Boydston v. Isom , 224 F. App'x 810 ( 2007 )


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  •                                                                             F I L E D
    United States Court of Appeals
    Tenth Circuit
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    April 6, 2007
    TENTH CIRCUIT                       Elisabeth A. Shumaker
    Clerk of Court
    JAY BOYDSTON,
    Plaintiff - Appellant,
    v.                                                 No. 06-2146
    (D. Ct. No. CIV-05-117 MCA/WDS)
    WILEY ISOM, an Officer of the New                           (D. N. Mex.)
    Mexico State Police; DAVE STEWART,
    a Sergeant of the New Mexico State
    Police,
    Defendants - Appellees.
    ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
    Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, McWILLIAMS, Senior Circuit Judge, and
    LUCERO, Circuit Judge.
    Plaintiff-Appellant Jay Boydston filed a civil action under 
    42 U.S.C. § 1983
    against Defendants-Appellees Officer Wiley Isom and Sergeant Dave Stewart, both
    officers of the New Mexico State Police. Mr. Boydston alleged the officers maliciously
    prosecuted him for crimes they knew he did not commit, in violation of his rights under
    the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. The District Court granted Defendants’ motion
    *
    This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of
    law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
    persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 (eff. Dec. 1, 2006) and 10th Cir. R.
    32.1 (eff. Jan. 1, 2007).
    for summary judgment, concluding that Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity.
    We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 
    28 U.S.C. § 1291
     and AFFIRM.
    I. BACKGROUND
    Mr. Boydston is the owner of Route 66 Auto Sales in Moriarty, New Mexico. On
    February 10, 2004, Defendants went to Route 66 Auto Sales to speak with Mr. Boydston
    about a temporary tag they believed he may have issued to a customer without first
    receiving the consent of the state Motor Vehicle Department (“MVD”), which is a
    violation of state law, and to review the records relating to the sale of a vehicle to that
    customer. Mr. Boydston, who had recently received a copy of the MVD’s customer
    privacy policy, refused Defendants’ request, stating that he believed that to release the
    records would violate his customer’s right to privacy. Mr. Boydston asked Defendants to
    leave, but they did not. Mr. Boydston, who is epileptic, then experienced a grand mal
    seizure and was transported to a hospital. He was not arrested at this time.
    On March 10, 2004, Officer Isom, with Sergeant Stewart’s consent, filed a
    criminal complaint against Mr. Boydston in state magistrate court,1 charging Mr.
    Boydston with (1) refusing to allow Defendants, as peace officers, to inspect vehicle
    records in violation of N.M. Stat. § 66-4-5(D), and (2) knowingly obstructing, resisting,
    or opposing law enforcement officers attempting to serve or execute a rule or order in
    1
    Under New Mexico law, a peace officer may initiate a criminal complaint in the
    magistrate court by filing with the court “a complaint consisting of a sworn statement
    containing the facts, common name of the offense charged, and where applicable, a
    specific section number of New Mexico Statutes Annotated.” N.M.R.A. 6-201.
    -2-
    violation of N.M. Stat. § 30-22-1(A). Officer Isom also filed a “Statement of Probable
    Cause” in which he detailed the events that transpired on February 10.
    On May 26, 2004, Mr. Boydston filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on the
    ground that Defendants had failed to produce, as ordered by the state magistrate judge,
    tapes that allegedly recorded the February 10 encounter. Mr. Boydston believed these
    tapes would prove his innocence. The District Court scheduled oral argument on the
    motion for the same day as trial, June 29, 2004. At some time prior to this date, Officer
    Isom retired from the police force. He then failed to appear in court on June 29. As a
    result, the state court dismissed the complaint against Mr. Boydston without prejudice on
    July 8, 2004.
    Mr. Boydston filed this § 1983 claim in District Court on February 3, 2005,
    alleging Defendants maliciously prosecuted him for crimes they knew he did not commit.
    Defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing that they are entitled to qualified and
    absolute immunity. The District Court granted summary judgment, concluding that
    Defendants were entitled to qualified immunity because Mr. Boydston failed to establish
    that Defendants violated his Fourth Amendment rights. In relevant part, the District
    Court concluded that Mr. Boydston failed to show Defendants lacked probable cause to
    initiate the criminal prosecution against him.
    II. DISCUSSION
    We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the
    same legal standard as the district court. Sandoval v. City of Boulder, 
    388 F.3d 1312
    ,
    -3-
    1320 (10th Cir. 2004). Summary judgment is warranted “only if the record, considered in
    the light most favorable to the [nonmoving party], establishes no genuine issue of
    material fact, and the defendant is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Westland
    Holdings, Inc. v. Lay, 
    462 F.3d 1228
    , 1229 (10th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and
    citations omitted); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “Where the nonmovant will bear the
    burden of proof at trial on a dispositive issue . . . that party must go beyond the pleadings
    and designate specific facts so as to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence,
    as a triable issue, of an element essential to that party’s case in order to survive summary
    judgment.” Lopez v. LeMaster, 
    172 F.3d 756
    , 759 (10th Cir. 1999).
    Because Defendants have invoked the defense of qualified immunity, Mr.
    Boydston must provide specific facts that would prove “(1) the official[s] violated a
    constitutional or statutory right; and (2) the constitutional or statutory right was clearly
    established when the alleged violation occurred.” Johnson ex rel. Estate of Cano v.
    Holmes, 
    455 F.3d 1133
    , 1142 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotation omitted); see also Olsen v.
    Layton Hills Mall, 
    312 F.3d 1304
    , 1312 (10th Cir. 2002) (noting that on summary
    judgment the moving party bears the normal summary judgment burden of showing that
    no material facts remain in dispute that would defeat the qualified immunity defense).
    Malicious prosecution is a common law tort. See Taylor v. Meacham, 
    82 F.3d 1556
    , 1560 (10th Cir. 1996). When evaluating a § 1983 claim based on a common law
    tort, the elements of the tort serve as “an important guidepost for defining the
    constitutional cause of action,” but “the ultimate question is always whether the plaintiff
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    has alleged a constitutional violation.” Pierce v. Gilchrist, 
    359 F.3d 1279
    , 1289 (10th
    Cir. 2004) (explaining § 1983 provides a cause of action for the deprivation of
    constitutional rights, it “does not provide a federal cause of action for every violation of
    state common law”); see also Taylor, 
    82 F.3d at
    1560–61 (“[O]ur circuit takes the
    common law elements . . . as the ‘starting point’ for the analysis of a § 1983 malicious
    prosecution claim, but always reaches the ultimate question, which it must, of whether the
    plaintiff has proven a constitutional violation.”). Lack of probable cause to initiate
    criminal proceedings is an essential element of the federal common law tort of malicious
    prosecution. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 653 (1977) (listing absence of probable
    cause as an element of a cause of action); see also Pierce, 
    359 F.3d at 1288
     (explaining
    that federal courts evaluating a § 1983 constitutional claim based on an analogous
    common law tort must rely on the “general principles of common law among the several
    states,” not the “specific terms of the tort law of any particular state”). The constitutional
    right at issue in the context of a § 1983 malicious prosecution claim is the Fourth
    Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizures.2 See Taylor, 
    82 F.3d at
    1561–62. A seizure is “unreasonable” when it is made without probable cause. United
    States v. Traxler, 
    477 F.3d 1243
    , 1246 (10th Cir. 2007). In sum, to establish a § 1983
    2
    Mr. Boydston asserts violations of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. The
    Fourteenth Amendment is not a proper basis for a § 1983 claim predicated on a malicious
    prosecution. See Taylor, 
    82 F.3d at
    1561 n.3 (citing plurality opinion in Albright v.
    Oliver, 
    510 U.S. 266
     (1994), to conclude that Fourteenth Amendment substantive due
    process standards are not a proper basis for § 1983 claims based on pretrial state conduct).
    -5-
    claim for malicious prosecution, Mr. Boydston must show that Defendants lacked
    probable cause to file charges against him. See Taylor, 
    82 F.3d at 1561
     (evaluating the
    plaintiff’s malicious prosecution claim by first determining whether probable cause
    supported the plaintiff’s arrest). He has not done so.
    “Probable cause exists where the facts and circumstances within an officer’s
    knowledge and of which he had reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient to
    warrant a prudent [officer] in believing that an offense has been or is being committed.”
    Karr v. Smith, 
    774 F.2d 1029
    , 1031 (10th Cir. 1985). This is an objective standard; the
    subjective belief of an individual officer as to whether there is probable cause is not
    dispositive. United States v. Davis, 
    197 F.3d 1048
    , 1051 (10th Cir. 1999). Importantly,
    probable cause does not require facts sufficient for a finding of guilt. United States v.
    Soto, 
    375 F.3d 1219
    , 1222 (10th Cir. 2004). Officer Isom, with Officer Stewart’s
    approval, charged Mr. Boydston with refusing to permit Defendants to inspect his
    temporary license plate records and with obstructing Defendants in the execution of their
    lawful duties. There is probable cause for each charge.
    Section 66-4-5 requires a “title service licensee” to maintain a record of “every
    temporary registration plate issued.” N.M. Stat. § 66-4-5(D) (1977). Subsection (E)
    provides that these records “shall be open to inspection by any peace officer or officer of
    the [state] department [of Revenue and Taxation] during reasonable business hours.” Id.
    § 66-4-5(E). Violation of these provisions constitutes a misdemeanor under New Mexico
    law. Id. § 66-4-9. Section 30-22-1 provides that whoever resists, evades, or obstructs an
    -6-
    officer commits a misdemeanor. Id. § 30-22-1. Resisting, evading, or obstructing
    consists of, inter alia, “resisting or abusing any . . . peace officer in the lawful discharge
    of his duties,” id. § 30-22-1(D).3
    With respect to each charge, the same facts demonstrate that a reasonable officer
    would have probable cause to believe Mr. Boydston violated New Mexico law. It is
    undisputed that Defendants went to Route 66 Auto Sales during normal business hours
    and requested of Mr. Boydston that they be allowed access to the records, as permitted by
    N.M. Stat. § 66-4-5(E). It is also undisputed that Mr. Boydston denied Defendants access
    to the records. Thus, a prudent officer would be reasonable in his belief that Mr.
    Boydston violated the law requiring him to provide access to the records and the law
    prohibiting a person from “resisting” a peace officer in the lawful discharge of his duties.
    Mr. Boydston’s justification for his denial—that he believed he was required to keep the
    records private or that he should have been given time to consult with an attorney before
    granting the officers access to the records—does not affect the probable cause
    3
    Although neither party has raised the issue, we note that the criminal complaint
    claims a violation of N.M. Stat. § 66-4-5(D), which requires a title service licensee to
    maintain certain records, but the language in the complaint states Mr. Boydston is
    charged with failure to allow the officers to inspect the records, which is a violation of
    § 66-4-5(E). Similarly, with respect to the obstruction offense, the criminal complaint
    claims an obstruction under § 30-22-1(A), which applies to officers attempting to serve or
    execute an order of the court, rather than § 30-22-1(D), which applies to officers
    discharging their lawful duties. These discrepancies do not affect our resolution of the
    validity of the probable cause determination: based on the facts as described in the
    criminal complaint, ample probable cause exists to support the initiation of criminal
    proceedings under the correct statutory subsections.
    -7-
    determination. See Romero v. Fay, 
    45 F.3d 1472
    , 1481 (10th Cir. 1995) (noting that
    “[o]nce Defendants concluded that the initially discovered facts established probable
    cause, they were under no obligation to forego arresting Plaintiff or release him merely
    because he said he was innocent”).
    Mr. Boydston nevertheless insists the District Court erred in granting summary
    judgment because disputed issues of material fact related to whether there was probable
    cause to believe Mr. Boydston violated the statutes in question remain. In support of this
    contention, he first points to facts alleged in his deposition testimony that state: (1)
    Defendants represented themselves to Mr. Boydston as being from the state Department
    of Taxation and Revenue (“Department”) (implying that Mr. Boydston was not aware that
    Defendants were police officers), and (2) Officer Isom never told Mr. Boydston, as
    recited in Officer Isom’s Statement of Probable Cause, that failure to produce the records
    for inspection was a violation of the law or that failure to produce a driver’s license on
    request was obstructing justice in violation of the law. Neither of these allegations is a
    material issue of fact as to whether probable cause existed, however, and only material
    factual disputes—disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the
    governing law—will preclude the entry of summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty
    Lobby, Inc., 
    477 U.S. 242
    , 248 (1986).
    As noted above, probable cause is measured against an objective standard and is
    evaluated “in relation to the circumstances as they would have appeared to prudent,
    cautious and trained police officers.” United States v. Davis, 
    197 F.3d 1048
    , 1051 (10th
    -8-
    Cir. 1999) (quotation omitted) (emphasis added). As such, Mr. Boydston’s belief that the
    officers were actually representatives from the Department does not affect a reasonable
    officer’s determination that there was probable cause to believe Mr. Boydston was
    violating N.M. Stat. § 66-4-5(E). Further, the statute explicitly provides that
    representatives from the Department, in addition to peace officers, may inspect the
    records during normal business hours. Thus, even if the officers represented themselves
    as being from the Department, Mr. Boydston would still be required to allow them to
    inspect the records. With respect to Mr. Boydston’s claim that the officers did not inform
    him that his actions violated the law, this disputed fact also is immaterial. Ignorance of
    the law is no excuse for a violation of the law—one is guilty of a crime if he intends to
    engage in the conduct prohibited by the statute. United States v. Platte, 
    401 F.3d 1176
    ,
    1183–84 (10th Cir. 2005). As such, a reasonable officer need not inform an individual
    that he is violating the law prior to concluding that he has probable cause to issue a
    complaint for a violation of that law.
    Next, Mr. Boydston contends probable cause was lacking because there was no
    proof of criminal intent to violate the obstruction statute. Section 30-22-1(D) does not
    include a specific mens rea requirement. As such, the only intent required is that the
    individual intend the act prohibited. See In re Shaneace L., 
    18 P.3d 330
    , 333 (N.M. 2000)
    (“Evidence is sufficient to establish a general criminal intent when it demonstrates . . .
    that a person purposely performed the act in question.”). Again, there is no dispute that
    Mr. Boydston refused Defendants access to the records.
    -9-
    Mr. Boydston also claims any probable cause the officers had is invalidated
    because Officer Isom filed the criminal complaint in bad faith and based upon fabricated
    evidence. Yet Mr. Boydston fails to indicate what evidence the officers fabricated. He
    claims the officers made “intentional false accusations,” but provides no facts or specific
    allegations to substantiate those claims. These conclusory allegations without supporting
    evidence are insufficient to create a material issue of disputed fact on the question of
    probable cause. See L & M Enters. v. BEI Sensors & Sys. Co., 
    231 F.3d 1284
    , 1287
    (10th Cir. 2000) (explaining “[u]nsupported conclusory allegations . . . do not create a
    genuine issue of fact” sufficient to survive summary judgment).4
    Finally, Mr. Boydston argues that Defendants were required to have a search
    warrant to inspect the records after he refused them access and ordered them to leave his
    property. Even if this were true, it does not change the fact that Mr. Boydston did refuse
    4
    Mr. Boydston also argues that Defendants’ failure to produce the tapes of the
    February 10 incident as ordered by the magistrate court constitutes a separate basis for his
    § 1983 claim: he alleges the officers withheld exculpatory evidence in violation of the
    Fourth Amendment. Mr. Boydston’s argument is misplaced. His allegations are more
    properly viewed as a due process violation as stated in Brady v. Maryland, 
    373 U.S. 83
    ,
    87 (1963), in which the Supreme Court held that “the suppression by the prosecution of
    evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is
    material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the
    prosecution.” The essence of the Brady rule is that nondisclosure of material exculpatory
    evidence violates a defendant’s due process right to a fair trial. See, e.g., United States v.
    Bagley, 
    473 U.S. 667
    , 675 (1985) (noting that “[t]he Brady rule is based on the
    requirement of due process” and that the prosecution’s failure to disclose evidence
    favorable to the accused may “deprive the defendant of a fair trial”) (opinion of
    Blackmun, J.); Nuckols v. Gibson, 
    233 F.3d 1261
    , 1263 (10th Cir. 2000) (stating that a
    Brady violation implicates a defendant’s right to a fair trial). Because Mr. Boydston was
    not subjected to a criminal trial, his Brady claim is inapplicable here.
    - 10 -
    inspection of the records, which the law explicitly provides “shall” be available for
    inspection at certain times without a warrant.
    Mr. Boydston can prove no set of facts that would establish that Defendants filed
    the criminal complaint against him without probable cause. Consequently, he has failed
    to prove a violation of his constitutional rights and his § 1983 claim must fail.
    III. CONCLUSION
    For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the District Court’s order granting
    summary judgment in favor of Defendants.
    ENTERED FOR THE COURT,
    Deanell Reece Tacha
    Chief Circuit Judge
    - 11 -