United States v. Lucero ( 2005 )

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FEB 18 2005
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 04-2131
vs. (D.C. No. CIV-04-232 BB/WDS)
(D.N.M.)
JOE ANTHONY LUCERO,
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER
DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
Before KELLY, HENRY, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner-Appellant Joe Anthony Lucero, an inmate appearing pro se, seeks
to appeal from the district court’s order denying his motion to vacate, set aside, or
correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. After the district court denied
his § 2255 motion, Mr. Lucero filed a motion to reconsider in light of the United
States Supreme Court’s decision in Blakely v. Washington, ___ U.S. ___, 124
S.Ct. 2531 (2004). The district court treated it as a second or successive § 2255
motion and transferred it to this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631. With respect
to the district court’s denial of the original § 2255 motion, we determine that Mr.
Lucero has not made a “substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional
right,” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000), and
thus deny a COA and dismiss the appeal. Furthermore, because we find that Mr.
Lucero has failed to identify “a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to
cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously
unavailable,” 28 U.S.C. § 2255, we deny certification to file a second or
successive § 2255 motion.
On April 30, 2003, Mr. Lucero pleaded guilty to distribution of less than
500 grams of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C),
possession with intent to distribute less than 50 kilograms of marijuana in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D), use of a telephone to facilitate
a drug trafficking offense in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b), and conspiracy to
distribute various narcotics in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. The district court
accepted the plea and on July 21, 2003, sentenced Mr. Lucero to concurrent
sentences resulting in a term of 87 months imprisonment and 4 years supervised
release. Mr. Lucero did not appeal his conviction or sentence.
On March 4, 2004, Mr. Lucero filed his § 2255 motion claiming that his
counsel’s ineffective assistance resulted in the wrongful denials of a three-point
reduction for acceptance of responsibility, a downward adjustment for a minimal
role in the offense, and a downward departure for his medical condition. In
addition, Mr. Lucero asserted that his sentence calculation was improper owing to
-2-
a lack of independent determination of the drug quantities involved. After
considering the merits, the district court dismissed Mr. Lucero’s motion with
prejudice and subsequently denied a COA.
On July 6, 2004, Mr. Lucero filed his motion for reconsideration more than
10 days after entry of the order dismissing the original § 2255 motion. The
district court construed the motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)
and transferred it to this court in accord with our decision in Lopez v. Douglas,
141 F.3d 974, 975 (10th Cir. 1998) (per curiam) (treating motions to reconsider
under Rule 60(b) that raise new issues as second or successive § 2255 motions).
We turn first to the district court’s dismissal of Mr. Lucero’s original
§ 2255 motion. For this court to grant a COA, Mr. Lucero must make “a
substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(2); see Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 327 (2003). That means
that he must show “that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that
matter, agree that) his petition should have been resolved in a different manner or
that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed
further.” Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 336 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
We have carefully reviewed Mr. Lucero’s brief, the district court’s opinion and
order, and the record on appeal. Our review persuades us that Mr. Lucero has not
made such a showing. In so concluding, we note that the record unequivocally
-3-
establishes that Mr. Lucero freely entered into a plea agreement with the
government establishing the quantities of narcotics involved and including a
specific acknowledgment that a three-point downward reduction was not
warranted. In addition, the record discloses that Mr. Lucero’s counsel argued
ably for a downward departure on the basis of the defendant’s poor health.
We now turn to Mr. Lucero’s Blakely claim. The essence of his claim is
that the district court’s determination that Mr. Lucero did not warrant a minimal
role adjustment runs counter to the Supreme Court’s decision in Blakely. In
Blakely, the Court invalidated the State of Washington’s sentencing scheme,
whereby a judge might sentence a defendant to punishment beyond a statutory
range on the basis of judicially determined facts. 124 S. Ct. at 2538. More
recently, in United States v. Booker, the Court extended its holding in Blakely
and invalidated parts of the federal sentencing scheme making the guidelines
mandatory. ___ U.S. ___, 125 S. Ct. 738, 767 (2005).
For this court to certify a second or successive § 2255 petition, Mr. Lucero
must identify “a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on
collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.” 28
U.S.C. § 2255. We have previously held that the Supreme Court’s decision in
Blakely was not retroactive, and thus it did not satisfy the requirements found in
§ 2255. Leonard v. United States, 383 F.3d 1146, 1148 (10th Cir. 2004).
-4-
The Supreme Court’s intervening decision in Booker bears directly on Mr.
Lucero’s argument. Accordingly, we must determine whether the rule announced
in Booker was made retroactive to cases on collateral review. See Finley v.
Hewlett Packard Co. Employee Benefits Org. Income Prot. Plan, 379 F.3d 1168,
1173 (10th Cir. 2004) (noting that when a change in law occurs during the time a
case is on appeal, we apply the law in effect at the time of our decision). “[A]
new rule is not ‘made retroactive to cases on collateral review’ unless the
Supreme Court holds it to be retroactive.” Tyler v. Cain, 533 U.S. 656, 663
(2001). We determine retroactivity by examining whether the Court has applied
the rule retroactively or made explicit statements regarding its effect. See
Browning v. United States, 241 F.3d 1262, 1264 (10th Cir. 2001) (en banc).
Booker involved a direct appeal, and there is no explicit statement regarding
retroactivity in the opinion. See 125 S. Ct. at 769 (noting that the rule announced
in Booker would be applied to all cases on direct appeal); see also In re Anderson,
___ F.3d ___, 2005 WL 123923, at *3-4 (11th Cir. 2005) (holding that the rule in
Booker is not to be applied retroactively). We hold that the rule announced in
Booker is not retroactive. As such, it cannot serve as the basis for certification of
a second or successive § 2255 motion.
Having reached these conclusions, we DENY a COA and DISMISS the
appeal. Furthermore, the application for certification of a second or successive
-5-
§ 2255 motion is DENIED.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
-6-