Jackson v. Jones , 292 F. App'x 737 ( 2008 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
August 27, 2008
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
ROBERTO ANTONIO JACKSON,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 08-6099
(W.D. Oklahoma)
CHARLES RAY, Warden, (D.C. No. 5:07-CV-00316-D)
Respondent - Appellee.
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
Before BRISCOE, MURPHY, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.
Roberto Antonio Jackson, appearing pro se, requests a certificate of
appealability (COA) to appeal the district court’s denial of his application for a
writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. See id. § 2253(c) (requiring COA
to appeal denial of application). Because no reasonable jurist could conclude that
Mr. Jackson’s § 2254 application should have been resolved in a different
manner, see Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 485 (2000), we deny his request for
a COA and dismiss this appeal.
I. BACKGROUND
Mr. Jackson was convicted in 2003 in Oklahoma state court on one count of
possession with intent to distribute marijuana and one count of possession with
intent to distribute cocaine. He was sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment on each
count, the terms to be served concurrently. On direct appeal the Oklahoma Court
of Criminal Appeals (OCCA) affirmed his convictions and sentence. Mr. Jackson
pursued state postconviction relief, but the OCCA affirmed the trial court’s denial
of relief.
On March 13, 2007, Mr. Jackson filed his § 2254 application in the United
States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma. His application raised
six claims: (1) that the trial court erroneously denied his motion to suppress; (2)
that he was denied due process in connection with his state postconviction
proceedings; (3) that his convictions on the two drug-possession counts violated
the prohibition against double jeopardy; (4) that trial and appellate counsel
rendered ineffective assistance; (5) that his sentence is disproportionate and
excessive; and (6) that he is “‘actually innocent’ of the two thirty (30) year
sentences” he received, R. Doc. 1 at 3 (full capitalization omitted). The district
court denied him relief.
II. DISCUSSION
A COA will issue “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of
the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). This standard
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requires “a demonstration that . . . includes showing that reasonable jurists could
debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been
resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to
deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Slack, 529 U.S. at 484 (internal
quotation marks omitted). In other words, an applicant must show that the district
court's resolution of the constitutional claim was either “debatable or wrong.” Id.The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA)
provides that when a claim has been adjudicated on the merits in state court, a
federal court will grant habeas relief only when the applicant establishes that the
state court decision was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,
clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the
United States,” or “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in
light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1), (2). As we have stated,
Under the “contrary to” clause, we grant relief only if the state court
arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme Court
on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently
than the [Supreme] Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable
facts. Under the “unreasonable application” clause, relief is provided
only if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle
from the Supreme Court's decisions but unreasonably applies that
principle to the facts of the prisoner's case. Thus we may not issue a
habeas writ simply because we conclude in our independent judgment
that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established
federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must
also be unreasonable.
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Gipson v. Jordan, 376 F.3d 1193, 1196 (10th Cir. 2004) (brackets, citations and
internal quotation marks omitted). In addition,
[f]actual determinations by state courts are presumed correct absent
clear and convincing evidence to the contrary, § 2254(e)(1), and a
decision adjudicated on the merits in a state court and based on a
factual determination will not be overturned on factual grounds
unless objectively unreasonable in light of the evidence presented in
the state-court proceeding, § 2254(d)(2).
Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 340 (2003). For those of Mr. Jackson’s
claims that were adjudicated on the merits in the state court, “AEDPA's
deferential treatment of state court decisions must be incorporated into our
consideration of [his] request for COA.” Dockins v. Hines, 374 F.3d 935, 938
(10th Cir.2004).
Mr. Jackson’s application for a COA and appellate brief challenge the
denial of the claims in his § 2254 application. We proceed to address each claim
in turn.
We need not review the merits of Mr. Jackson’s claim that the “trial court
erred in overruling [his] motion to suppress.” Aplt. Br. at 9 (full capitalization
omitted). This claim was raised in state court and rejected on the merits.
Therefore, federal habeas review is not available. See Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S.
465, 494 (1976) (“[W]here the State has provided an opportunity for full and fair
litigation of a Fourth Amendment claim, a state prisoner may not be granted
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federal habeas corpus relief on the ground that evidence obtained in an
unconstitutional search or seizure was introduced at trial.” (footnote omitted)).
We can also summarily dispose of Mr. Jackson’s claim that his state
postconviction proceedings were “violative of the basic due process clause of the
federal constitution and the decisions therefrom are clearly contrary to the
Supreme Court precedent.” Aplt. Br. at 15 (full capitalization omitted). Habeas
relief under § 2254 is granted only for errors in the state judgment forming the
basis for incarceration. If that judgment was proper, there is no ground for
habeas relief based on flaws in state postconviction proceedings. Thus, claims
such as Mr. Jackson’s “fail to state a federal constitutional claim cognizable in a
federal habeas proceeding.” Steele v. Young, 11 F.3d 1518, 1524 (10th Cir.
1993); see Sellers v. Ward, 135 F.3d 1333, 1339 (10th Cir. 1998).
Mr. Jackson’s double-jeopardy claim is based on his contention that his two
drug-possession convictions (for possession of marijuana and possession of
cocaine) required proof of the same elements—namely, that he “(1) [k]nowingly
(2) possessed (3) a controlled dangerous substance.” Aplt. Br. at 6. But even if
his two crimes were similar, the prohibition against double jeopardy in the
multiple-punishment context is limited to forbidding a greater punishment than
the legislature intended. See Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 165 (1977). The
OCCA concluded that Mr. Jackson’s two convictions were for “separate and
distinct” crimes because the cocaine and marijuana were “found in different
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packages within the car.” Jackson v. Oklahoma, No. F-2003-1313, Summ. Op. at
2 n.2 (Okla. Crim. App. Feb. 2005). “In a habeas corpus proceeding under
section 2254, a federal court should defer to a state court’s interpretation of state
law in determining whether an incident constitutes one or more than one offense
for double jeopardy purposes.” Mansfield v. Champion, 992 F.2d 1098, 1100
(10th Cir. 1993). Accordingly, the district court’s denial of relief on this ground
was correct.
Mr. Jackson contends that his trial and appellate counsel deprived him of
the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel “through conflict of
interest and or divided loyalties.” Aplt. Br. at 17 (full capitalization omitted). He
states that:
trial counsel was ineffective in that counsel induced his waiver of a
jury trial because of Mr. Jackson’s financial inability to sustain the
costs had the case proceeded to jury trial; counsel’s false promise of
a lesser sentence; counsel’s refusal to allow Mr. Jackson to testify on
his own behalf; counsel’s failure to advise Mr. Jackson on issues
concerning strategy and allowing Mr. Jackson to stipulate to an
illegal sentence.
Id. at 18. As for appellate counsel’s performance, he contends that counsel
“failed to advocate Mr. Jackson’s cause; failed to consult with him concerning
important decisions; failed to inform him of developments in the case, and failed
to make reasonable investigations” and that appellate counsel failed “to move for
an evidentiary hearing in state court to develop facts not contained in the record.”
Id. at 21.
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To obtain relief on his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims,
Mr. Jackson must show both that his “counsel’s representation fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness,” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
688 (1984), and “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different,” id.
at 694. The review of trial counsel’s performance “must be highly deferential”
and the court “must indulge in a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls
within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant
must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged
action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. at 689 (internal quotation
marks omitted).
In its denial of postconviction relief the OCCA stated that Mr. Jackson
“ha[d] not established trial or appellate counsel’s performance was deficient or
that the result of his appeal was not reliable and fair.” R. Doc. 17, Ex. 6 at 2.
The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation that relief
should be denied on the ground that “[Mr. Jackson] failed to allege sufficient
facts to support his claim that trial counsel’s performance was so defective and
prejudicial it deprived him of the right to the effective assistance of counsel
because he has not explained the facts relevant to the deficiencies alleged,”
R. Doc. 21 at 18, and that “[he] ha[d] failed to show prejudice stemming from
appellate counsel’s failure to seek expansion of the record on appeal,” id. at 19.
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With respect to all but two of Mr. Jackson’s ineffectiveness claims, we believe
that no reasonable jurist could dispute the district court’s ruling. See Ruark v.
Gunter, 958 F.2d 318, 319 (10th Cir. 1992) (“‘[N]aked allegations’ [of ineffective
assistance of counsel] are not cognizable under § 2254.”). Two claims,
however—his allegations that counsel pressured him to waive a jury trial and not
to testify at trial—require further discussion.
To evaluate those claims, it is important to understand the nature of
Mr. Jackson’s “trial.” First, Mr. Jackson and his codefendant waived their rights
to a jury trial. Then the bench trial proceeded under the following stipulation of
the State, Mr. Jackson, and his codefendant:
It is hereby stipulated and agreed by and between the parties
hereto, the State of Oklahoma, Plaintiff, and Roberto Antonio
Jackson and Fredrich Scott, Defendants, that in Texas County, State
of Oklahoma, on the 17th day of January, 2003, said Defendants
were operating a vehicle in which arresting officers found
approximately 97 grams of cocaine base, a controlled dangerous
substance as defined in Schedule II of the Uniform Controlled
Dangerous Substances Act, and approximately 109 grams of
marijuana, a controlled dangerous substance as defined in Schedule I
of the Uniform Controlled Dangerous Substances Act.
And further, that the arresting officers would testify that the
foregoing amounts were in excess of the amount that would be
consistent with personal use; and that each Defendant has been
formerly convicted of a prior felony offense as charged in the Fourth
Amended Information filed herein; and that such convictions are
final.
It is further agreed that this stipulation is entered into by the
parties in contemplation of its use by the District Court in
determining the guilt of the Defendants of the offenses as set out in
the Fourth Amended Informations filed herein, charging the crimes
against each Defendant of unlawful possession of controlled
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dangerous substances, with intent to distribute, after former
conviction of a felony.
It is further agreed that the recommended punishment by the
State of Oklahoma, if said Defendants are found guilty of the
offenses charged in the Fourth Amended Informations, will be a
sentence of 30 years’ imprisonment on each count, with Count 2 to
be served concurrently with Count 1.
The Defendants are to receive credit against such sentences for
each day spent in the Texas County Detention Center awaiting trial.
It is further agreed by the parties hereto that the District Court
may consider all testimony it has received in the hearings on the
motions to suppress evidence held before it and consider all
testimony and other evidence presented at the preliminary hearing
held in the case on March 19, 2003, as reflected in the transcripts
thereof in arriving at a decision as to the guilt of said Defendants,
Fredrich Norman Scott and Roberto Antonio Jackson.
R. Doc. 17, Ex. 8 at 19–21 (internal quotation marks omitted). Clearly, the
stipulation did not contemplate any testimony by Mr. Jackson. Accordingly, the
only question is whether Mr. Jackson’s decisions to waive his right to a jury trial
and enter into the stipulation were the product of ineffective assistance of
counsel. The record before the OCCA showed that the trial judge had questioned
Mr. Jackson and determined that his waiver and stipulation were free and
voluntary. Mr. Jackson has offered no evidence to the contrary. Therefore, no
reasonable jurist, in light of the deference required by AEDPA, could find the
district court’s denial of Mr. Jackson’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims
debatable.
Mr. Jackson also challenges his sentence on the ground that “the sentence
imposed was so disproportionate and excessive under the circumstances of this
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case that it should shock the cons[cience] of the court.” Aplt. Br. at 13 (full
capitalization omitted). On direct appeal the OCCA held that Mr. Jackson’s
sentences “were not excessive.” R. Doc. 17, Ex. 3 at 2. That ruling was not an
unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as established by the
Supreme Court. In United States v. Angelos, 433 F.3d 738, 750 (10th Cir. 2006),
we observed:
“The Eighth Amendment . . . contains a ‘narrow
proportionality principle’ that ‘applies to noncapital sentences.’”
Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11, 20 (2003) (quoting Harmelin v.
Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 996–97 (1991). Under this narrow
proportionality principle, the Eighth Amendment “does not require
strict proportionality between crime and sentence.” Id. at 23.
“Rather, it forbids only extreme sentences that are ‘grossly
disproportionate’ to the crime.” Id. (quoting Harmelin, 501 U.S. at
1001 (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and concurring in the
judgment)).
“[T]he gross disproportionality principle reserves a constitutional violation for
only the extraordinary case.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 68, 76 (2003).
Mr. Jackson’s two concurrent 30-year sentences do not present an “extraordinary
case.” No reasonable jurist could debate that the OCCA’s affirmance of his
sentence was contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established
federal law.
Finally, Mr. Jackson claims that he is “actually innocent of the two (2)
thirty (30) year sentences he received in the Oklahoma state court.” Aplt. Br. at
22 (full capitalization omitted). But he does not claim that he did not commit the
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charged acts. Rather, as we understand his rather obscure brief (viewed in light
of the statement of his actual-innocence claim in his state application for
postconviction relief), the claim is based on the following two contentions: (1)
that under Oklahoma law the marijuana charge should have been for only a
misdemeanor, and (2) that the trial court erred in overruling his motion to
suppress. Federal habeas relief is not available, however, for alleged violations
of state law. Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67–68 (1991). And for the reasons
explained above, Mr. Jackson was not entitled to habeas relief based on the
suppression ruling. Thus, reasonable jurists could not find debatable the district
court’s denial of relief on his “actual innocence” claim.
III. CONCLUSION
We DENY Mr. Jackson’s application for a COA and DISMISS this appeal.
We GRANT his motion to proceed in forma pauperis on appeal.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge
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