United States v. Brakeman ( 2007 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
February 5, 2007
UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 06-2139
EV ERETT C HA RLES B RA K EM AN,
Defendant - Appellant.
A PPE AL FR OM T HE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR T HE D ISTRICT OF NEW M EXICO
(D.C. NO . CR-04-2524 RB)
David J. Kimmelman, El Paso, Texas, for D efendant - Appellant.
Kelly H. Burnham, Assistant United States Attorney, Las Cruces, New M exico,
(David C. Iglesias, United States A ttorney, Albuquerque, New M exico, and Terri
J. Abernathy, Assistant United States Attorney, Las Cruces, New M exico, on the
brief) for Plaintiff - Appellee.
Before L UC ER O, Circuit Judge, M cW ILLIAM S, Senior Circuit Judge, and
HA RTZ, Circuit Judge.
HA RTZ, Circuit Judge.
Everett Brakeman was convicted in the United States District Court for the
District of New M exico on two counts of being a felon in possession of firearms
and ammunition, one count of possession with intent to distribute less than five
grams of methamphetamine, and one count of carrying a firearm during and in
relation to a drug-trafficking crime. He appeals his convictions, claiming that the
district court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence seized as the result
of two violations of the Fourth Amendment: (1) a warrant used to search his
residence was defective because its description of the place to be searched was
not sufficiently particular and (2) an officer’s pat-down search of his person
impermissibly extended to the contents of a glasses case after it was removed
from his pocket. W e have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
I. B ACKGR OU N D
A. Search W arrant
On M ay 29, 2004, Chaves County Sheriff’s Deputy M arcos Franco had just
responded to a call regarding a loud party when he observed Danny Calloway
running from M r. Brakeman’s residence in a mobile-home park near the
intersection of South M ain and M onksdale in Roswell, New M exico. W hen
Franco stopped to determine what had happened, Calloway said that
M r. Brakeman had just shot at him. Calloway explained that he had gone to the
mobile-home park to try to dispel suspicions that he had stolen drugs from
M r. Brakeman. He said that he had been shot at while he was looking for
M r. Brakeman outside his residence.
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Deputy Franco was familiar w ith M r. Brakeman and his home. During his
field training the location had been pointed out to him as the residence of
M r. Brakeman, who was well known to the police. He had also stopped
M r. Brakeman previously and had routinely driven through the area. The primary
building on the property was M r. Brakeman’s residence, which also served as his
shop. It was white with a red stripe and a gray roof. An RV was connected to the
residence by what appeared to be a utility connection. There was also at least one
outbuilding on the property. A portion of the property was bordered by a chain-
link fence partly lined with white “security” strips to block the view from outside.
On the fence in front of the residence was a placard with the number “205” in
white reflective lettering.
The day after his interview of Calloway, Deputy Franco applied for a
warrant to search M r. Brakeman’s property for a gun and other evidence of the
shooting. He completed an affidavit describing the property to be searched as
follow s:
The property is located at 205 M onksdale in Roswell, New M exico,
Chaves County. The property is described as a white mobile home
with red trim, single-wide. The front door faces south and the back
door faces the north. The roof is constructed with metal, gray in
color and is flat. The property has a chain link fence with white
security lining. The address is displayed on a black metal box in the
front yard, south side of the property as 205 in white letters, also has
the name of Higgins, also in white letters. A shed, white in color, is
located on the northwest side of the residence.
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R. Doc. 61 at 2 (M em. Op. & Order, June 1, 2005) (brackets omitted). A judge
authorized the w arrant. The record does not include the warrant itself, but we
assume that the affidavit was attached to it. Boilerplate language on New
M exico’s official search-warrant form states that a copy of the affidavit is
attached to the warrant and authorizes a search of the place described in the
affidavit. See N.M .R.A., Form 9-214; see also United States v. Williamson,
1 F.3d 1134, 1136 n.1 (10th Cir. 1993) (affidavit for w arrant can be considered in
assessing particularity of warrant when incorporated by reference and attached to
warrant).
Deputy Franco and other officers executed the warrant on M ay 31.
M r. Brakeman was present when the officers arrived. He told them that a .22 rifle
was inside the RV. In the course of executing the warrant, officers searched the
residence, the RV connected to the residence, and an automobile on the property.
They found a .22 rifle, a .25 automatic handgun, ammunition, paraphernalia for
methamphetamine production, and marijuana.
Evidence at the suppression hearing showed that the affidavit’s description
of the location was ambiguous. The records of the County Assessor showed that
4242 South M ain was the address for the entire trailer park that included
M r. Brakeman’s property, and that 205 M onksdale (the address in the affidavit)
was the mailing address for David Higgins, owner of the mobile-home park and
M r. Brakeman’s neighbor and landlord. M ailboxes for the trailers were in a kiosk
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at the corner of M onksdale and South M ain. Similar to M r. Brakeman’s
residence, Higgins’s home was white with a red stripe and gray roof, and was at
least partly surrounded by a chain-link fence lined with white security strips. The
black mailbox (labeled “Higgins” and “205”) referred to in the affidavit sat
directly in front of his home rather than M r. Brakeman’s. Deputy Franco testified
that to obtain the address for the affidavit, he had reviewed the Sheriff’s
department files relating to M r. Brakeman. They showed that on previous
occasions M r. Brakeman had given law -enforcement officers both 205 M onksdale
and 4242 South M ain as his address, but he had given the M onksdale address
more frequently. Based on his familiarity with the area, Franco had decided that
the M onksdale address w as more appropriate for use in the affidavit. The officers
searched only M r. Brakeman’s property.
B. Pat-Dow n Search
On September 15, 2004, Sergeant Daniel Ornelas and Deputy George
W allner of the Chaves County Sheriff’s Department were on patrol when they
drove by an RV being driven by M r. Brakeman. As the RV passed, Ornelas
noticed in his rearview mirror that the RV had no license plate, so he made a
U-turn to follow and stop M r. Brakeman. M r. Brakeman pulled into a business
parking lot before Ornelas activated his emergency lights. A pickup truck with
four passengers stopped near M r. Brakeman’s vehicle. Ornelas recognized two of
the pickup’s passengers from previous drug-related incidents.
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Sergeant Ornelas stopped near M r. Brakeman’s vehicle, turned on his
emergency lights, and approached M r. Brakeman. He asked M r. Brakeman to get
out of the vehicle, but M r. Brakeman did not immediately do so. Ornelas and
Deputy Wallner then approached the pickup. The occupants seemed nervous and
were evasive in explaining what they were doing. W allner noticed that the pickup
also had no license plate and that the ignition had been altered so that it could be
operated with a screwdriver. Ornelas asked the occupants to exit the vehicle.
M eanwhile, Deputy W allner noticed that M r. Brakeman had finally gotten
out of the RV and appeared to be walking away from the officers. W allner
ordered M r. Brakeman to stand near the back of the RV, and M r. Brakeman
complied. After backup officers arrived, W allner asked M r. Brakeman for
identification, which he produced. W hen W allner asked him whether he had any
weapons on him, M r. Brakeman responded that he had a pocketknife, but he said
that he did not know where it was.
Deputy Wallner conducted a pat-down search. W hile patting down the
outside of M r. B rakeman’s clothing, he felt an object shaped like a knife. He
asked M r. Brakeman whether it was the knife he had mentioned, and
M r. Brakeman responded that he did not know. W allner reached into the pocket
and retrieved a thin blue case, approximately five to six inches long, an inch
wide, and half an inch thick. In W allner’s opinion the case could have contained
a knife. W hen asked whether the knife was inside the case, M r. Brakeman
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responded that it was his glasses case. W allner then opened the case and
discovered several baggies of a substance that turned out to be methamphetamine.
W allner arrested M r. Brakeman. Later he discovered the knife in one of
M r. Brakeman’s pockets. An inventory search of the RV produced a handgun.
C. Court Proceedings
After being indicted on eight counts of drug and firearm offenses,
M r. Brakeman filed motions to suppress evidence seized during the M ay 31,
2004, search of his home and the September 15, 2004, pat-down search. The
district court denied both motions.
On June 17, 2005, a jury found M r. Brakeman not guilty on four counts but
convicted him on two counts of being a felon in possession of firearms and
ammunition, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(e)(1); one count of possession with
intent to distribute less than five grams of methamphetamine, see 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C); and one count of carrying a firearm and ammunition
during and in relation to a drug-trafficking crime, see 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A )(I). H e was sentenced to 248 months’ imprisonment.
II. D ISC USSIO N
A. Standard of Review
“W hen reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the factual
findings of the district court unless they are clearly erroneous. . . . On appeal of a
denial of a suppression motion, we consider the totality of the circumstances and
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view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government.” United States
v. Hunnicutt, 135 F.3d 1345, 1348 (10th Cir. 1998). “D eterminations relating to
the sufficiency of a search warrant . . . are conclusions of law . . . review[ed] de
novo.” United States v. Danhauer, 229 F.3d 1002, 1005 (10th Cir. 2000).
B. Particularity of the Search W arrant
M r. Brakeman argues that the warrant to search his property was not
sufficiently particular to satisfy the Fourth Amendment. He contends that the
warrant described not his property but rather that of his neighbor, M r. Higgins,
and that when the officers executed the warrant and saw the mailbox with
Higgins’s name on it, they “were put on notice that their warrant was not
sufficiently particular” and should have stopped the search. Aplt. Br. at 11. He
further claims that the property description and the address were incorrect, so the
sole source of information regarding the place to be searched was the executing
officers’ knowledge, in contravention of Williamson, 1 F.3d at 1136 (warrant
invalid because “the officer’s knowledge [cannot be] the sole source of
information identifying the physical location of the [place to be searched]”).
The Fourth Amendment states that warrants shall issue only “upon probable
cause” and that they must “particularly describ[e] the place to be searched, and
the persons or things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. As we have stated,
“The danger that the particular description requirement seeks to avoid is the threat
of general and exploratory searches.” United States v. Lora-Solano, 330 F.3d
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1288, 1294 (10th Cir. 2003). Accordingly, “[p]ractical accuracy rather than
technical precision controls” our determination of the adequacy of a warrant’s
description of the place to be searched. Id. at 1293 (brackets and internal
quotation marks omitted). “A technically wrong address does not invalidate a
warrant if it otherwise describes the premises with sufficient particularity so that
the police can ascertain and identify the place to be searched.” Id.
As an initial matter we note that the record on appeal does not contain the
warrant, any accompanying attachments (such as the affidavit), or any helpful
maps, photos, or other exhibits. The only available description of the place to be
searched is that quoted in the district court’s decision, which presumably took the
description from the affidavit. Our review of this issue is accordingly very
limited. As M r. Brakeman appears to acknowledge in his brief by repeating word
for word much of the district court’s findings of facts, we must accept the facts as
determined by the district court in its June 1, 2005, order, and review only the
district court’s legal conclusions. See United States v. M artin, 15 F.3d 943,
944–45 (10th Cir. 1994) (we adopt district court’s factual findings when
defendant does not challenge those findings and the record is insufficient for us to
review them); cf. United States v. Brewer, 630 F.2d 795, 803 (10th Cir. 1980)
(defendants’ claim that search warrant was defective is not reviewable when
appellate record did not include the challenged affidavit).
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The warrant’s description was sufficiently particular. Indeed, it
describes— in some detail— M r. Brakeman’s property. M r. Brakeman
acknowledged as much when he conceded at oral argument that his property was
at the “physical location” of 205 M onksdale.
The problem is that the description also fits M r. Higgins’s property. And
the County Assessor’s records suggest that “officially” the address in the affidavit
is that of Higgins rather than M r. Brakeman. Nevertheless, as a “[p]ractical”
matter, Lora-Solano, 330 F.3d at 1293 (brackets and internal quotation marks
omitted), the ambiguity was immaterial. To the extent that the warrant was
unclear as to whether the property to be searched was Higgins’s or
M r. Brakeman’s, Deputy Franco’s personal knowledge resolved the matter.
M r. Brakeman correctly cites Williamson, 1 F.3d at 1136, for the proposition that
an officer’s knowledge cannot be the sole means of determining what property is
to be searched. But “[t]his court has not gone so far as to say that an officer’s
knowledge may not cure a technically inaccurate w arrant— Williamson
acknowledged just the opposite, provided that the officer’s knowledge is not the
sole source of the location.” Lora-Solano, 330 F.3d at 1294; see Harman v.
Pollock, 446 F.3d 1069, 1079 (10th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (“inaccuracies” in the
warrant were inconsequential because of the executing officer’s “personal
knowledge of the physical description of the structures to be searched”); United
States v. Occhipinti, 998 F.2d 791, 799 (10th Cir. 1993) (“[T]he knowledge of the
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executing officer can be considered in determining the sufficiency of the
description [in a warrant].”); United States v. Sturmoski, 971 F.2d 452, 458 (10th
Cir. 1992) (presence of officer familiar with the place to be searched “provided
additional reliability that the correct premises would be searched”). But cf. Groh
v. Ramirez, 540 U.S. 551, 560 (2004) (Fourth Amendment requirement that
“persons or things to be seized” be particularly described not met when warrant
failed to describe the items at all because “there can be no written assurance that
the M agistrate actually found probable cause to search for, and to seize, every
item mentioned in the affidavit”).
W e disagree with M r. Brakeman’s contention that Deputy Franco’s
knowledge was the sole source of the officers’ information regarding the location.
The description provided in the affidavit w as in many respects quite detailed.
Indeed, listing the address as 205 M onksdale appears to have provided more
assistance to the executing officers than would have the actual mailing address of
the property— 4242 South M ain, the address of the entire mobile-home park. The
description was sufficiently accurate that any ambiguity could be cured by
Franco’s personal knowledge.
W e conclude that the search warrant was sufficiently particular to satisfy
the Fourth Amendment.
C. Pat-Dow n Search
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M r. Brakeman next challenges the pat-down search. He contends that
Deputy W allner’s opening of the glasses case violated the Fourth Amendment
because it was beyond the scope of an otherwise permissible search. He concedes
that Wallner was justified in conducting the pat-dow n and that the glasses case
could have contained a weapon. But he asserts that Wallner w as not justified in
opening the glasses case once it was removed from his pocket and out of his
reach.
“[W]hen police officers have a reasonable suspicion based on specific and
articulable facts that a properly detained driver may be dangerous and may gain
immediate control of weapons, they may conduct a w eapons search of the driver’s
person and the passenger compartment of the vehicle.” United States v. Palmer,
360 F.3d 1243, 1246 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). W ith
respect to whether a suspect “may gain immediate control” of a weapon, we have
observed that “(1) the fact that the detainee is ‘under the control’ of officers does
not eliminate the risk that he will gain access to a weapon, and (2) the time period
during which the detainee ‘may gain immediate control’ is the entire period from
the initial stop to the detainee’s departure.” Id.; see M ichigan v. Long, 463 U.S.
1032, 1051-52 (1983).
Accordingly, a weapons search may extend to containers not within the
immediate reach of the suspect. In Palmer we upheld the search of a locked
glove box in an automobile even though the defendant was seated in the officer’s
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patrol car. See 360 F.3d at 1248. W e reasoned that the search of the
compartment was justified even if the defendant could not access the glove box at
the mom ent of the search because he “would certainly have had access to the gun
[in the glove box] after the citation was issued and he was released to go.” Id.;
see United States v. M cClinnhan, 660 F.2d 500, 504 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (officer
could search briefcase for weapons when it was removed from defendant’s reach
because “[m]erely separating M cClinnhan from his briefcase . . . would obviate
the danger only for the length of the stop; at some point they would be compelled
to return the briefcase to [him] and thus place themselves in the danger they
sought to avoid”), abrogated on other grounds as recognized by United States v.
Thom pson, 234 F.3d 725, 728 (D.C. Cir. 2000).
The glasses case could have contained a weapon, such as the knife
M r. Brakeman proclaimed to have. Consequently, Deputy W allner’s search could
extend to its contents to ensure that nothing dangerous was inside. Even though
M r. Brakeman was detained and the glasses case was no longer in his possession,
M r. Brakeman might have broken free and seized the case; and if he were later
released, he would have regained access when W allner returned the unopened
glasses case to him. See id. Perhaps measures other than searching the glasses
case could have effectively protected the officers; but the Supreme Court has “not
required that officers adopt alternative means to ensure their safety in order to
avoid the intrusion involved in [an investigative detention].” Long, 463 U.S. at
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1052. The search of the case was thus justified and was properly “confined in
scope to an intrusion reasonably designed to discover guns, knives, clubs, or other
hidden instruments for the assault of [the officers].” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1,
29 (1968).
M r. Brakeman contended at oral argument (although not in his brief) that
Deputy W allner should not have opened the glasses case before completing his
pat-down search to see whether the knife M r. Brakeman claimed to have was
elsewhere on his body. Only if this search had not produced the knife, he argued,
would W allner have been justified in opening the glasses case. This argument not
only was raised too late, see United States v. Gonzalez-Coronado, 419 F.3d 1090,
1094 n.7 (10th Cir. 2005) (argument raised for first time at oral argument need
not be addressed), but also ignores the purpose and justification of a weapons
search. A weapons search during a traffic stop is justified when there is
“reasonable suspicion based on specific and articulable facts” that the subject
“may be dangerous and may gain immediate control of weapons.” Palmer, 360
F.3d at 1246 (internal quotation marks omitted). M r. Brakeman does not dispute
that a w eapons search of his person was justified. Such a search did not need to
be confined to finding the single weapon M r. Brakeman professed to have; rather,
W allner could look for any and all w eapons he may have possessed. See id. at
1248 (“Protective searches are only limited in the sense that the officer
conducting the protective search must first have a reasonable suspicion that the
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suspect is dangerous and the protective search must be directed only to locations
which may contain a weapon and to which the suspect may have access.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)). W hen a suspect states that he is carrying a particular
weapon and an officer finds that weapon during a pat-down search, the officer is
not required to assume that the suspect is carrying no other weapons.
W e conclude that the search of the glasses case did not violate
M r. B rakeman’s Fourth Amendment rights.
III. C ON CLU SIO N
W e AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
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