complaint’s allegations
are sufficient to state a plausible food deprivation claim under the Eighth
Amendment.5
To establish a prima facie § 1983 case against a supervisor, such as a warden,
a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to show that the defendants participated in the
violation. Keith v. Koerner, 843 F.3d 833, 838 (10th Cir. 2016). Thus, a prison
official cannot be held liable solely based upon his supervisory position. Grimsley v.
MacKay, 93 F.3d 676, 679 (10th Cir. 1996). But a supervisor may be liable where
“an affirmative link exists between the constitutional deprivation and either the
supervisor’s personal participation, his exercise of control or direction, or his failure
to supervise.” Fogarty v. Gallegos, 523 F.3d 1147, 1162 (10th Cir. 2008) (quotation
omitted) (quoting Butler v. City of Norman, 992 F.2d 1053, 1055 (10th Cir. 1993)).
5
Because we resolve this case in Mr. Womble’s favor by looking only to the first
amended complaint, we do not reach his argument that the district court abused its
discretion in denying his attempt to supplement his pleading. See Aplt. Br. at 38–43.
5
A. Inadequate Nutrition Claim
Prisons must provide inmates with “nutritionally adequate food that is
prepared and served under conditions which do not present an immediate danger to
the health and well-being of the inmates who consume it.” Ramos v. Lamm, 639
F.2d 559, 570–71 (10th Cir. 1980). “A substantial deprivation of food may be
sufficiently serious to state a conditions of confinement claim under the Eighth
Amendment.” Trujillo v. Williams, 465 F.3d 1210, 1227 (10th Cir. 2006) (quoting
Thompson v. Gibson, 289 F.3d 1218, 1222 (10th Cir. 2002)). To state such a claim,
an inmate must allege both an objective and subjective element. The objective
element requires that the inmate allege a “sufficiently serious” deprivation that
denied the inmate “the minimal civilized measures of life’s necessities.” Strope v.
Sebelius, 189 F. App’x 763, 766 (10th Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (quoting Barney v.
Pulsipher, 143 F.3d 1299, 1310 (10th Cir. 1998)). Next, the subjective element
requires showing the prison official knew of and disregarded “an excessive risk to
inmate health and safety.” Barney, 143 F.3d at 1310 (quoting Farmer v. Brennan,
511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994)).
Though we express no opinion on the merits, Mr. Womble has alleged facts
sufficient to satisfy the personal participation, objective, and subjective requirements
at this stage. Beginning with the personal participation requirement, Mr. Womble’s
first amended complaint alleged an affirmative link between the substandard portions
and unfit food and the defendants. The complaint alleges that Ms. Vitoski was
ordered to ration food by Mr. Sharp and Mr. Chrisman starting in May 2014 and that
6
Mr. Chrisman ordered Ms. Vitoski to divert funds from food to security. Supp. R.
21. Moreover, Mr. Womble complained to these three, yet they declined to take any
action. Id. Taken as true, these facts are enough to show an affirmative link between
the Defendants’ personal participation and the food rationing. See Fogarty, 523 F.3d
at 1162.
Whether Mr. Womble pled sufficient facts that Mr. Chrisman and Mr. Sharp
personally participated in Mr. Womble receiving food unfit for human consumption
is a closer question, but we conclude that their participation is plausible given the
mandated liberal construction of the pro se complaint. Mr. Womble alleged that he
informed Mr. Chrisman, Mr. Sharp, and Ms. Vitoski that “he was getting sick from
the food because of the rationed food portions, the spoiled nature of the food and the
infestation of cockroaches in the kitchen.” Supp. R. 21. They responded that they
did “not have the budget to fix these problems.” Id. At that point, it is plausible that
Mr. Chrisman and Mr. Sharp were on notice and declined to exercise control over the
food service to correct the alleged problems.
Mr. Womble’s first amended complaint also pled enough facts to satisfy the
sufficiently serious deprivation requirement. Again, Mr. Womble alleged that he was
continually served inadequate amounts of food, that he was served spoiled food on a
regular basis, and that he became ill and lost 21 pounds between May 2014 and
September 2015. Id. at 20–21. Although no published Tenth Circuit cases address
with specificity what constitutes a substantial deprivation of food, other circuits have
provided a rubric. See, e.g., Talib v. Gilley, 138 F.3d 211, 214 n.3 (5th Cir. 1998)
7
(court looks at the amount and duration of a deprivation). Accepting Mr. Womble’s
allegations as true and viewing them in the light most favorable to him, we conclude
that Mr. Womble has alleged a sufficiently serious deprivation to survive a motion to
dismiss because the rationing lasted more than 16 months, he lost 21 pounds, and he
suffered from stomach pain, digestive damage, and vomiting. These allegations are
analogous to those in Strope, 189 F. App’x at 766 (alleging spoiled food served
“routinely” that caused stomach pain on at least one occasion).
Defendants argue that Mr. Womble’s allegations are insufficient to show “any
inherent or particular danger to Womble’s health or safety.” Aplee. Br. at 13. They
note that Mr. Womble’s alleged weight loss occurred over many months and only
represents 1.3 pounds lost per month. Id. at 14. Further, they note that Mr. Womble
provided no indication of how frequently “nutritionally inadequate” meals were
served and cite cases holding that isolated instances of poor-quality food cannot
support a conditions of confinement claim. Id. at 13–14 & n.4. We are not
persuaded. Mr. Womble alleged more than isolated incidents; rather, he alleged a
pattern occurring on a regular basis over many months. As for the argument his
weight loss was minor given his starting weight, such a question is better left for later
stages of litigation.
Turning to the subjective element, the district court determined that “[n]one of
the facts alleged by plaintiff establishes that Defendants Sharp and Chrisman were
‘deliberately indifferent’ to plaintiff’s personal safety.” Womble, 2017 WL 3392352,
at *3. We disagree. Mr. Womble alleged facts that, if true, show that Mr. Sharp and
8
Mr. Chrisman knew “of and disregard[ed] an excessive risk to inmate health and
safety.” See Barney, 143 F.3d at 1310 (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837). Whether
the official had the requisite knowledge may be proved by circumstantial evidence.
Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. Thus, Mr. Womble only needs to “allege facts supporting
an inference that Defendants knew about and disregarded a substantial risk of harm to
his health or safety” to satisfy the subjective prong. Oxendine v. Kaplan, 241 F.3d
1272, 1277 (10th Cir. 2001) (quotation omitted); see id. at 1278–79. As noted above,
Mr. Womble alleged that he informed Mr. Chrisman and Mr. Sharp of the serious
problems, yet they responded that they did not have the budget to fix them.
Moreover, Mr. Sharp dismissed Mr. Womble’s concerns on a different occasion,
allegedly telling Mr. Womble he should be grateful to even get food. Supp. R. 21.
These allegations, viewed in the light most favorable to Mr. Womble, are sufficient
to support the inference that Mr. Chrisman and Mr. Sharp knew of the risks posed by
the rationing. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842 (“[A] factfinder may conclude that a
prison official knew of a substantial risk from the very fact that the risk was
obvious.”).
B. Inadequate Screening Claim
Mr. Womble also alleged that Mr. Chrisman and Mr. Sharp were responsible
for screening new arrivals at the MACC but failed to screen inmates before sending
them to Womble’s housing unit. Supp. R. 22. Mr. Womble alleges that he was
housed with mentally and physically ill inmates as a result and that those inmates
exposed him to communicable diseases, which caused him to experience nausea,
9
fatigue, and frequent bowel movements. Id. at 21–22. The district court properly
dismissed this claim because Mr. Womble alleged nothing more than supervisory
liability and has not alleged an affirmative link between Messrs. Chrisman and Sharp
and his injuries from the failure to screen.
C. Inadequate Maintenance of Showers and Bathrooms Claim
Mr. Womble’s amended complaint alleges his housing unit had too few
showers and toilets for the inmate population. Specifically, he says there were 11
working showers for 132 inmates, and Mr. Chrisman and Mr. Sharp refused to order
nonfunctioning showers to be fixed. Id. at 22–23. Mr. Womble claims that he fell
and injured his head, and developed an ear infection when one of the showers
flooded. Id. at 22. Mr. Womble also alleges that there was often only one
functioning bathroom available for 32 inmates in one portion of the dormitory in part
because inmates were housed in cells once set aside as bathrooms. Id. at 23.
According to Mr. Womble, the inadequate facilities required him to hold bowel
movements, exposed him to feces on two occasions,6 caused him to soil himself, and
resulted in damage to his digestive system. Id. Mr. Womble alleges he raised the
issue with Mr. Chrisman and Mr. Sharp, but they ignored his complaint, stating:
6
In his pro se appellate brief, Mr. Womble only challenges the inadequate bathroom
facilities, explaining that the toilets often overflowed exposing inmates to water,
urine, and fecal material. Aplt. Pro Se Br. at 7, 10; see also Reynolds v. Powell, 370
F.3d 1028, 1031–32 (10th Cir. 2004) (standing water in shower area did not pose a
substantial risk of serious harm even when plaintiff was on crutches).
10
“[N]othing can be done. This is a permanent situation, you’ll just have to do your
time.” Id.
The Eighth Amendment requires states to provide inmates reasonably adequate
sanitation and utilities such that an inmate’s mental and physical wellbeing is not
threatened. Ramos, 639 F.2d at 568. Mr. Womble’s allegations that he had to hold
bowel movements and that he was exposed to feces are enough at this stage to show a
sufficiently serious threat to his physical and mental wellbeing. See DeSpain v.
Uphoff, 264 F.3d 965, 974–75 (10th Cir. 2001). And, as with the inadequate
nutrition claims, Mr. Womble has alleged that he informed both Mr. Chrisman and
Mr. Sharp of the issue with the bathroom, yet he alleged that they dismissed his
request. These allegations, viewed in the light most favorable to Mr. Womble, are
sufficient to support the inference that Mr. Chrisman and Mr. Sharp knew of but
disregarded the risks posed by the bathrooms. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842.
Therefore, the district court should not have dismissed this claim under Rule
12(b)(6).
D. Denial of Default Judgment
Last, Mr. Womble argues that the district court improperly denied his motion
for default judgment. The district court denied the motion because it concluded that
Mr. Chrisman and Mr. Sharp were not served properly. 2 Rawle 25–26. On appeal, Mr.
Womble asserts that the two were properly served without citing the record or any
authority other than Fed. R. Civ. P. 5 (without explaining how he satisfied Rule 5’s
requirements). Aplt. Pro Se Br. at 4. We therefore affirm the district court’s denial
11
of Mr. Womble’s motion for default judgment. See Rios v. Ziglar, 398 F.3d 1201,
1206 n.3 (10th Cir. 2005) (“To make a sufficient argument on appeal, a party must
advance a reasoned argument concerning each ground of the appeal, and it must
support its argument with legal authority.” (citation omitted)); Gross v. Burgraff
Const. Co., 53 F.3d 1531, 1546 (10th Cir. 1995).
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED. We GRANT Mr.
Womble’s request to supplement his October 17, 2017, response with a Rule
4(c)(1)(A)(i) declaration.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
12