Albuquerque Chemical v. Arneson Products ( 1999 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
NOV 30 1999
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
ALBUQUERQUE CHEMICAL
COMPANY, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 98-2336
ARNESON PRODUCTS, INC.; (D.C. No. CIV-98-423-SC)
RONALD DALE BROWN; LISA (D.N.M.)
CALLAWAY BROWN,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before KELLY, HOLLOWAY, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
Albuquerque Chemical Company, Inc. (Albuquerque Chemical), appeals from a
district court order affirming the bankruptcy court’s decision to allow debtors Ronald D.
Brown and Lisa C. Brown (the Browns) to reopen their Chapter 7 bankruptcy case and
avoid a lien held by Albuquerque Chemical against their residence. We exercise
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
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jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm in part and reverse in part.
I.
On February 3, 1986, the Browns, who were engaged in the business of building
swimming pools, filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding. According to schedules filed
with their bankruptcy petition, the Browns had first and second mortgages, in the amounts
of $20,000 and $50,000 respectively, on their home. The Browns listed the fair market
value of their home at $85,000, and their equity at $15,000. Mr. Brown claimed a
homestead exemption in the amount of $20,000; Mrs. Brown, in lieu of her homestead
exemption, selected an exemption for office furniture in the amount of $2,000. Among
their listed debts, the Browns noted they owed approximately $10,000 to Albuquerque
Chemical for business debt. The case trustee filed a no-distribution report on October 27,
1986. The bankruptcy court subsequently granted the Browns a discharge from debt on
November 28, 1986, and closed the case.
In June 1997, the Browns attempted to refinance their house. At the time of the
loan closing, however, they discovered there were outstanding judgment liens on the
house, including a 1985 lien in the amount of $14,660.50 from Albuquerque Chemical.
The Browns obtained counsel and, on August 21, 1997, filed a motion to reopen their
Chapter 7 bankruptcy case in order to avoid the outstanding liens. Albuquerque Chemical
filed an objection to the motion to reopen. The bankruptcy court overruled Albuquerque
Chemical’s objection and granted the Browns’ motion to reopen the case.
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The Browns subsequently moved to avoid the lien held by Albuquerque Chemical
against their residence. Albuquerque Chemical again objected and filed a motion to
dismiss. The bankruptcy court conducted a hearing on Albuquerque Chemical’s motion
to dismiss, during which both sides presented expert testimony from appraisers regarding
the value of the residence in 1986 and 1998. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court
denied the motion to dismiss and found that the value of the Browns’ residence, as of the
date their bankruptcy petition was originally filed in 1986, was $91,000.
Based upon the bankruptcy court’s finding regarding the 1986 value of their
residence (which was approximately $6,000 higher than the Browns’ original estimate),
the Browns filed an amended Schedule B-4. In the amended schedule, both Mr. and Mrs.
Brown claimed homestead exemptions, totaling $40,000. The office furniture previously
exempted by Mrs. Brown in lieu of her homestead exemption was moved to another
category of exemption (e.g., a “wildcard exemption, tools of the trade exemption or
miscellaneous personal property exemption[]”) under New Mexico law. App. at 94.
Although Albuquerque Chemical filed an objection to the amended Schedule B-4, the
objection was overruled by the bankruptcy court.
Ultimately, the bankruptcy court issued an order avoiding Albuquerque Chemical’s
lien. Albuquerque Chemical appealed to the district court. The magistrate judge found
no merit to Albuquerque Chemical’s arguments and recommended that its appeal be
denied. The district court, after allowing Albuquerque Chemical to file objections,
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adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation in full, affirmed the rulings of the
bankruptcy court, and dismissed the action.
II.
Reopening of the bankruptcy case
Albuquerque Chemical contends the bankruptcy court erred in reopening the
Browns’ case. According to Albuquerque Chemical, the sole purpose for reopening, to
avoid liens on the Browns’ home, could have been accomplished before the Browns’
bankruptcy case was originally closed. Further, Albuquerque Chemical argues it was
prejudiced by the reopening of the case eleven years after it was originally closed. In
particular, Albuquerque Chemical contends the long delay deprived it of the opportunity
to conduct a proper appraisal to determine the value of the house as of the date the
Chapter 7 case was filed. Albuquerque Chemical argues this “decreased ability to
vindicate itself” is “sufficient to establish laches on the part of the” Browns.
Albuquerque Chemical’s Opening Brief at 21.
Under the Bankruptcy Code, “[a] case may be reopened in the court in which such
case was closed to administer assets, to accord relief to the debtor, or for other cause.” 11
U.S.C. § 350(b). A bankruptcy court’s decision to reopen a bankruptcy case is reviewed
by this court only for abuse of discretion. In re Woods, 173 F.3d 770, 778 (10th Cir.),
cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 187 (1999). Because there are no statutory time limits on
reopening a case (or on avoiding a lien), “courts have dealt with such motions in different
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ways.” In re Bianucci, 4 F.3d 526, 528 (7th Cir. 1993). “The leading approach is
permissive but incorporates an equitable defense akin to laches, so that a debtor may
reopen the bankruptcy case at any time to avoid a lien absent a finding of prejudice to the
creditor.” Id.Here, we conclude the bankruptcy court properly exercised its discretion in
reopening the Browns’ case. The Browns’ purpose for reopening, to avoid outstanding
liens, clearly fell within the parameters of § 350(b). It is well established that § 350(b)’s
provision for “accord[ing] relief to the debtor” encompasses lien avoidance. See, e.g., In
re Weinstein, 164 F.3d 677, 686 n.7 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 119 S.Ct. 2394 (1999).
Although the eleven-year delay was indeed lengthy, Albuquerque Chemical has failed to
substantiate its claims of prejudice arising out of that delay. During the hearing on
Albuquerque Chemical’s motion to dismiss, both parties’ appraisers admitted that,
because of the delay, they were not able to perform all of the tasks typically associated
with an appraisal (e.g., viewing the house in its 1986 condition, viewing comparable
properties in their 1986 condition). Despite these apparent hindrances, however, both
appraisers arrived at remarkably consistent historical valuations for the Browns’ property
(the Browns’ expert appraised the property at $90,000, while Albuquerque Chemical’s
expert appraised it at $92,000), and the bankruptcy court took the average of these two
figures in determining the value of the property for purposes of the case. Thus, there
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appears to be little, if any, prejudice to Albuquerque Chemical in this regard.1 Aside from
the alleged prejudice regarding the appraisals, there was no evidence that Albuquerque
Chemical attempted to foreclose on the property, or otherwise incurred expenses in
enforcing its lien. See Hawkins v. Landmark Finance Co., 727 F.2d 324, 327 (4th Cir.
1984) (affirming decision not to reopen case where creditor instituted state foreclosure
proceedings and “incurred court costs and counsel fees in reliance on the fact that the
debtors did not challenge the validity or viability of its lien”).
Amendment of Schedule B-4
Albuquerque Chemical contends the bankruptcy court erred in allowing the
Browns, after the hearing on the motion to dismiss, to amend their Schedule B-4 and
increase their collective homestead exemption from $20,000 to $40,000. The decision to
allow amendment of schedules after a case is reopened is committed to the sound
discretion of the bankruptcy court and will not be set aside absent abuse of that discretion.
In re Faden, 96 F.3d 792, 796 (5th Cir. 1996); In re Rosinski, 759 F.2d 539, 540-41 (6th
Cir. 1985). Generally, a debtor will be precluded from amending schedules only where
he has acted in bad faith, or where the amendment will result in prejudice to a creditor.
1
We note Albuquerque Chemical presented no testimony indicating that the
historical appraisal of the Browns’ residence cost more than a typical appraisal. See In re
Caicedo, 159 B.R. 104, 107 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1993) (denying motion to reopen based
upon prejudice to creditor resulting from increased expenses associated with performance
of historical appraisal and determination of balances of prior liens).
6
See In re Calder, 973 F.2d 862, 867 (10th Cir. 1992); Rosinski, 759 F.2d at 541.
After reviewing the record on appeal, we find no abuse of discretion on the part of
the bankruptcy court in allowing the Browns to amend their Schedule B-4. Although
Albuquerque Chemical claims it was prejudiced by the Browns’ amendment, its sole
argument in this regard is that it incurred “the expense of litigating the [motion to avoid
the lien] in reliance upon the [Browns’] original Schedule B-4.” Albuquerque Chemical’s
Opening Brief at 29. This simply does not amount to prejudice sufficient to warrant
setting aside the Browns’ amended schedule. At the time the case was originally filed in
1986, the Browns reasonably believed they needed to exercise only $20,000 worth of
homestead exemptions in order to protect their equity in their home. Thus, Mrs. Brown
waived her homestead exemption. After the case was reopened and the parties obtained
their historical appraisal figures, however, it became apparent to the Browns that they
needed to amend their schedule in order to protect their equity in the residence. More
specifically, given the historical appraisal figures and the district court’s finding regarding
the historical value of the home (which was higher than the Browns’ own estimate of the
value of the residence set forth in their bankruptcy petition), it was necessary for Mrs.
Brown to utilize her homestead exemption. Clearly, neither party could have reasonably
foreseen this outcome, and Albuquerque Chemical fails to identify precisely what it
would have done differently had it known an amendment would be necessary. Indeed,
other than Albuquerque Chemical’s vague arguments regarding its decision to litigate,
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there is no other evidence of prejudice resulting from the amendment. See Hawkins, 727
F.2d at 327 (holding that loss of security interest does not constitute prejudice, at least
where the existence of the security interest is “an accidental benefit . . . obtained as a
result of a mistake on the part of their debtors or their counsel”).
Applicability of 11 U.S.C. § 522(f)
Albuquerque Chemical contends that 11 U.S.C. § 522(f), the Bankruptcy Code
provision allowing for lien avoidance, is superfluous in this case because, under New
Mexico law, its judicial lien cannot attach to, and thus cannot impair, the Browns’
homestead exemption. The question of whether a judicial lien is avoidable under § 522(f)
is a question of law we review de novo. In re Shafner, 82 F.3d 426, 1996 WL 98809 at
*1 (10th Cir. 1996) (unpublished case).
At the time the Browns’ bankruptcy petition was originally filed, § 522(f) provided
in pertinent part:
Notwithstanding any waiver of exemptions . . . , the debtor may avoid the
fixing of a lien on an interest of the debtor in property to the extent that
such lien impairs an exemption to which the debtor would have been
entitled under subsection (b) of this section, if such lien is–
(1) a judicial lien.
11 U.S.C. § 522(f).2
Section 522(f) was amended by Congress in 1994. Aside from the fact the
2
amendments are inapplicable to this case (since the case was filed in 1988), the
amendments did not alter the general avoidance language cited above.
8
In determining whether § 522(f) applies to a particular case and can be used to
avoid a lien, we employ a three-step process. In re Sanders, 39 F.3d 258, 261 (10th Cir.
1994) (citing Owen v. Owen, 500 U.S. 305, 312-13 (1991)). First, we must “determine
whether the debtor is entitled to an exemption.” Id. at 261. Here, it is undisputed that,
under applicable New Mexico law, the Browns are each entitled to a $20,000 homestead
exemption, giving them a collective homestead exemption of $40,000. See N.M. Stat.
Ann. § 42-10-9 (1987).
Second, we must determine the extent to which the lien may be avoided. Sanders,
39 F.3d at 261. Under the law of this circuit applicable to cases filed prior to the 1994
amendments to the Bankruptcy Code, “a lien may not be avoided beyond the amount of
the exemption.”3 Shafner, 1996 WL 98809 at *1 (citing Sanders, 39 F.3d at 261).
Because the sum of Albuquerque Chemical’s lien ($14,660.50) is less than $40,000, it can
be totally avoided, assuming it is avoidable at all. See id. at *1.
“The third step in determining whether 522(f) applies requires the court to
determine whether the lien actually impairs the exemption.” Id. at *2 (citing Sanders, 39
3
As part of the 1994 amendments to the Bankruptcy Code, Congress set forth a
specific formula for determining the extent to which a lien impairs an exemption, which
in turn determines the extent to which a lien may be avoided. See 11 U.S.C. §
522(f)(2)(A). Notably, this formula differs from, and effectively overrides, the holding in
Sanders regarding the extent to which a lien may be avoided. Because, however, the
Browns’ bankruptcy petition was filed well prior to the 1994 amendments, Sanders
remains the controlling precedent for this case. See Shafner, 1996 WL 98809 at *1
(applying pre-amendment circuit precedent to pre-amendment bankruptcy case); In re
Holloway, 81 F.3d 1062, 1069 (11th Cir. 1996) (same).
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F.3d at 262). In Sanders, we interpreted Utah’s homestead exemption scheme and
determined that it prevented a judgment lien from attaching to a debtor’s homestead. 39
F.3d at 262. Accordingly, we concluded “[a]voidance under § 522 [wa]s unnecessary
because the lien [at issue] d[id] not fix upon the Utah exemption.” Id. More broadly, we
held that “when state law does not allow a lien to attach to exempt property, § 522(f) is
superfluous and without application.” Id. In Shafner, we applied Sanders and concluded
that, under Colorado law, “a homestead is exempt from execution . . . [and thus] is not
subject to the attachment of a judgment lien.” 1996 WL 98809 at *2. As in Sanders, we
thus concluded in Shafner that § 522(f) was “extraneous.” Id.
Here, the outcome of the third-step question hinges upon whether New Mexico
law (which the Browns relied upon for their exemptions) prevents Albuquerque
Chemical’s lien from attaching to, and thus impairing, the Browns’ homestead
exemptions. “Under New Mexico law, a money judgment becomes a lien on the
judgment debtor’s realty when the transcript of the judgment docket is filed and recorded
with the county clerk of the county in which the realty is situated.” Ranchers State Bank
v. Vega, 653 P.2d 873, 875 (N.M. 1982) (citing N.M. Stat. Ann. § 39-1-6). The effect of
this general rule is tempered, however, by New Mexico’s “Homestead Exemption”
statute, which provides as follows:
A married person, widow, widower or person who is supporting another
person shall have exempt a homestead in a dwelling house and land
occupied by him or in a dwelling house occupied by him although the
dwelling is on land owned by another, provided that the dwelling is owned,
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leased or being purchased by the person claiming the exemption. Such a
person has a homestead of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000) exempt from
attachment, execution or foreclosure by a judgment creditor and from any
proceeding of receivers or trustees in insolvency proceedings and from
executors or administrators in probate.
N.M. Stat. Ann. § 42-10-9 (1979). As this statute makes clear, the homestead exemption
is “exempt from attachment, execution or foreclosure by a judgment creditor.” In other
words, a judicial lien attaches to the debtors’ “entire interest in [a particular parcel of] real
property except their homestead which remain[s] free of the lien.”4 Vega, 653 P.2d at
875. Thus, under New Mexico law, a “debtor’s homestead right is fully protected and not
in need of intervention by bankruptcy law.” Sanders, 39 F.3d at 262.
Because Albuquerque Chemical’s lien has not attached (and can never attach) to
the Browns’ homestead exemption, the exemption is not impaired by the lien and, as in
Sanders and Shafner, “§ 522(f) is superfluous and without application.” 39 F.3d at 262.
Accordingly, the bankruptcy court’s order avoiding Albuquerque Chemical’s lien
pursuant to § 522(f) was in error and should have been reversed by the district court.5
4
In practical terms, if a judgment creditor attempts to foreclose on New Mexico
property subject to the homestead exemption, the judgment debtor is entitled to assert, as
an affirmative defense, the existence of the homestead exemption. See, e.g., Morgan
Keegan Mortgage Co. v. Candelaria, 951 P.2d 1066, 1068 (N.M. Ct. App. 1997)
(discussing mortgagor’s assertion of homestead exemption in her answer to foreclosure
suit); D’Avignon v. Graham, 823 P.2d 929, 932 (N.M. Ct. App. 1991) (holding
“exemption is an affirmative defense which may be relied upon only as a matter of
privilege”). The result is that proceeds from a foreclosure sale are subject to the
exemption. See Morgan Keegan, 951 P.2d at 1068.
5
We find it unnecessary to address Albuquerque Chemical’s remaining argument
(continued...)
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III.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part.
Entered for the Court
Mary Beck Briscoe
Circuit Judge
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(...continued)
that the bankruptcy court erred in finding there was no non-exempt equity in the Browns’
residence.
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