Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance v. Bureau of Land Management , 69 F. App'x 927 ( 2003 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
JUN 27 2003
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
SOUTHERN UTAH WILDERNESS
ALLIANCE and the SIERRA CLUB,
Plaintiffs - Appellees,
v.
THE BUREAU OF LAND
MANAGEMENT,
Defendant - Appellee,
and
SAN JUAN COUNTY, UTAH;
TYLER LEWIS, San Juan County
Commissioner; KANE COUNTY,
UTAH; and GARFIELD COUNTY, No. 01-4173
UTAH, (D.C. No. 96-CV-836C)
(D. Utah)
Defendants - Appellants.
NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE
COUNCIL, NATIONAL PARKS &
CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION,
THE WILDERNESS SOCIETY,
ALASKA CENTER FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT, ALASKA
WILDERNESS LEAGUE,
SOUTHEAST ALASKA
CONSERVATION COUNCIL,
NORTHERN ALASKA
ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER,
Amici Curiae.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA, Chief Judge, HOLLOWAY, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.
Defendants-Appellants, three Utah counties and one of their commissioners
(collectively “the Counties”), seek to appeal the district court’s order upholding a
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) determination against them and the Counties
also seek to strike the BLM’s reply to their appeal as untimely. The district court
decision below upheld the BLM’s denial of all but one of the Counties’ claims to
certain rights-of-way over federal land. We need not reach the merits of the
Counties’ arguments, however, because we find that we lack jurisdiction to hear
this appeal. The district court’s order neither granted injunctive relief nor
damages as requested, and therefore is not a final decision as required for the
exercise of appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, nor is it an appealable
interlocutory decision under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1).
Accordingly, we DISMISS the appeal for lack of jurisdiction and DENY
the Counties’ motion to strike the BLM’s response as moot.
*
This Order and Judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
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BACKGROUND
Because we are dismissing this case for lack of appellate jurisdiction, we
will not extensively discuss the facts relevant to the substantive issues implicated
in this case. We will, however, briefly review the factual basis of the Counties’
claim and the procedural posture of the dispute in order to explain why the district
court’s grant of summary judgment is not appealable at this time.
The three Utah counties in this case attempted to construct roads through
federal wilderness without the permission of the federal government. The
Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance (SUWA) and the Sierra Club filed suit against
the Counties in federal district court to enjoin their actions, and the environmental
organizations added the United States as a party. Proceedings were suspended for
the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to study whether the Counties were
entitled to the land under the right-of-way provision that they asserted. 1 The
BLM ultimately agreed with the environmental organizations that the Counties
did not have valid claims to most of the land.
1
This right-of-way provision was R.S. 2477, which provided that “the
right-of-way for the construction of highways over public lands, not reserved for
public uses, is hereby granted.” R.S. 2477, recodified at 43 U.S.C. § 932 (1938)
(repealed). R.S. 2477 was repealed on October 21, 1976 by the Federal Land
Policy and Management Act (FLPMA), but claims in existence at the time of its
repeal were to be honored thereafter. FLPMA, § 706(a), Pub. L. No. 94-579, 90
Stat. 2743, 2793 (1976).
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SUWA and the Sierra Club thereafter filed a “motion for summary
judgment” in the federal district court proceeding to enforce the conclusion of the
BLM’s report. They prayed for declaratory judgment and for injunctive relief.
The federal government joined the SUWA and Sierra Club’s motion, and also
requested damages for trespass. The district court properly interpreted the motion
for summary judgment as an appeal of informal agency action rather than treating
it as a summary judgment motion. SUWA v. Dabney, 222 F.3d 819, 824 n.4 (10th
Cir. 2000) (citing Olenhouse v. Commodity Credit Corp., 42 F.3d 1560, 1579 - 80
(10th Cir. 1994)). As the BLM is the agency charged with the management of
federal lands, the district court reviewed the BLM’s decision under the arbitrary
and capricious standard of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). It found
substantial evidence for the BLM’s decision and affirmed the agency’s
determination regarding the merit of the Counties’ claims.
The district court’s order, however, did not dispose of all requests the
parties made in their motions. The environmental groups requested declaratory
judgment and injunctive relief; the federal government had requested damages.
The district court, though, merely reviewed the BLM’s decision; it effectively
granted declaratory judgment, but failed to rule on the pending requests for
injunctive relief or for damages.
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The Counties now appeal, and SUWA, the Sierra Club, and the BLM filed a
series of cross-motions. We find that we need not reach the merits of the case
because we lack jurisdiction to hear it under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
DISCUSSION
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, federal courts of appeal have jurisdiction to
review only the “final decisions” of district courts. 2 28 U.S.C. § 1291. A final
decision is one that fully resolves all claims for relief. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co v.
Wetzel, 424 U.S. 737, 744 (1976).
Orders that leave the “assessment of damages or [the] awarding of other
relief . . . to be resolved have never been considered to be ‘final’ within the
meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291.” Id.; see also McKinney v. Gannett Co., Inc., 694
F.2d 1240, 1246 (10th Cir. 1982) (finding judgments that merely determine
liability cannot be final under 28 U.S.C. § 1291). On its face then, “[a] judgment
that does not recite the relief granted but merely states that the plaintiff’s motion
for summary judgment is granted is . . . likely to be nonfinal.” Buchanan v.
United States, 82 F.3d 706, 708 (7th Cir. 1996).
2
The applicable text of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 reads: “The courts of appeals . . .
shall have jurisdiction of appeals from all final decisions of the district courts of
the United States . . . .”
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Unless there is a certification pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
54(b), “any order or other form of decision, however designated, which
adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all
the parties shall not terminate the action as to any of the claims or parties” for
purposes of appeal. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b); 10 Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal
Practice and Procedure § 2656, at 47 (3d ed. 2002) (“No ruling can be appealed
until a certification is obtained under Rule 54(b) or until all the remaining issues
in the case have been decided.”). Here the district court made no certification
under Rule 54(b) that the parties’ claims could be separately adjudicated. Even if
the district court’s order were to adjudicate one issue in its entirety, but fail to
adjudicate the remainder of the parties’ claims, we would not hear the appeal. See
Harolds Stores, Inc. v. Dillard Department Stores, Inc., 82 F.3d 1533, 1541 (10th
Cir. 1996); Bristol v. Fibreboard Corp., 789 F.2d 846, 848 (10th Cir. 1986).
The district court’s order was not final as required by 28 U.S.C. § 1291,
and we therefore lack jurisdiction to hear the Counties’ appeal. The various
parties requested three remedies from the district court: declaratory judgment,
injunctive relief, and damages. The sum of the district court’s order was that the
“BLM’s determinations regarding the validity . . . of the rights-of-way claimed by
the Counties are AFFIRMED.” Although this may constitute a declaratory
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judgment, it cannot be construed as specific injunctive relief or a method for
calculating damages.
We find no injunction present in the district court’s order in either form or
effect. We are particularly careful to examine the language of a district court’s
order when injunctive relief may be at stake. Under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 65(d), injunctions must “set forth the reasons for [their] issuance, . . .
be specific in terms; . . . [and] describe in reasonable detail . . . the act or acts
sought to be restrained . . . .”
The language of the district court’s order simply affirmed the BLM’s
determinations regarding the Counties’ claims to the rights-of-way; it did not
attempt to control the parties’ actions in any manner. See Schmidt v. Lessard,
414 U.S. 473, 476 (1974) (per curiam) (“[T]he specificity provisions of Rule
65(d) are no mere technical requirements. The Rule was designed to prevent
uncertainty and confusion on the part of those faced with injunctive orders, and to
avoid the possible founding of a contempt citation on a decree too vague to be
understood.”) By its omission of any words of command, the district court’s
order fundamentally failed to describe what behaviors might be acceptable and
what might not. Keyes v. School Dist. No. 1, Denver, Colo., 895 F.2d 659, 668
(10th Cir. 1990) (noting that “an injunction [must] be reasonably specific in
identifying what acts are prohibited or required, both to give notice to the
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defendant of what is prohibited, and to guide an appellate court in reviewing the
defendant's compliance or noncompliance with the injunction.”).
An order that does not expressly grant or deny an injunction, but has the
practical effect of doing so, may possibly be appealable under § 1292(a)(1) if “a
litigant can show that an interlocutory order of the district court might have a
‘serious, perhaps irreparable consequence,’ and that the order can be ‘effectively
challenged’ only by immediate appeal . . . .” Carson v. American Brands, Inc.,
450 U.S. 79, 84 (1981); Gillis v. United States Dep’t of HHS, 759 F.2d 565, 567
(6th Cir. 1985). The Counties, however, make no showing here of consequences,
serious, irreparable, or otherwise.
We similarly find no ruling on the claim for damages in the district court’s
order. An order involving a claim for damages will be considered final for
purposes of appeal only where any remaining calculation of damages is
ministerial and can be made pursuant to a predetermined procedure. Albright v.
UNUM Life Ins. Co. of America, 59 F.3d 1089, 1093 (10th Cir. 1995) (citing
Goodman v. Lee, 988 F.2d 619, 626 - 27 (5th Cir. 1993) (per curiam)). The
district court’s brief affirmation of the BLM’s determination regarding rights-of-
way here establishes no formula for how or if the federal government should be
awarded damages for trespass.
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CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we DISMISS for lack of jurisdiction. We also DENY the
Counties’ motion to strike the government’s response as moot.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
David M. Ebel
Circuit Judge
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