Landess v. Commissioner ( 2009 )

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
December 15, 2009
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
DAVID E. LANDESS,
Petitioner - Appellant, No. 09-9004
v. (United States Tax Court)
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL (Tax Court No. 20586-07L)
REVENUE,
Respondent - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before HARTZ, SEYMOUR, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination
of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
Petitioner and appellant David E. Landess appeals from an order and
decision of the Tax Court upholding the determinations of the Internal Revenue
Service (“IRS”) Office of Appeals. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Mr. Landess lives in New Mexico and, from February 2000 until the
present time, has had a mailing address of P.O. Box 18, Santa Teresa, New
Mexico 88008. In April of 2000, Mr. Landess filed an income tax return for
1999, which reported an adjusted gross income of $138,096 and an income tax
liability of $23,685. He received a refund of approximately $14,000 that year.
Through information gleaned from returns filed with the IRS by third-party
payors, the IRS learned that Mr. Landess had received substantial income in 2000,
2001, 2002 and 2003. He did not, however, file tax returns for those years.
On January 5, 2006, the IRS sent to Mr. Landess at his mailing address a
notice of deficiency describing income tax deficiencies and penalties as follows:
Year Deficiency §6651(a)(2) § 6651(f) § 6654
2000 $71,748 $17,937 $52,017 $3,832
2001 $13,910 $3,130 $10,085 $556
2002 $23,658 $3,904 $17,152 $791
2003 $9,979 $1,048 $7,235 $261
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These deficiencies were based on income reported to the IRS. The penalties were
for failure to pay tax (26 U.S.C. § 6651(a)(2)), fraudulent failure to file returns
(26 U.S.C. § 6651(f)), and failure to pay estimated tax (26 U.S.C. § 6654).
Mr. Landess did not petition the Tax Court, and the IRS assessed the amounts
stated in the notice of deficiency.
Additionally, Mr. Landess was, at all times relevant to this appeal, an
employee of Gardner Turfgrass, Inc. In February 2000, Mr. Landess sent a letter
to Gardner demanding that it stop withholding income taxes from his wages. In
2001 and 2002, Mr. Landess gave to Gardner his W-4 forms which declared
himself to be exempt from federal income tax withholding. Although the
Commissioner was unable to locate Mr. Landess’s W-4 form for 2004, other
information and materials in the IRS’s possession indicate that Mr. Landess had
taken the same position in 2004—i.e., he claimed he was exempt from
withholding. Accordingly, Mr. Landess’s wages and income tax withheld are as
follows:
Year Wages Income tax withheld
2001 $117,135 $9
2002 $149,571 $0
2003 $94,079 $0
2004 $87,102 $0
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Meanwhile, on December 6, 2004, the IRS had sent a “lock-in” letter to
Gardner, instructing Gardner to withhold income taxes from Mr. Landess’s
paychecks as if he was a single man filing with no exemptions from withholding.
On the same day, the IRS sent a letter to Mr. Landess informing him of the
instructions it had just given Gardner, and explaining how he could challenge the
IRS’s withholding determination. 1 The letter also informed Mr. Landess that 26
U.S.C. § 6682 allows the imposition of a $500 penalty on anyone who gives false
information with respect to withholding, and stated that the IRS would “charge
you the $500 penalty unless you provide a reasonable basis for the statements on
your Form W-4.” R. Vol. 1.
Gardner followed the IRS’s instructions and in 2005 it withheld $23,746
from Mr. Landess’s wages of $97,168. On February 28, 2005, the IRS assessed a
$500 penalty against Mr. Landess for providing false information regarding his
withholding for 2004.
In May 2005, Mr. Landess sued Gardner in New Mexico state court for
debt, money due and conversion. The New Mexico trial court dismissed
Mr. Landess’s suit pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 3403, which provides that the
employer is not liable to an employee for withheld taxes, and it sanctioned
1
The “lock-in” letter is the subject of the other appeal Mr. Landess has
before this court. See Landess v. Commissioner, No. 09-9001, ___ Fed. Appx.
___ (10 th Cir. Nov. __, 2009).
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Mr. Landess for bringing a frivolous action. The New Mexico Court of Appeals
affirmed, and it sanctioned Mr. Landess for filing a frivolous appeal.
On January 29, 2007, the IRS sent Mr. Landess a final notice of intent to
levy, which also informed Mr. Landess of his right to seek a collection due
process (“CDP”) hearing before the IRS Office of Appeals regarding the 2000
through 2003 deficiencies, as well as the $500 penalty for false withholding of
information. On February 1, 2007, the IRS filed a notice of federal tax lien
against Mr. Landess for the same liabilities. On February 8, 2007, the fifth
business day after the filing of the lien, the IRS timely sent Mr. Landess notice of
the lien filing and of his right to a CDP hearing regarding it.
On February 23, the Appeals Office received a request from Mr. Landess
for a CDP hearing regarding the proposed levy. Mr. Landess requested a face-to-
face conference in the IRS office nearest to his residence. He indicated he
wanted to verify that the IRS had followed all legally required procedures and,
further, he wanted to challenge the underlying liabilities and find out what
collection alternatives were available to him if it turned out that the assessed
liabilities were correct. On March 8, the IRS received from Mr. Landess a timely
request that a CDP hearing regarding the lien filing be combined with the already-
requested hearing regarding the levy.
Upon receipt of Mr. Landess’s requests, the IRS Appeals Office sent to him
a letter describing the CDP process. The letter informed Mr. Landess that the
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Appeals Office would not consider certain collection alternatives, unless he had
filed all required tax returns, was current on his estimated tax payments, and had
provided a completed collection information statement. In response, Mr. Landess
sought a face-to-face conference, claiming that he had not yet received a notice
informing him of the underlying liabilities and allowing him to dispute that.
Further, he demanded substantiation of the assessments against him.
The Appeals Office then scheduled a CDP conference for 11:00 a.m. on
July 17, 2007, in Albuquerque, giving Mr. Landess the option of either a face-to-
face or telephone conference. The scheduling letter informed Mr. Landess that he
could not dispute his income tax and related liabilities because he had received a
notice of deficiency. See 26 U.S.C. § 6330(c)(2)(B). In response, Mr. Landess
requested that the conference be moved closer to his residence or that the IRS pay
his travel expenses to the conference. Mr. Landess continued to claim that he had
not yet had the opportunity to dispute the liabilities and to demand that the IRS
provide evidence supporting its claims. As it turned out, Mr. Landess failed to
attend the conference either in person or by phone, and he did not respond to a
follow-up letter giving him time to make additional written submissions. The
Appeals Office accordingly closed Mr. Landess’s case.
On August 9, 2007, the Appeals Office sent Mr. Landess two notices of
determination, one upholding the filing of the tax lien and the other upholding the
proposed levy. The notices informed Mr. Landess that he was not entitled to a
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collection alternative because he had not satisfied the filing, payment and
informational requirements therefor. The notices confirmed that a review of the
best information available, including IRS computer records, indicated that all
legal requirements had been met and all administrative procedures had been
followed. The notices further stated that a computer printout of Mr. Landess’s
transcript had been provided to him and that the Appeals Office had ordered
certified transcripts and would forward them to Mr. Landess upon receipt. The
notices explained that Mr. Landess had never provided the requested documents,
had not attended the scheduled conference, and had not responded to the post-
conference, follow-up letter. The notices stated that, because Mr. Landess had
not pursued his CDP rights, the Appeals Office had determined that the lien filing
and the proposed levy had properly balanced the need for efficient tax collection
with Mr. Landess’s legitimate concern that collection be no more intrusive than
necessary.
Under 26 U.S.C. § 6330(d)(1), Mr. Landess had thirty days (until
September 8, 2007) to file a petition in the United States Tax Court. Mr. Landess
timely filed on Monday, September 10, 2007. 2 In his petition to the Tax Court,
Mr. Landess included some criticisms of the CDP hearing process, but he did not
raise any substantive issues regarding his tax liabilities.
2
September 8, 2007, was a Saturday.
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The Commissioner moved for partial summary judgment on the issue of
whether Mr. Landess had any right in the CDP hearing to challenge the income
tax and penalty assessments for 2000 through 2003, or to obtain from the IRS
documents supporting his position on those liabilities. The Commissioner argued
that 26 U.S.C. § 6330(c)(2)(B) prevented Mr. Landess from challenging the
existence or amount of those underlying liabilities because the Commissioner had
mailed a notice of deficiency to Mr. Landess’s last known address. The
Commissioner opined that the IRS was not required to give taxpayers
“verification” documents, but that the Appeals Office had, nonetheless, given
Mr. Landess transcripts of his account. The Commissioner further observed that
Mr. Landess had failed to satisfy the requirements for a collection alternative, and
that he did not contest a taxpayer’s right to challenge his liability for the 26
U.S.C. § 6682 penalty for providing false and withholding information.
The Tax Court examined the Commissioner’s motion and concluded that
summary judgment appeared appropriate. The court ordered the Commissioner to
file a supplemental brief explaining why summary judgment was appropriate on
all issues, and it ordered Mr. Landess to file a response to the supplemented
motion.
In his supplement, the Commissioner stated that he had obtained additional
documents regarding the 26 U.S.C. § 6682 penalty and that he had concluded that
Mr. Landess could not challenge the penalty because he already had an
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opportunity to do so. The Commissioner defended the imposition of the penalty,
stated that Mr. Landess’s failure to participate in the administrative CDP hearing
precluded him from challenging in court either the assessments or the proposed
collection activities, and explained why Mr. Landess was not entitled to CDP
relief.
In his three responses to the Commissioner’s supplemented motion,
Mr. Landess primarily contended that the Tax Court should conduct an appeal,
under an abuse-of-discretion standard, and limited to the record established
during the administrative CDP hearing. Mr. Landess also argued that the Appeals
Office should have provided him with substantiation for the assessments at issue
and should have allowed him to challenge those underlying liabilities because he
claimed that he did not receive notice of any deficiency.
The Tax Court held a hearing on the Commissioner’s motion, which
Mr. Landess did not attend. Instead, he relied upon his written submissions.
The Tax Court rendered an opinion from the bench granting summary
judgment to the defendants upholding the collection actions. The court found that
the Commissioner had issued a notice of deficiency to Mr. Landess and that
Mr. Landess could not challenge its existence or amount. The court reviewed the
administrative record and determined that the Appeals Office had not abused its
discretion when it upheld the filing of the tax lien and proposed levy. The court
also noted that the Appeals Office had informed Mr. Landess of his rights and had
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used transcripts to confirm the propriety of the assessments and the timely
sending of appropriate notices. The court further found Mr. Landess had neither
raised relevant issues nor complied with the requirements for a collection
alternative, and it stated that the Appeals Office had properly balanced efficiency
with intrusiveness. The court concluded that Mr. Landess had instituted this case
to protest the tax system, and it warned him that he could be sanctioned up to
$25,000 under 26 U.S.C. § 6673 if he advanced similar arguments in the future.
Accordingly, the tax court entered an order and decision granting summary
judgment to the Commissioner, and stating that the IRS could proceed with the
collection actions at issue. Mr. Landess moved to vacate, repeating many
arguments made unsuccessfully before. The court denied Mr. Landess’s motion
and this appeal followed.
Mr. Landess frames the issues on appeal as follows:
1. Did Tax Court err in applying the wrong standard of review and
conducting a trial de novo, rather [than] the judicial review of the
administrative record?
2. Did Tax Court err in granting the Supplement to Respondent’s
Motion for Partial Summary Judgment?
Appellant’s Op. Br. at 1-2.
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DISCUSSION
We have carefully reviewed the entire record in this case, including all of
Mr. Landess’s pleadings and submissions. We cannot improve on the thorough
decision rendered by the Tax Court in its ruling from the bench on February 9,
2009. Accordingly, for substantially the reasons stated in that decision, we affirm
the Tax Court’s grant of summary judgment to the Commissioner.
Furthermore, as did the Tax Court, we find Mr. Landess’s arguments to be
frivolous. We caution Mr. Landess that he may be subject to sanctions if he files
further specious appeals relating to his taxes, penalties or interest for the years
addressed herein.
CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the decision of the Tax Court.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Stephen H. Anderson
Circuit Judge
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