Clark v. Oakley , 560 F. App'x 804 ( 2014 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT April 1, 2014
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
HERMAN TRACY CLARK,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 13-6205
(D.C. No. 5:11-CV-00946-C)
MICHAEL OAKLEY; OKLAHOMA (W.D. Okla.)
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
Defendants - Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before GORSUCH, McKAY, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
Mr. Clark is a state prisoner proceeding pro se. In a previous case, he brought
civil rights claims against Leon Wilson, an official who froze his prison trust account
in response to a garnishment summons. Although the district court denied
Mr. Wilson qualified immunity, we reversed. Clark v. Wilson, 625 F.3d 686, 692
(10th Cir. 2010) (Clark I). We held that Mr. Wilson was entitled to qualified
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
immunity because at the time Mr. Wilson acted, Mr. Clark did not have a clearly
established procedural due process right to a hearing before his prison account was
frozen. Id. at 691-92.
After his loss in Clark I, Mr. Clark sued the Oklahoma Department of
Corrections (ODOC) and its General Counsel Michael Oakley. These defendants, he
contended, had deprived him of his right of access to the courts by providing a
deficient law library. Mr. Clark argued that if the law library at the prison had been
constitutionally adequate, he could have found case law to persuade this court in
Clark I to affirm the denial of qualified immunity to Mr. Wilson rather than reversing
it.
The district court dismissed the complaint against Mr. Oakley and ODOC,
reasoning that Mr. Clark could not have won Clark I even with a better-provisioned
library. We agree, and therefore affirm the dismissal.
BACKGROUND
The parties are familiar with the facts underlying Clark I, so we will not
belabor them here. In his amended complaint in this case, Mr. Clark alleged that
Mr. Oakley made a deliberate decision not to include federal case law from circuits
other than the Tenth Circuit as part of the prison’s Legal Resource Center. This
resulted in “a law library that was sub par.” R. at 18. Lack of access to case law
from other circuits allegedly caused Mr. Clark actual injury, because it prevented him
from citing cases from those other circuits to bolster his arguments in Clark I.
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Mr. Clark asserts that case law from those circuits would have shown that actions by
Mr. Wilson, the defendant in the previous case, violated clearly established law.
To avoid losing in Clark I, Mr. Clark needed to show that at the time
Mr. Wilson froze his prison account, it was clearly established that inmates had a
protected property interest in funds that remained in their accounts after all
mandatory deductions, that could give rise to a procedural due process right to a
hearing before Mr. Wilson froze his account. If not, Mr. Wilson would be entitled to
qualified immunity for his actions. See Clark I, 625 F.3d at 690 (“The determinative
legal issue in this appeal is whether Clark had a clearly established right in 2007 to a
predeprivation hearing before Wilson froze his prison trust account.”).
How could Mr. Clark make this necessary showing? As we explained in
Clark I, “[o]rdinarily, in order for the law to be clearly established, there must be a
Supreme Court or Tenth Circuit decision on point, or the clearly established weight
of authority from other courts must have found the law to be as the plaintiff
maintains.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In Clark I, the district court ruled
in favor of Mr. Clark, denying qualified immunity to Mr. Wilson, because it believed
it had found just such a Tenth Circuit decision on point: Gillihan v. Shillinger,
872 F.2d 935 (10th Cir. 1989). See Clark I, 625 F.3d at 688-89.
In Gillihan, we held that, given the mandatory language in Wyoming’s
statutory scheme governing prison accounts, the inmate had a protected property
interest in the funds in his account. Gillihan, 872 F.2d at 939. Between the time
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Gillihan was decided and the time Mr. Wilson froze Mr. Clark’s account, however,
the Supreme Court decided Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472 (1995). In Sandin, the
Court “shift[ed] the focus of the inquiry [applicable to prisoner due process claims]
from the language of the regulation to whether the punishment ‘imposes atypical and
significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison
life.’” Clark I, 625 F.3d at 691 (quoting Sandin, 515 U.S. at 484). Given this
change, and our prior application of Sandin to property-based claims, we concluded
in Clark I that “Gillihan’s holding that prisoners have a protected property interest in
the funds in their prison trusts account is no longer good law and, hence, not ‘clearly
established’ in this circuit.” Id.Most significantly, we further concluded in Clark I that, in light of Sandin, at
the time Mr. Wilson acted, there was also no clearly established law from the
Supreme Court, this court, or other circuits that would have informed Mr. Wilson of
the wrongfulness of his actions:
[W]e cannot find Clark had a protected property interest in the frozen
funds without first applying the Sandin test to his claim. But we have
never before addressed the question of whether freezing a prison
account in response to a garnishment summons imposes an atypical and
significant hardship on an inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of
prison life. Neither did any Supreme Court decision on point or clearly
established authority from other circuits exist at the time of Wilson’s
actions.
Clark I, 625 F.3d at 691 (emphasis added).
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In light of this lack of clearly established law, we reversed the district court’s
denial of qualified immunity. Id. at 691-92. Mr. Clark now claims this loss on
appeal in Clark I as the “actual injury” that supports his denial-of-access claim.
ANALYSIS
1. Access-to-Courts Claim
“It is now established beyond doubt that prisoners have a constitutional right
of access to the courts.” Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 821 (1977). To demonstrate
standing to proceed in federal court, an inmate who asserts a deprivation of his right
of access to the courts must show the alleged deprivation resulted in an actual injury
to his ability to pursue litigation. Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 349 (1996). “[A]n
inmate cannot establish relevant actual injury simply by establishing that his prison’s
law library . . . is subpar in some theoretical sense.” Id. at 351. Rather, “the inmate
must . . . go one step further and demonstrate that the alleged shortcomings in the
library . . . hindered his efforts to pursue a legal claim.” Id.Mr. Clark lost in Clark I because we decided against him on the merits of the
qualified immunity issue. Mr. Clark argues that even though he lost Clark I on the
merits, he can still show actual injury because his underlying claim was nonfrivolous.
See Lewis, 518 U.S. at 353 & n.3 (limiting definition of actual injury to
“nonfrivolous” claims).
We discussed the necessary showing on the merits in Simkins v. Bruce,
406 F.3d 1239 (10th Cir. 2005). There, we held that an inmate need not “prove a
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case within a case to show that the claim hindered or impeded by the defendant
necessarily would have prevailed.” Id. at 1244. But we also recognized that the
alleged hindrance must bear a causal connection to the alleged injury. We explained:
Where, for example, the underlying case was adversely decided on the
basis of a deficiency logically and practically unrelated to the
impediment created by the right-of-access defendants, courts have held
that the plaintiff has suffered no actual injury associated with their
constitutional misconduct. See, e.g., Deleon v. Doe, 361 F.3d 93, 94
(2d Cir. 2004) (holding plaintiff had not shown actual injury resulting
from delay caused by interference with mail where prior case was not
dismissed for his untimely submission of materials but on the merits
after consideration of those materials).
Id.Although the lack of a causal connection between the alleged hindrance and
the alleged injury is not as clear here as it was in Deleon, the critical causal element
is nevertheless absent here. This prevents Mr. Clark from demonstrating the
necessary logical and practical relationship between the alleged hindrance and his
injury. Simply put, Mr. Clark has failed to show that he lost in Clark I because of his
inability to present authority from other circuits. He fails to show that access to law
from other circuits would have made any difference.
The Clark I panel specifically determined that a post-Sandin right to
procedural due process in connection with the freezing of inmate accounts was not
established in other circuits at the time Mr. Wilson froze the account. Clark I,
625 F.3d at 691. Thus, the Clark I panel already examined the state of the law in
other circuits and decided against Mr. Clark the very legal argument he alleges he
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would have made had defendants provided him with a better library. We need not
decide to what extent Mr. Clark is permitted to collaterally attack the prior panel’s
finding. The fact is, the authorities he has presented entirely fail to demonstrate any
error in the prior panel’s decision.
Mr. Clark’s complaint alleges that “[t]he Third and Eighth Circuits have made
post-Sandin decisions to inmate’s property interest before 2007, making clearly
established law . . . [that] inmates have a property interest in funds held in prison
accounts.” (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). R. at 22, ¶ 37 (citing
Higgins v. Beyer, 293 F.3d 683, 693 (3d Cir. 2002); Reynolds v. Wagner, 128 F.3d
166, 179 (3d Cir. 1997); Mahers v. Halford, 76 F.3d 951, 954 (8th Cir. 1996)).1
Even assuming that authorities from two other circuits could have clearly established
the unlawfulness of Mr. Wilson’s conduct, the district court concluded that they did
not call into question the Clark I panel’s Sandin-based holding, because “[a]lthough
these cases were decided after Sandin, none of them applied Sandin’s test to
the freezing of a prison trust account.” See R. at 53-54. We agree.2 Therefore,
1
It may be that inmates do have a property interest in their prison accounts, but
strictly speaking that is an issue that is not before us in this appeal. In Clark I, we
acknowledged that at least one post-2007 case recognized an inmate’s protected
property interest in his prison account. Clark I, 625 F.3d at 691 n.4 (citing Burns v.
PA Dep’t of Corr., 544 F.3d 279, 285-91 (3d Cir. 2008)). But because that case came
after the relevant conduct in Clark I, it was not relevant to the clearly established law
inquiry.
2
Mr. Clark argues that the district court “missed [his] point,” Aplt. Br. at 13,
because what he was really trying to say is that with an adequate law library, he
could have located and cited the Second Circuit case of Tellier v. Fields, 280 F.3d 69(continued)
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Mr. Clark’s complaint fails to allege the necessary causal connection between the
defendants’ conduct and his actual injury, and the district court properly dismissed it.
2. Other Appellate Issues
In light of the above, Mr. Clark’s other appellate issues fail as well. He argues
that the district court applied an improper standard in dismissing his complaint for
failure to state a claim, but for the reasons we have stated, it is clear that his
complaint was properly dismissed under the appropriate standards. He argues that
the district court improperly accepted facts contained in a Martinez report over
conflicting evidence he proffered, but he fails to point to any contested facts that
undermine the district court’s basis for dismissing his complaint. He contends that
the Eleventh Amendment does not bar claims for prospective relief against state
employees sued in their official capacities, but he fails to show that he had any valid
claims for prospective relief to assert against those employees. He argues that he has
(2d Cir. 2000). According to Mr. Clark, Tellier would have permitted him to argue
“that if statutes and prison regulations place any limits on official discretion in
placing prisoners in those condition [sic], there is a state-created liberty interest, even
if those statutes and regulations would not have created a liberty interest under the
pre-Sandin analysis.” Aplt. Br. at 13. He also argues that Tellier would have
permitted him to argue that Gillihan and authority from other circuits
“foreshadowed” the existence of a post-Sandin property right. See Reply Br. at 2.
These arguments differ considerably from the argument Mr. Clark made to the
district court. We generally do not address arguments raised for the first time on
appeal. See, e.g., Marcus Food Co. v. DiPanfilo, 671 F.3d 1159, 1169 (10th Cir.
2011) (“This court will not consider arguments presented for the first time on appeal
absent extraordinary circumstances.”). Moreover, Mr. Clark fails to show that even
with Tellier in hand, he would have had any effective challenge to the Clark I panel’s
ruling on the “clearly established law” issue under Sandin.
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shown that Mr. Oakley personally participated in the violations of his constitutional
rights, but he fails to demonstrate any constitutional violations in which Mr. Oakley
participated. He contends that he should have been granted leave to amend his
complaint to add an additional defendant, but for the reasons we have cited, he fails
to show that he had a valid access-to-courts claim against that prospective defendant.
Finally, he fails to show that the district court abused its discretion in denying his
motion for appointment of counsel.
CONCLUSION
The judgment of the district court is therefore affirmed. Mr. Clark’s motion to
proceed in forma pauperis is granted. We remind him that he remains obligated to
continue making partial payments toward the filing fee until it is paid in full.
Entered for the Court
Monroe G. McKay
Circuit Judge
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