United States v. Armijo ( 2000 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
DEC 4 2000
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 99-2332
v.
(D.C. No. CR-99-237-2-LH)
(District of New Mexico)
JUDY LORRAINE ARMIJO,
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before EBEL, PORFILIO and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
This is a direct appeal from Judy Lorraine Armijo’s jury conviction of
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute more than 50 kg of marijuana
under 21 U.S.C. § 846 and 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) and aiding and
abetting and possession with intent to distribute more than 50 kg of marijuana
under 18 U.S.C. § 2 and 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C). We inquire into the
sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the jury’s verdict. Exercising jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm Armijo’s convictions.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
In November 1998, Judy Armijo and her husband were apprehended at a
checkpoint on Interstate 25 near Las Cruces, New Mexico, in a pickup truck with
a concealed compartment containing more than 92 kgs of marijuana. Before the
marijuana was discovered in the truck at the I-25 checkpoint, Armijo and her
husband were stopped at another border checkpoint. There she indicated her lack
of familiarity with the area and asked directions to I-25. Nonetheless, after
leaving the first border checkpoint, the couple ignored the directions they were
given and instead took an unmarked shortcut to I-25.
At the first checkpoint, Armijo indicated that she was the owner of the
truck in which the drugs were later found and that she had been asked by her
daughter and her daughter’s boyfriend to pick up the truck in Ciudad Juarez,
Mexico. In speaking with law enforcement agents at the time of their
apprehension at the second checkpoint, Armijo and her husband told conflicting
stories about how they obtained the truck. First, the couple claimed to have
purchased the truck from someone named Jamie. Then, they claimed to have
obtained the vehicle from someone named Chapo and denied their first story.
During their contacts with law enforcement agents at the time of their
apprehension, Armijo seemed to be directing her husband’s actions, nodding to
him to allow agents to do a sniff-search of the truck and prompting him with
details of the story they proffered to border patrol agents. Although Armijo and
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her husband faced identical charges, Armijo was convicted by the jury while her
husband was acquitted.
The instant challenge presents appellant “with a high hurdle: [I]n
reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a jury verdict, this [C]ourt
must review the record de novo and ask only whether, taking the evidence—both
direct and circumstantial, together with the reasonable inferences to be drawn
therefrom—in the light most favorable to the government, a reasonable jury could
find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Voss , 82
F.3d 1521, 1524-25 (10th Cir. 1996) (internal quotations omitted). 1
Armijo
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence against her on several grounds. Citing
United States v. Mills , 29 F.3d 545 (10th Cir. 1994), she argues that she did not
have exclusive possession of the pickup truck in which the drugs were found, and
therefore “no inference of constructive possession of the marijuana could be
drawn.” (Appellant’s Br. at 10.) “In cases of joint occupancy, where the
government seeks to prove constructive possession by circumstantial evidence, it
must present evidence to show some connection or nexus between the defendant
and the . . . contraband.” Mills , 29 F.3d at 549-50 (citing United States v.
Sullivan , 919 F.2d 1403, 1431 (10th Cir. 1990)). “A conviction based upon
1
We note that Armijo does not challenge on appeal the existence of
probable cause for searching her vehicle or the disparate sentence she received in
relation to her co-defendant husband.
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constructive possession will be upheld ‘only when there [is] some evidence
supporting at least a plausible inference that the defendant had knowledge of and
access to the . . . contraband.’” Id. at 550 (quoting United States v. Mergerson , 4
F.3d 337, 349 (5th Cir. 1993)).
In Mills , there was no evidence that the defendant ever exercised dominion
or control over the handguns at issue in that case. See id. Rather, the only
evidence in the case indicated that someone else placed the guns in Mills’s
residence without his knowledge. See id. By contrast, in the present case, there
is stronger evidence that Armijo had knowledge of the marijuana hidden in the
truck and that she was in control of the vehicle. With regard to her knowledge
and her control over the vehicle, the jury heard evidence that Armijo told police
conflicting stories about obtaining the pickup truck. Nonetheless, both stories
indicated that it was she who had obtained the truck, and law enforcement
agents’ testimony indicated that she attempted to control her husband’s actions
and statements to police at the time of their apprehension. That evidence gave
rise to an inference Armijo had both knowledge of the contents of the truck and
control over the vehicle. That evidence further supported the government’s
contention in the district court below that Armijo was attempting to conceal the
marijuana in the truck.
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Moreover, the sheer quantity of marijuana found in the truck strongly
supports Armijo’s conviction for possession with intent to distribute because “it
is unlikely that the owner of the truck, or anyone else, would have left such a
valuable substance in the truck.” United States v. Hooks , 780 F.2d 1526, 1532
(10th Cir. 1986). “ [T]he large quantity of [drugs] contained in the truck is
clearly sufficient to support a judgment that [the] appellant intended to distribute
[them].” Id. This evidence supports “at least a plausible inference that the
defendant had knowledge of and access to the . . . contraband.” United States v.
Taylor , 113 F.3d 1136, 1145 (10th Cir. 1997) (internal quotations omitted). We
recognize that “the evidence supporting the conviction must be substantial; that
is, it must do more than raise a mere suspicion of guilt.” United States v.
Troutman , 814 F.2d 1428, 1455 (10th Cir. 1987) (internal quotations omitted).
Here, there is far more than a mere suspicion. We likewise reject appellant’s
contention that the foregoing evidence leading to her conviction consists of
nothing more than piling inference on inference. See United States v. Lazcano-
Villalobos , 175 F.3d 838, 843 (10th Cir. 1999). Given the presence of the
marijuana in the pickup truck, the conflicting stories told by Armijo about how
she obtained the truck, her efforts to control her husband’s story, and the other
circumstantial evidence presented to the district court, the peculiar facts of this
case certainly would allow a reasonable jury to reach a guilty verdict, see, e.g. ,
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United States v. Francisco-Lopez , 939 F.2d 1405, 1408 (10th Cir. 1991), and this
is not a proper case in which to second-guess the jury’s determination.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED .
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Carlos F. Lucero
Circuit Judge
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