United States v. McCloud , 370 F. App'x 963 ( 2010 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS April 2, 2010
TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
__________________________ Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 09-3295
v. (D.Ct. No. 2:96-CR-20031-CM-1)
(D. Kan.)
IKE MCCLOUD, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BARRETT, ANDERSON, and BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination
of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Defendant-Appellant Ike McCloud, Jr., a federal inmate appearing through
counsel, appeals the district court’s denial of his motion brought pursuant to 18
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) for the purpose of preserving for future appeal a reduction of
his sentence below the United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines” or
“U.S.S.G.”) range pursuant to United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). We
exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
In 1996, a jury convicted Mr. McCloud on two counts of distribution of
cocaine base (crack cocaine), and the district court sentenced him to 360 months
on each count, to run concurrently, which was at the low end of the Guidelines
range of 360 months to life imprisonment. See United States v. McCloud, 127
F.3d 1284, 1286, 1290 (10th Cir. 1997). In 1997, this court affirmed his
convictions and sentences. Id. at 1292. Thereafter, Mr. McCloud unsuccessfully
filed a motion, under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, to vacate or correct his sentence on
grounds a jury, rather than the district court, should have determined the drug
quantity attributed to him, which the district court denied and this court affirmed.
See United States v. McCloud, 48 F.App’x 318, 318-19 (10th Cir. Oct. 16, 2002)
(unpublished op.).
In November 2008, Mr. McCloud filed a pro se motion, and later his
counsel filed a motion, under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) to reduce his sentence based
on Amendment 706, which modified the Drug Quantity Table in U.S.S.G.
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§ 2D1.1(c) downward two levels for crack cocaine offenses, effective November
1, 2007, and retroactive as of March 3, 2008. 1 He argued that his sentencing
range of 360 months to life imprisonment should be reduced two levels under
Amendment 706, to a range of 292 to 365 months in prison, and that his sentence
should be further reduced under Booker, based on the Supreme Court’s
determination the Guidelines are merely advisory, for a resulting sentence at the
statutory minimum of 240 months imprisonment. As part of his Booker argument,
he contended that precluding any further reduction of his sentence under U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.10, which mandates sentence reductions only by amendment to the
Guidelines, would violate his Sixth Amendment rights and the separation of
powers doctrine. Thereafter, this court issued decisions in United States v.
Rhodes, 549 F.3d 833, 839-40 (10th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2052(2009); and United States v. Pedraza, 550 F.3d 1218, 1220-22 (10th Cir. 2008),
cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2406 (2009), holding § 1B1.10 limits the courts from
imposing below-Guidelines sentences in conjunction with § 3582 and is
unaffected by the decision in Booker. Following those decisions, Mr. McCloud
conceded that if the provisions of § 1B1.10 are mandatory, then his request for a
below-Guidelines sentence should be denied, but he preserved the issue for appeal
and again asked for relief of at least a two-level reduction under Amendment 706
1
See U.S.S.G. Supp. to App. C, Amend. 706 (Reason for Amend.);
Amends. 712 and 713 (Mar. 3, 2008 Supp.); U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(2).
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for a sentence of 292 months imprisonment, at the low end of the Guidelines
range. He also admitted he committed a number of post-sentencing infractions,
but argued they mainly constituted minor infractions which should not affect his
request for a two-level sentence reduction.
While the district court determined it had discretion to reduce Mr.
McCloud’s sentence by two offense levels under Amendment 706 and that he
qualified for such a reduction, it denied his request based on his post-sentencing
conduct while in custody, stating it had a responsibility to consider the § 3553(a)
factors, including “the nature and seriousness of the danger to any person or the
community that may be posed by a reduction in the defendant’s term of
imprisonment.” R., Vol. 2 at 20-21. Under this factor, it determined his prior
conduct warranted a denial based on his committing at least thirty-three
disciplinary infractions on different dates, including six infractions for intoxicants
and/or drugs or drug items; three instances of possession of dangerous weapons;
four occasions of engaging in violent acts such as assault and fighting; and one
instance of threat of bodily harm. As part of its order, it also recognized Mr.
McCloud’s concession regarding our holding that § 1B1.10 and Booker did not
allow below-Guidelines sentencing in § 3582 proceedings.
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II. Discussion
Mr. McCloud now appeals the district court’s denial of his 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(2) motion, claiming district courts should have discretion to consider
below-Guidelines sentences in § 3582 proceedings under Booker. In making this
argument, he concedes this court has held U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 does not allow a
below-Guidelines sentence in § 3582 proceedings and we are bound by such
precedent. However, he notes the Supreme Court recently granted review of this
issue in Dillon v. United States, 130 S. Ct. 797 (Dec. 7, 2009), on appeal from the
Third Circuit, and he wishes to preserve the issue as he did before the district
court. In making his argument, Mr. McCloud is claiming the Sentencing
Commission policy statement in § 1B1.10 cannot limit the district court’s
jurisdiction and that the principles announced in Booker should apply once a
court’s jurisdiction is invoked under § 3582(c). The government opposes Mr.
McCloud’s appeal, pointing out the district court did not abuse its discretion in
denying the two-level adjustment based on its determination of the possible
danger Mr. McCloud posed to others, as indicated by his post-sentence conduct,
and in denying a below-Guidelines sentence for lack of jurisdiction based on our
precedent.
In addressing Mr. McCloud’s appeal, “‘[w]e review de novo the district
court’s interpretation of a statute or the sentencing guidelines.’” United States v.
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Brown, 556 F.3d 1108, 1111 (10th Cir.) (quoting United States v. Smartt, 129
F.3d 539, 540 (10th Cir. 1997)), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 219 (2009). “We review
for an abuse of discretion a district court’s decision to deny a reduction in
sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).” Id. (relying on United States v.
Dorrough, 84 F.3d 1309, 1311 (10th Cir. 1996)).
Applying our standard of review, we turn to the relevant part of § 3582, on
which Mr. McCloud brought his motion for a reduction of sentence and the
district court relied in denying his motion. It states:
[I]n the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of
imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently
been lowered by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
[§] 994(o), ... the court may reduce the term of imprisonment, after
considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that
they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent with applicable
policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.
18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) (emphasis added). As previously mentioned, the
Sentencing Commission lowered crack cocaine sentences by promulgating
Amendment 706 to the Guidelines, which is a reduction that may be granted under
§ 3582(c)(2). See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(2) (Nov. 1, 2009). Similarly, § 1B1.10
of the Sentencing Commission’s policy states:
In a case in which a defendant is serving a term of imprisonment, and
the guideline range applicable to that defendant has subsequently
been lowered as a result of an amendment to the Guidelines Manual
listed in subsection (c) below, the court may reduce the defendant’s
term of imprisonment as provided by 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). ...
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[A]ny such reduction in the defendant’s term of imprisonment shall
be consistent with this policy statement.
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(1) (emphasis added). However, it also states that “the court
shall substitute only the amendments listed,” leaving “all other guideline
application decisions unaffected,” § 1B1.10(b)(1), and “the court shall not reduce
the defendant’s term of imprisonment under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) and this
policy statement to a term that is less than the minimum of the amended guideline
range ....” § 1B1.10(b)(2). Subsection (c), as referenced in these provisions,
merely lists the amendments covered, which include Amendment 706. See
§ 1B1.10(c).
In United States v. Price, we held “a district court is authorized to modify a
defendant’s sentence only in specified instances where Congress has expressly
granted the court jurisdiction to do so” and explained that by the very terms of
§ 3582(c)(2) “the court only has authority to modify a sentence when the range
has been lowered by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. [§]
994(o).” 438 F.3d 1005, 1006-07 (10th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). In United States v. Dryden, we rejected an argument similar to
Mr. McCloud’s that the Sentencing Commission’s policy statement in
§ 1B1.10(a)(2) impermissibly limited the district court’s jurisdiction to reduce a
sentence under § 3582(c)(2). See 563 F.3d 1168, 1170 (10th Cir.), cert. denied,
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130 S. Ct. 311 (2009). We held the language in § 3582(c)(2), stating that a court
may reduce the term of imprisonment when “a sentencing range ... has
subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
[§] 994(o),” places a statutory limitation on resentencing and “is identical to the
requirement in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(2) that the amendment to the guidelines
‘have the effect of lowering the defendant’s applicable guideline range.’” Id. at
1170-71 (citation omitted). Finally, in Rhodes, as previously mentioned, we
explained the principles announced in Booker concerning 18 U.S.C. § 3553applied only to original sentences and not to proceedings under § 3582(c)(2), see
549 F.3d at 839-40, and concluded in Pedraza, 550 F.3d at 1220-22, that
§ 1B1.10 limits the courts from imposing below-Guidelines sentences in
conjunction with § 3582. We find the principles in Pedraza, Rhodes, Dryden, and
Price fully dispositive of Mr. McCloud’s arguments and further note “we are
bound by the precedent of prior panels.” See Dryden, 563 F.3d at 1171 n.1
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
In addition, the Supreme Court pointed out in Booker that the Sentencing
Commission “is an independent agency that exercises policymaking authority
delegated to it by Congress” and Congress’s delegation of authority to that
Commission to promulgate Guidelines does not violate the separation of powers
principles or otherwise exceed Congress’s powers. See 543 U.S. at 242-43. After
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severing and excising 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(b)(1) and 3742(e) of the Sentencing
Reform Act of 1984, as amended, the Booker Court determined “[t]he remainder
of the Act satisfies the Court’s constitutional requirements,” which it listed as
being: “(1) constitutionally valid, (2) capable of functioning independently, and
(3) consistent with Congress’ basic objectives in enacting the statute.” Id. at 258-
59 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Of course, the remainder of
the Sentencing Reform Act to which the Booker Court referred includes
§ 3582(c).
Applying these principles to the case presented here, it is clear § 1B1.10
limits a district court’s authority to reduce a sentence under § 3582(c). This
limitation prohibited the district court from reducing Mr. McCloud’s term of
imprisonment below the applicable Guidelines range. In contrast, the district
court had discretion under § 3582(c) to reduce Mr. McCloud’s sentence two
offense levels under Amendment 706, but it declined to do so based on Mr.
McCloud’s multitude of disciplinary infractions, including at least four violent
acts. For these reasons, we conclude Mr. McCloud cannot prevail on his
constitutional and Booker arguments, and the district court did not abuse its
discretion in failing to apply Amendment 706.
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III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order denying
Mr. McCloud’s motion filed pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).
Entered by the Court:
WADE BRORBY
United States Circuit Judge
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